Waizviziva here? Nzira yekuziva kwevanhuyttriumyakanga izere nekumonyorora nematambudziko. Muna 1787, muSweden Karl Axel Arrhenius akawana netsaona dombo dema uye rinorema mugori padyo nedhorobha rake remumusha weYtterby ndokuritumidza kuti "Ytterbite". Mushure maizvozvo, masayendisiti mazhinji anosanganisira Johan Gadolin, Anders Gustav Ekberg, Friedrich Wöhler nevamwe vakaita tsvakiridzo yakadzama pamusoro peiyi ore.
Muna 1794, nyanzvi yekemisitiri wekuFinland Johan Gadolin akabudirira kupatsanura okisidhi itsva kubva kune ytterbium ore akaritumidza kuti yttrium. Aka kakanga kari kekutanga kuti vanhu vanyatsoona chimwe chinhu chepasi chisingaoneki. Zvisinei, chiwanwa ichi hachina kukurumidza kukwezva ngwariro yakapararira.
Nokufamba kwenguva, masayendisiti akawana zvimwe zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi. Muna 1803, muGermany Klaproth neSweden Hitzinger naBerzelius vakawana cerium. Muna 1839, weSweden Mosander akawanalanthanum. Muna 1843, akawana erbium uyeterbium. Zvakawanwa izvi zvakapa hwaro hwakakosha hwetsvakiridzo yesainzi yakatevera.
Yakanga isiri kutozosvikira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 apo masayendisiti akabudirira kupatsanura chinhu "yttrium" kubva kune yttrium ore. Muna 1885, Austrian Wilsbach akawana neodymium uye praseodymium. Muna 1886, Bois-Baudran akawanadysprosium. Izvi zvakawanwa zvakapfumisazve mhuri huru yezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi.
Kweanopfuura makore zana mushure mekuwanikwa kweyttrium, nekuda kwekugumira kwehunyanzvi mamiriro, masayendisiti haana kukwanisa kuchenesa chinhu ichi, izvo zvakakonzerawo mamwe makakatanwa ezvidzidzo uye zvikanganiso. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kumisa masayendisiti kubva pakuda kwavo kudzidza yttrium.
Mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, nokufambira mberi kunopfuurira kwesayenzi noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, masayendisiti pakupedzisira akatanga kukwanisa kuchenesa zvinhu zvisingawanzowaniki zvepasi. Muna 1901, muFrench Eugene de Marseille akawanaeuropium. Muna 1907-1908, Austrian Wilsbach uye Frenchman Urbain vakazvimiririra vakawana lutetium. Zvakawanwa izvi zvakapa hwaro hwakakosha hwetsvakiridzo yesainzi yakatevera.
Musainzi yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji, kushandiswa kweyttrium kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Nekuenderera mberi kwekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, kunzwisisa kwedu nekushandisa yttrium kunowedzera kudzika.
Nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzeyttrium element
1.Optical girazi uye ceramics:Yttrium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira girazi remaziso uye makeramiki, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwemakeramiki akajeka uye girazi remaziso. Makomisheni ayo ane akanakisa optical zvimiro uye anogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvikamu zve lasers, fiber-optic kutaurirana uye zvimwe midziyo.
2. Phosphors:Yttrium makomisheni anoita basa rakakosha muphosphors uye anogona kubudisa inopenya fluorescence, saka anowanzo shandiswa kugadzira TV skrini, monitors uye mwenje michina.Yttrium oxideuye mamwe macommunication anowanzoshandiswa sezvinhu zvinovheneka kuwedzera kupenya uye kujeka kwechiedza.
3. Alloy additives: Mukugadzirwa kwesimbi alloys, yttrium inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera kunatsiridza ma mechanical properties uye kurwisana nekuora kwesimbi.Yttrium alloysinowanzoshandiswa kugadzira simbi yakasimba uyealuminium alloys, zvichiita kuti dzisapisa uye dzirambe dziine ngura.
4. Catalysts: Yttrium makomisheni anoita basa rakakosha mune mamwe macatalysts uye anogona kukurumidza kukurumidza chiyero chekuchinja kwemakemikari. Iwo anoshandiswa kugadzira mota exhaust yekuchenesa michina uye zvinokonzeresa mukugadzira maindasitiri maitiro, zvichibatsira kudzikisa kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza.
5. Tekinoroji yemifananidzo yekurapa: Yttrium isotopes inoshandiswa mune zvekurapa imaging tekinoroji kugadzirira radioactive isotopes, senge kunyora radiopharmaceuticals uye kuongorora nyukireya imaging yekurapa.
6. Laser tekinoroji:Yttrium ion lasers yakajairika solid-state laser inoshandiswa mukutsvagisa kwakasiyana kwesainzi, mushonga welaser uye maindasitiri ekushandisa. Kugadzirwa kweaya lasers kunoda kushandiswa kweimwe yttrium makomisheni se activator.Yttrium elementsuye makomisheni avo anoita basa rakakosha musainzi yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji uye maindasitiri, anosanganisira akawanda minda senge optics, material sainzi, uye mushonga, uye akaita mipiro yakanaka mukufambira mberi nekusimudzira nzanga yevanhu.
Zvinhu zvenyama zveyttrium
Nhamba yeatomu yeyttriumiri 39 uye chiratidzo chayo chemakemikari ndiY.
1. Chitarisiko:Yttrium isimbi ine sirivheri-chena.
2. Density:Density ye yttrium i4.47 g/cm3, izvo zvinoita kuti ive imwe yezvinorema maelementi ari pasi pevhu.
3. Kunyungudika:Kunyungudika kweyttrium i1522 degrees Celsius (2782 degrees Fahrenheit), izvo zvinoreva tembiricha iyo yttrium inoshanduka kubva pakasimba kuenda kumvura pasi pemamiriro ekupisa.
4. Poindi yekubikira:Kuvira kwe yttrium i3336 degrees celsius (6037 degrees Fahrenheit), zvinoreva tembiricha apo yttrium inoshanduka kubva mumvura kuenda kugasi pasi pemamiriro ekupisa.
5. Chikamu:Pakupisa kwekamuri, yttrium iri munzvimbo yakasimba.
6. Conductivity:Yttrium yakanaka conductor yemagetsi ine high conductivity, saka ine mamwe maapplication mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye tekinoroji yedunhu.
7. Magnetism:Yttrium ndeye paramagnetic zvinhu pane tembiricha yekamuri, zvinoreva kuti haina pachena magineti mhinduro kune magineti minda.
8. Crystal chimiro: Yttrium iripo mune hexagonal yakavharwa-yakazara crystal chimiro.
9. Atomic volume:Huwandu hweatomu hwe yttrium ndeye 19.8 cubic centimita pa mole, izvo zvinoreva vhoriyamu inogarwa nemole imwe yeyttrium maatomu.
Yttrium chinhu chesimbi chine density yakakwira uye nzvimbo yekunyungudika, uye ine conductivity yakanaka, saka ine yakakosha maapplication mumagetsi, zvinhu sainzi uye mamwe minda. Panguva imwecheteyo, yttrium zvakare chinhu chakajairika chisingawanzo chinhu, chinoita basa rakakosha mune mamwe matekinoroji epamberi uye maindasitiri ekushandisa.
Kemikari zvinhu zve yttrium
1. Chiratidzo chemakemikari neboka: Chiratidzo chemakemikari ye yttrium ndiY, uye inowanikwa muchikamu chechishanu chetafura ye periodic, boka rechitatu, rinofanana nelanthanide elements.
2. Chimiro chemagetsi: Chimiro chemagetsi cheyttrium ndeye 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s². Muchikamu cheerekitironi chekunze, yttrium ine maerekitironi maviri evalence.
3. Valence state: Yttrium kazhinji inoratidza valence state ye +3, inova ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa valence state, asi inogonawo kuratidza valence states ye +2 uye +1.
4. Reactivity: Yttrium isimbi yakagadzikana, asi zvishoma nezvishoma ichaita oxidize kana yaiswa mumhepo, ichigadzira oxide layer pamusoro. Izvi zvinoita kuti yttrium irasikirwe nekupenya kwayo. Kuti udzivirire yttrium, inowanzochengetwa munzvimbo yakaoma.
5. Kuita nemaokisi: Yttrium inopindirana nemaokisi kuti iumbe zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisirayttrium oxide(Y2O3) Yttrium oxide inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira phosphors uye ceramics.
6. **Kuita nemaacids**: Yttrium inogona kuita nemaasidhi akasimba kugadzira munyu unoenderana, sengeyttrium chloride (YCl3) kanayttrium sulfate (Y2(SO4)3).
7. Kuita nemvura: Yttrium haiiti zvakananga nemvura pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana, asi pakupisa kwakanyanya, inogona kuita nemhepo yemvura kuti ibudise hydrogen uye yttrium oxide.
8. Kuita ne sulfides uye carbides: Yttrium inogona kuita ne sulfides uye carbides kuti iite michina inoenderana yakadai seyttrium sulfide (YS) uye yttrium carbide (YC2). 9. Isotopes: Yttrium ine isotopes dzakawanda, iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana iyo yttrium-89 (^ 89Y), ine hafu yakareba yeupenyu uye inoshandiswa mumishonga yenyukireya uye isotope labeling.
Yttrium chinhu chakagadzikana chesimbi chine akawanda valence nyika uye kugona kuita nezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira makomisheni. Iyo ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa mune optics, zvinhu sainzi, mushonga, uye indasitiri, kunyanya mune phosphors, ceramic kugadzira, uye laser tekinoroji.
Biological properties ye yttrium
The biological properties ofyttriummuzvinhu zvipenyu zvishoma.
1. Kuvapo uye kunwa: Kunyange zvazvo yttrium isiri chinhu chakakosha muupenyu, kutsvaga huwandu hweyttrium hunogona kuwanikwa muzvisikwa, kusanganisira ivhu, matombo, uye mvura. Zvisikwa zvinogona kupinza huwandu hweyttrium kuburikidza necheni yekudya, kazhinji kubva muvhu nezvirimwa.
2. Bioavailability: The bioavailability yeyttrium inenge yakaderera, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvipenyu zvinowanzoomerwa nekutora uye kushandisa yttrium zvinobudirira. Mazhinji yttrium compounds haasi nyore kunyura muzvisikwa, saka anowanzo kubudiswa.
3. Kugovera muzvinhu zvipenyu: Kana iri mumunhu, yttrium inonyanya kugoverwa mumatishu akadai sechiropa, itsvo, spleen, mapapu, uye mapfupa. Kunyanya, mapfupa ane huwandu hwakawanda hweyttrium.
4. Metabolism uye excretion: Iyo metabolism yeyttrium mumuviri womunhu ishoma nokuti inowanzosiya chipenyu nekubuda. Yakawanda yacho inoburitswa nemuweti, uye inogona zvakare kuburitswa nenzira yetsvina.
5. Toxicity: Nekuda kwekuderera kwayo bioavailability, yttrium haiwanzounganidzi kusvika kumazinga anokuvadza muzvisikwa zvakajairika. Zvisinei, high-dose yttrium exposure inogona kuva nemigumisiro inokuvadza kune zvipenyu, zvichiita kuti zvive nemigumisiro ine chepfu. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anowanzoitika kashoma nekuti yttrium concentrations muchisikigo kazhinji yakaderera uye haisati yanyanya kushandiswa kana kuratidzwa kune zvipenyu.The biological maitiro eyttrium muzvisikwa anonyanya kuratidzwa mukuvapo kwayo muhuwandu hwehuwandu, hushoma bioavailability, uye kusave chinhu chakakosha. kweupenyu hwose. Kunyangwe iyo isina huturu hwehupfu pazvipenyu pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, yakakwira-dose yttrium kuratidzwa kunogona kukonzera njodzi dzehutano. Naizvozvo, kutsvagisa kwesainzi uye kutarisa kuchiri kukosha kune kuchengetedzwa uye biological mhedzisiro yeyttrium.
Kugoverwa kweyttrium mune zvakasikwa
Yttrium chinhu chisingawanikwe chepasi icho chakagovaniswa zvakanyanya muzvisikwa, kunyangwe chisipo mune yakachena elemental fomu.
1. Kuitika muEarth crust: Kuwanda kweyttrium muEarth crust kwakadzikira, neavhareji yehuwandu hunosvika 33 mg/kg. Izvi zvinoita yttrium chimwe chezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki.
Yttrium inonyanya kuvepo muchimiro chezvicherwa, kazhinji pamwe chete nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi. Mamwe maminerari makuru eyttrium anosanganisira yttrium iron garnet (YIG) uye yttrium oxalate (Y2(C2O4)3).
2. Geographical distribution: Yttrium deposits inoparadzirwa pasi rose, asi dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogona kunge dzakapfuma muyttrium. Mamwe makuru makuru eyttrium anogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzinotevera: Australia, China, United States, Russia, Canada, India, Scandinavia, etc. paradzanisa yttrium. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza acid leaching uye makemikari ekuparadzanisa maitiro kuti awane yakakwirira-kuchena yttrium.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi senge yttrium hazviwanzo kuve muchimiro chezvinhu zvakachena, asi zvinosanganiswa nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi. Nokudaro, kubviswa kwepamusoro kuchena yttrium kunoda kuoma kwemakemikari kugadzirisa uye kuparadzanisa maitiro. Mukuwedzera, kupa kwezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasiishoma, saka kutarisisa kwavo zviwanikwa uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza kwakakosha zvakare.
Kuchera, kuchera uye kunyungudutswa kweyttrium element
Yttrium chinhu chisingawanikwe pasi pano icho kazhinji chisipo muchimiro cheyakachena yttrium, asi muchimiro che yttrium ore. Izvi zvinotevera sumo yakadzama kumugodhi nekunatsa maitiro eyttrium element:
1. Kucherwa kwe yttrium ore:
Kuongorora: Chekutanga, geologists uye mainjiniya emigodhi vanoita basa rekuongorora kuti vawane madhipoziti ane yttrium. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza zvidzidzo zve geological, geophysical exploration, uye sampuli yekuongorora. Migodhi: Kana dhipoziti ine yttrium yawanikwa, ore inocherwa. Aya madhipoziti anowanzo sanganisira oxide ores akadai yttrium iron garnet (YIG) kana yttrium oxalate (Y2(C2O4)3). Kupwanya simbi: Mushure mekucherwa, simbi yacho inowanzoda kupatsanurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki kuti zvigadziriswe.
2. Kubvisa yttrium:Kemikari leaching: Ore yakapwanyika inowanzotumirwa kune smelter, uko yttrium inotorwa kuburikidza nemakemikari leaching. Iyi nzira inowanzo shandisa acidic leaching solution, senge sulfuric acid, kunyungudutsa yttrium kubva kune ore. Kuparadzaniswa: Kana yttrium yanyungudutswa, inowanzosanganiswa nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi uye tsvina. Kuti ubvise yttrium yehutsanana hwepamusoro, nzira yekuparadzanisa inodiwa, kazhinji uchishandisa kunyungudutsa, ion exchange kana mamwe maitiro emakemikari. Kunaya: Yttrium inopatsanurwa kubva kune zvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi kuburikidza neakakodzera kemikari kuita kuti igadzire yakachena yttrium makomisheni. Kuomesa uye calcination: Iyo inowanikwa yttrium makomisheni kazhinji inoda kuomeswa uye kuverengerwa kuti ibvise chero yakasara mwando uye kusvibiswa kuti pakupedzisira uwane yakachena yttrium simbi kana makomisheni.
Nzira dzekuona dzeyttrium
Nzira dzakajairwa dzekuona dzeyttrium dzinosanganisira atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively yakabatanidzwa plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), nezvimwewo.
1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS):AAS inowanzoshandiswa quantitative analysis method yakakodzera kuona yttrium yemukati mune mhinduro. Iyi nzira yakavakirwa pachiitiko chekunyudza kana icho chinonangwa chiri mumuenzaniso chinotora chiedza cheimwe wavelength. Kutanga, sampuli inoshandurwa kuita fomu inoyerwa kuburikidza nematanho ekutanga akadai sekupisa gasi uye kuomesa kwakanyanya. Zvadaro, chiedza chinoenderana newavelength yechinhu chinotarirwa chinopfuudzwa mumuenzaniso, chiedza chechiedza chinotorwa nemuenzaniso chinoyerwa, uye yttrium yemukati mumuenzaniso inoverengwa nekuienzanisa neyakajairwa yttrium mhinduro yekuzivikanwa kunozivikanwa.
2. Inductively yakabatanidzwa plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS):ICP-MS inyanzvi yekuongorora yakanakira kuona iyo yttrium yemukati mune mvura uye yakasimba masampuli. Iyi nzira inoshandura sampuli kuita zvidimbu zvinochajiswa uye yobva yashandisa mass spectrometer yekuongorora huwandu. ICP-MS ine hupamhi hwekutarisa uye yakakwirira resolution, uye inokwanisa kuona zviri mukati mezvakawanda zvinhu panguva imwe chete. Nekuonekwa kweyttrium, ICP-MS inogona kupa yakanyanya kuderera yekuona miganhu uye yakakwirira kunyatso.
3. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF):XRF inzira isingaparadze yekuongorora inokodzera kutsanangurwa kweiyo yttrium yemukati mune yakasimba uye yemvura samples. Iyi nzira inosarudza chinhu chiri mukati nekuvhenekera pamusoro pesample neX-rays uye kuyera hunhu hwepamusoro-soro hweiyo fluorescence spectrum mumuenzaniso. XRF ine mabhenefiti ekukurumidza kumhanya, nyore kushanda, uye kugona kuona akawanda zvinhu panguva imwe chete. Zvisinei, XRF inogona kupindira mukuongororwa kweyttrium yakaderera, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kukuru.
4. Inductively yakabatanidzwa plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES):Inductively yakasanganiswa plasma optical emission spectrometry inzira inotarisisa uye inosarudzika yekuongorora inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Inoita atomize sampuli uye inogadzira plasma kuyera chaiyo wavelength uye kusimba o.f yttriumkubuda mu spectrometer. Mukuwedzera kune nzira dziri pamusoro apa, kune dzimwe nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa pakuongorora yttrium, kusanganisira nzira ye electrochemical, spectrophotometry, nezvimwewo. Kusarudzwa kwemaitiro akakodzera ekuona kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakadai sezvinhu zvemuenzaniso, chiyero chinodiwa chekuyera uye kunyatsoona, uye zviyero zvekugadzirisa. zvinowanzodiwa pakutonga kwehutano kuti tive nechokwadi chekururama uye kuvimbika kwemigumisiro yekuyera.
Kunyatsoshandiswa kweyttrium atomic absorption nzira
Mukuyerwa kwechinhu, inductively yakabatana plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) inzira inonzwisisika uye yakawanda-element yekuongorora, iyo inowanzo shandiswa kuona kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu, kusanganisira yttrium. Inotevera inzira yakadzama yekuyedza yttrium muICP-MS:
1. Kugadzirira kwemuenzaniso:
Sample iyi inowanzoda kunyungudutswa kana kuparadzirwa kuita yemvura fomu yeICP-MS kuongororwa. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nekuparara kwemakemikari, kupisa kupisa kana dzimwe nzira dzakakodzera dzekugadzirira.
Kugadzirira kwemuenzaniso kunoda zvakanyanya kuchena mamiriro ekudzivirira kusvibiswa nechero zvinhu zvekunze. Rabhoritari inofanirwa kutora matanho anodiwa kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemuenzaniso.
2. ICP chizvarwa:
ICP inogadzirwa nekuunza argon kana argon-oxygen yakasanganiswa gasi mune yakavharwa quartz plasma torch. High-frequency inductive coupling inogadzira murazvo weplasma wakanyanya, inova ndiyo yekutanga kwekuongorora.
Tembiricha yeplasma ingangoita 8000 kusvika 10000 madhigirii Celsius, iyo yakakwira zvekusandura zvinhu zviri musampuli kuita ionic state.
3. Ionization uye kupatsanurwa:Kamwe sampuli inopinda mu plasma, zvinhu zviri mairi zvinoiswa ionized. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maatomu anorasikirwa neerekitironi imwe kana kupfuura, achigadzira ayoni anochajiwa. ICP-MS inoshandisa mass spectrometer kupatsanura maion ezvinhu zvakasiyana, kazhinji nechiyero-kuchaji (m/z). Izvi zvinobvumira maion ezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana kuti zviparadzaniswe uye zvichizoongororwa.
4. Mass spectrometry:Iwoni akapatsanurwa anopinda mu mass spectrometer, kazhinji quadrupole mass spectrometer kana magnetic scanning mass spectrometer. Mune mass spectrometer, maion ezvinhu zvakasiyana anopatsanurwa uye anoonekwa zvichienderana nehukuru-kuchaji reshiyo. Izvi zvinobvumira kuvapo uye kusungirirwa kwechimwe nechimwe chinhu kuti chitariswe. Imwe yemabhenefiti eiyo inductively yakabatanidzwa plasma mass spectrometry ndeyekugadziriswa kwayo kwepamusoro, iyo inoita kuti ione zvinhu zvakawanda panguva imwe chete.
5. Kugadziriswa kwedata:Iyo data inogadzirwa neICP-MS inowanzoda kugadziriswa uye kuongororwa kuti ione kusangana kwezvinhu zviri mumuenzaniso. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuenzanisa chiratidzo chekuona kune zviyero zvezvinozivikanwa, uye kuita calibration nekugadzirisa.
6. Result Report:Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira inounzwa seconcentration kana mass percentage yechinhu. Mhedzisiro iyi inogona kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira sainzi yepasi, kuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza, kuongororwa kwechikafu, kutsvagisa kwekurapa, nezvimwe.
ICP-MS inyanzvi yakanyatsojeka uye inonzwisisika inokodzera kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira yttrium. Nekudaro, zvinoda chiridzwa chakaoma uye hunyanzvi, saka chinowanzoitwa murabhoritari kana nyanzvi yekuongorora nzvimbo. Mubasa chairo, zvinodikanwa kusarudza nzira yekuyera yakakodzera zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvesaiti. Nzira idzi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongorora uye kuona ytterbium mumarabhoritari nemaindasitiri.
Mushure mekupfupisa zviri pamusoro, tinogona kugumisa kuti yttrium chinhu chinonakidza chemakemikari chinhu chakasiyana chemuviri uye chemakemikari zvimiro, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru mukutsvagisa kwesainzi nendima dzekushandisa. Kunyange zvazvo tafambira mberi pakunzwisisa kwatinoita, pachine mibvunzo yakawanda inoda imwe tsvakurudzo nekuongorora. Ndinovimba kuti sumo yedu inogona kubatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa zviri nani chinhu ichi chinonakidza uye kukurudzira rudo rwemunhu wese kusainzi uye kufarira kuongorora.
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Nguva yekutumira: Nov-28-2024