Njengoba sonke sazi, amaminerali omhlaba angavamile eShayina ikakhulukazi akhiwe izingxenye zomhlaba ezingavamile, lapho i-lanthanum ne-cerium ebalelwa ngaphezu kwama-60%. Ngokwandiswa kwezinto ezingavamile zikazibuthe zomhlaba ezihlala unomphela, izinto ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo zomhlaba, impushana yokupholisha umhlaba engavamile kanye nomhlaba ongavamile embonini yensimbi eChina unyaka nonyaka, isidingo somhlaba ongavamile ophakathi nendawo emakethe yasekhaya nawo ukhula ngokushesha. ukusilela emuva okukhulu kwenala ephezulu yokukhanya okungavamile komhlaba njenge-Ce, La kanye ne-Pr, okuholela ekungalinganini okukhulu phakathi kokuxhashazwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane e-China. Kutholakala ukuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezikhanyayo ezingavamile zibonisa ukusebenza okuhle kwe-catalytic kanye nempumelelo enqubweni yokusabela kwamakhemikhali ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esiyingqayizivele segobolondo le-electron ye-4f. Ngakho-ke, Ukusebenzisa umhlaba okhanyayo ongavamile njengento evuselelayo kuyindlela enhle yokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwemithombo yomhlaba engavamile. I-Catalyst iwuhlobo lwento engasheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali futhi ayidliwe ngaphambi nangemuva kokusabela. Ukuqinisa ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lwe-catalysis yomhlaba engavamile akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi konga izinsiza namandla futhi kunciphise ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, okuhambisana nesiqondiso samasu sentuthuko esimeme.
Kungani izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zinomsebenzi we-catalytic?
Izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane zinesakhiwo se-elekthronikhi esikhethekile sangaphandle (4f), esisebenza njenge-athomu emaphakathi yenkimbinkimbi futhi sinezinombolo ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumanisa ezisuka ku-6 kuye ku-12. Ukuhlukahluka kwenombolo yokuxhumana yezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kunquma ukuthi "zine-valence esele" . Ngenxa yokuthi i-4f inama-orbitals ama-electron e-valence ayisikhombisa anekhono lokuhlanganisa, idlala indima "yokulondoloza ibhondi yamakhemikhali" noma "i-valence esele".Leli khono liyadingeka ukuze kube ne-catalyst esemthethweni. Ngakho-ke, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile azinawo umsebenzi we-catalytic kuphela, kodwa futhi zingasetshenziswa njengezithasiselo noma ama-cocatalysts ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-catalytic kwama-catalysts, ikakhulukazi ikhono lokulwa nokuguga kanye nekhono lokuqeda ubuthi.
Njengamanje, indima ye-nano cerium oxide ne-nano lanthanum oxide ekwelapheni ukukhishwa kwemoto isiphenduke into entsha okugxilwe kuyo.
Izingxenye eziyingozi ekukhishweni kwemoto zifaka i-CO, i-HC ne-NOx. Umhlaba ongavamile osetshenziswa ku-catalyst yokuhlanza imfucumfucu yezimoto emhlabeni ikakhulukazi uyingxube ye-cerium oxide, i-praseodymium oxide ne-lanthanum oxide. I-catalyst yokuhlanza i-exhaust yemoto yomhlaba engavamile yenziwe ngama-oxide ayinkimbinkimbi omhlaba ongavamile kanye ne-cobalt, i-manganese nomthofu. Kuwuhlobo lwe-ternary catalyst ene-perovskite, uhlobo lwe-spinel kanye nesakhiwo, lapho i-cerium oxide iyingxenye eyinhloko.Ngenxa yezimpawu ze-redox ze-cerium oxide, izingxenye ze-exhaust gas zingalawulwa ngokuphumelelayo.
I-catalyst ye-automobile purification purification catalyst yakhiwa ikakhulukazi isithwali se-ceramic (noma insimbi) yekhekheba lezinyosi kanye ne-surface coating eyenziwe yasebenza. Isembozo esicushiwe sakhiwe ngendawo enkulu engu-γ-Al2O3, inani elifanele le-oxide lokuzinzisa indawo engaphezulu kanye nensimbi esebenzayo ehlakazekile ekuhlanganiseni. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-pt ne-RH ebizayo, ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-Pd eshibhile futhi unciphise izindleko ze-catalyst, Ngokwesisekelo sokunganciphisi ukusebenza kwe-catalyst yokuhlanza imoto, inani elithile le-CeO2 ne-La2O3 livame ukungezwa i-activation coating ye-Pt-Pd-Rh ternary catalyst evame ukusetshenziswa ukwenza into engavamile yomhlaba eyigugu ye-ternary catalyst nge umphumela omuhle kakhulu we-catalytic. I-La2O3(UG-La01) ne-CeO2 zisetshenziswe njengabagqugquzeli ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwama-catalysts ensimbi asekelwe i-Al2O3 asekelwe. Ngokusho kocwaningo, i-CeO2, Indlela eyinhloko ye-La2O3 kuma-catalysts ensimbi ehloniphekile imi kanje:
1. thuthukisa umsebenzi we-catalytic we-coating esebenzayo ngokungeza i-CeO2 ukugcina izinhlayiya zensimbi eziyigugu zihlakazekile ekuhlanganiseni okusebenzayo, ukuze kugwenywe ukuncishiswa kwamaphoyinti e-lattice e-catalytic kanye nokulimala komsebenzi obangelwa ukucwiliswa. Ukwengeza i-CeO2(UG-Ce01) ku-Pt/γ-Al2O3 kungahlakaza ku-γ-Al2O3 kusendlalelo esisodwa (inani eliphezulu lokuhlakazwa kongqimba olulodwa ngu-0.035g CeO2/g γ-Al2O3), okushintsha izakhiwo ezingaphezulu kuka-γ -Al2O3 futhi ithuthukisa idigri yokusabalalisa ye-Pt.Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-CeO2 kulingana noma eduze nokuhlakazwa embundwini, idigri yokusabalalisa ye-Pt ifinyelela phezulu kakhulu. Umkhawulo wokuhlakazeka we-CeO2 umthamo ongcono kakhulu we-CeO2. Emkhathini we-oxidation ngaphezu kuka-600℃, i-Rh ilahlekelwa ukusebenza kwayo ngenxa yokwakheka kwesisombululo esiqinile phakathi kwe-Rh2O3 ne-Al2O3. Ukuba khona kwe-CeO2 kuzonciphisa ukusabela phakathi kwe-Rh ne-Al2O3 futhi kugcine ukusebenza kwe-Rh. I-La2O3(UG-La01) ingavimbela futhi ukukhula kwezinhlayiya ze-Pt ultrafine.Ukwengeza i-CeO2 ne-La2O3(UG-La01) ku-Pd/γ 2al2o3, kwatholakala ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-CeO2 kukhuthaze ukuhlakazwa kwe-Pd kusithwali futhi kwakhiqiza ukuncishiswa kwe-synergistic. Ukuhlakazwa okuphezulu kwe-Pd nokusebenzisana kwayo ne-CeO2 ku-Pd/γ2Al2O3 kuyisihluthulelo somsebenzi ophezulu we-catalyst.
2. Isilinganiso esizishintshela ngokuzenzakalela sikaphethiloli womoya (aπ f) Uma izinga lokushisa lokuqala lemoto likhuphuka, noma lapho imodi yokushayela nesivinini sishintsha, izinga lokuphuma kwe-exhaust kanye nokwakheka kwegesi ekhishwayo kuyashintsha, okwenza izimo zokusebenza ze-exhaust yemoto. i-catalyst yokuhlanza igesi ishintsha njalo futhi ithinta ukusebenza kwayo kwe-catalytic. Kudingekile ukulungisa isilinganiso sikaphethiloli esingu-π somoya esilinganisweni se-stoichiometric sika-1415~1416, ukuze i-catalyst inikeze ukudlala okugcwele emsebenzini wayo wokuhlanza.I-CeO2 iyi-variable valence oxide (Ce4 +ΠCe3+), enezici ze I-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N, futhi inokugcinwa komoyampilo okuhle kakhulu namandla okukhipha. Lapho isilinganiso sika-A π F sishintsha, i-CeO2 ingadlala indima enhle kakhulu ekulungiseni ngokuguquguqukayo isilinganiso sikaphethiloli womoya. Okusho ukuthi, i-O2 ikhishwa lapho uphethiloli uyinsalela ukusiza i-CO ne-hydrocarbon oxidize; Esimeni somoya oweqile, i-CeO2-x idlala indima yokunciphisa futhi isabela nge-NOx ukuze isuse i-NOx kugesi yokukhipha umoya ukuze ithole i-CeO2.
3. Umphumela we-cocatalyst Uma ingxube ye-aπ f iku-stoichiometric ratio, ngaphandle kokusabela kwe-oxidation ye-H2, CO, HC kanye nokusabela kokunciphisa kwe-NOx, i-CeO2 njenge-cocatalyst nayo ingasheshisa ukufuduka kwegesi yamanzi kanye nokusabela kokuguqula umusi futhi kunciphise okuqukethwe kwe-CO ne-HC. I-La2O3 ingathuthukisa izinga lokuguqulwa ekuphenduleni kokuhamba kwegesi yamanzi kanye ne-hydrocarbon steam reforming reaction.I-hydrogen ekhiqizwayo inenzuzo ekunciphiseni kwe-NOx. Ukwengeza i-La2O3 ku-Pd/ CeO2 -γ-Al2O3 yokubola kwe-methanol, kwatholakala ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-La2O3 kuvimbele ukwakheka kwe-dimethyl ether yomkhiqizo womkhiqizo futhi kwathuthukisa umsebenzi we-catalytic we-catalyst. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-La2O3 kungu-10%, i-catalyst inomsebenzi omuhle futhi ukuguqulwa kwe-methanol kufinyelela esiphezulu (cishe 91.4%). Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-La2O3 inokuhlakazeka okuhle kusithwali se-γ-Al2O3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhuthaze ukuhlakazwa kwe-CeO2 kusithwali se-γ2Al2O3 kanye nokwehliswa kwe-oxygen eningi, yathuthukisa futhi ukusakazeka kwe-Pd futhi yathuthukisa nakakhulu ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Pd ne-CeO2, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe umsebenzi we-catalytic we-catalyst yokubola kwe-methanol.
Ngokwezici zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwamanje kanye nenqubo entsha yokusebenzisa amandla, i-China kufanele ithuthukise izinto zokwakha ezingavamile zomhlaba ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezinamalungelo azimele empahla yengqondo, izuze ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo yomhlaba engavamile, ikhuthaze ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, futhi ibone ukugxusha. -ukuthuthukiswa kokuthuthukiswa kwamaqoqo ezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obufana nomhlaba ongavamile, indawo ezungezile namandla amasha.
Njengamanje, imikhiqizo ehlinzekwe yinkampani ihlanganisa i-nano zirconia, i-nano titania, i-nano alumina, i-nano aluminium hydroxide, i-nano zinc oxide, i-nano silicon oxide, i-nano magnesium oxide, i-nano magnesium hydroxide, i-nano copper oxide, i-nano yttrium oxide, i-nano cerium oxide. , nano lanthanum oxide, nano tungsten trioxide, nano ferroferric i-oxide, i-nano antibacterial agent kanye ne-graphene.Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo izinzile, futhi ithengwe ngamaqoqo ngamabhizinisi ezizwe ngezizwe.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-23-2021