Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamileyisikhathi esijwayelekile sezinto eziyi-17 zensimbi, kufaka phakathi izinto eziyi-15 zeLanthanide futhiikhentiyamuna-ytttrium. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, basetshenziswe kabanzi ku-metallurgy, ceramics, ingilazi, ama-petrochemicals, ukuphrinta nokudaya, ezolimo namahlathi kanye nezinye izimboni. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile embonini yezwe lase-Ceramic zaqala ngawo-1930s. Ngawo-1970s, inani eliphelele leimihlaba engavamileKusetshenziswe ezintweni ze-Ceramic kufinyelelwe ama-70t / ngonyaka, ukubalwa kwemali cishe ngo-2% kuya ku-3% wokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okuphelele. Njengamanje, imihlaba engavamile isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ku-ceramics yesakhiwo, ubumba obusebenza ngokusebenza, ama-ceramic glazes kanye nezinye izinkambu. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezingandile, umhlaba ongavamile usetshenziswa njengezengezo, izinkundla kanye ne-AIDS enezinto ezingezinyoko ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ze-ceramic, zinciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwazo, futhi zenza uhlelo lwazo lwezimboni, lwenza uhlelo lwazo lwezimboni lusebenze.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ku-ceramics yesakhiwo
■ Isicelo inAl2o3I-Ceramics Al2o3 Curamics yi-ceramics esetshenziswa kakhulu yezokwakheka ngenxa yamandla abo aphezulu, ukumelana kwamazinga okushisa, ukufakwa okuhle, ukumelana nokuphefumula, nokuphikiswa kokugqwala, kanye nezinto ezinhle ze-elektromolical. Engeza umhlaba ongavamile oxides anjengeY2O3, La2o3, I-SM2O3, njll. Angathuthukisa izakhiwo ezimanzi zezinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-Al2o3, anciphise indawo yokuncibilika yezinto zokwenziwa kwe-ceramic; yehlisa i-porosion yezinto ezibonakalayo futhi wandise ubuntu; vimbela ukufuduka kwamanye ama-ion, ukunciphisa izinga lokufuduka kwemingcele yokusanhlamvu, kuvimbela ukukhula okusanhlamvu, futhi kube lula ukwakheka kwezakhiwo eziminyene; Thuthukisa amandla esigaba sengilazi, ngaleyo ndlela uzuze inhloso yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini ze-Al2o3 ceramics.
■ Isicelo inSi3n4I-Ceramicssi3n4 ceramics inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini, izakhiwo ezishisayo kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali, futhi yizinto ezithembisa kakhulu ze-ceramics yamazinga okushisa aphezulu. Njengoba i-SI3N4 iyingxenye eqinile yebhondi enamandla, i-SI3N4 ehlanzekile ayikwazi ukuthathwa yisigaba esivamile esiqinile ukuba sono. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwesono lokuphendula le-nitridation eqondile ye-SI Powder, inani elithile losizo lwe-ecotering kumele lingezwe ukwenza izinto eziminyene. Njengamanje, izinsiza zesono ezifanele ngokwengeziwe zokulungiselela i-sei3n4 ceramics ayinamihlaba engavamile yonkana oxides efanaY2O3, ND2O3, futhiLa2o3. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le mihlaba engavamile yoxides iphendula nge-Trace Sio2 ebusweni be-SI2N4 i-powder ekushiseni okuphezulu kokukhiqiza izigaba ze-nitrogen ezinamazinga aphezulu okushisa, akhuthaza ngempumelelo i-ponsiry ye-SI2N4 ceramics; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bakha imingcele yokusanhlamvu ye-Y
■ Isicelo inI-ZO2I-Ceramics Zro2 ceramics inobukhulu obuphezulu, indawo ephezulu yokuncibilika nobulukhuni, ikakhulukazi amandla aphezulu agoba kakhulu kanye nobunzima bokuqhekeka, okuphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwawo wonke ama-ceramics. Njengoba ukuguqulwa kwe-crystal of zro2 kuhambisana nokushintshwa kwevolumu okusobala, ubukhulu bokusetshenziswa okuqondile bunqunyelwe. Ngokujula komsebenzi wokucwaninga, kutholakala ukuthi ukwengeza komhlaba okungavamile koxides kunomthelela ongcono wokuvimbela nokuzinza ekushintsheni kwesigaba se-ZRO2. Izimali ezivamile ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo emhlabeniY2O3,ND2O3, ne-CE2O3. I-Ionic Radius yabo iseduze kwe-ZR4 +, futhi bangakha izixazululo eziqinile ze-monoclinikelic, i-tetrogonal kanye ne-cubic ethambile ene-zro2. Lolu hlobo lwe-ZRO2 CERAMIC impahla lunezinkomba zokusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo,I-CEO2Ungakha isifunda sesigaba seTetragonal Zirconia Solid Solution ebangeni elibanzi ne-ZRO2, okuyinto enhle ye-electrolyte eqinile. I-Y2O3-Isithuthukisi ye-ZRO2 (YSZ) iyinto efanelekile ye-oksijini ion impahla, esetshenziswe kabanzi kumaseli we-solide oxide oxpares (Sofc), izinzwa ze-oxygen, kanye ne-methane ye-oxidation Jembration reactors.
■ Isicelo inSiteimbandeI-Silicon CarbideAma-ceramics amelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, ukushaqeka okushisayo, ukugqwala, ukugqokwa, ukuhambisa okuhle okushisayo kanye nesisindo esikhanyayo, futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa kwezembatho zezinhlelo zokushisa eziphakeme kakhulu. Izici eziqinile zokubopha izibopho zeSiteNquma ukuthi kunzima ukufeza ukuhlanganiswa kwesono ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Ngokuvamile kudingekile ukwengeza izinsiza ze-sontering noma usebenzise ukucindezela okushisayo nezinqubo ezishisayo zokucindezela izinyosi. Inqubo yokukhiqiza iyinkimbinkimbi futhi izindleko ziphezulu. Usizo olusebenzayo kakhulu lwe-sontering ye-econing ecindezelekile ye-SIC yi-al2o3-y2o3; Izinto zokwakha ze-Curamic ze-SIC-yag Curamic nge-y3al5o12 (i-yag zifushane) njengosizo oluphambili lwe-sontering zingafinyelela ukucaciswa ngokona okusemazingeni aphansi, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengenye yezinhlelo ze-silicon Carbide Ceramic.
■ Isicelo inImpingisaimbandeImpingisaIngabe i-Combared Bond Compound enendawo ephezulu yokuncibilika, ukuvumelanisa okuphezulu, i-dielectric ephansi njalo, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinsimbi nama-alloys afana ne-iron ne-aluminium. Inokumelana okuhle kakhulu kwamazinga okushisa asemoyeni ekhethekile futhi kuyinto enhle kakhulu yokuhlanganisa umjikelezo omkhulu kanye nezinto zokupakisha. Njengoba i-ALN iyisibopho esisheshayo, i-sontering inzima kakhulu, futhi usizo olulodwa lwe-seconing lunganciphisa kuphela izinga lokushisa lesono lilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke ingculazi yensimbi yensimbi (engavamile yomoya oxides (angcur umhlaba womhlaba oxides kanye ne-Alkaline Earth Metal oxides) kuvame ukusetshenziswa njenge-AIDS ye-Altering ukwakha ezona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsiza ze-econing nazo zingasabela ngokungcola komoya-mpiloImpingisa, yehlisa izikhala ze-aluminium ezibangelwa yi-oksijini eyingxenye ekunciphiseni e-Aln Lattice, futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza okushisayo kweImpingisa.
SSi3n4ceramics. Bakhiwa ngokubuyiselwa okuyingxenye kwama-athomu nama-athomu ngaphakathiSi3n4ngama-athomu e-al nama-athomu ku-al2o3. Amandla abo, ukumelana, kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation kungcono kunama-ceramics we-SI2N4, futhi alungele ikakhulukazi izingxenye zenjini ye-ceramic kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-ceramic engavikeli. Izinto ze-SiAlon akulula ukuzibambisa. Ukwethulwa kweRare Earth Oxides kuyinto efanele ukwakheka kwesigaba se-liquid endaweni yokushisa ephansi, ekhuthaza ngempumelelo i-son. Ngasikhathi sinye, izizwe zomhlaba ezingavamile zingangena ethangeni lesigaba se-α-si3n4, zinciphisa okuqukethwe kwesigaba sengilazi futhi kwakha isigaba sokushisa samagumbi, ukuthuthukisa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuqukethwe okuphezulu. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukwengeza i-1%Y2O3Ungakha isigaba seglasi eliphakeme lokushisa lapho usona uSiolon ceramics emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, angakhuthazi kuphela ukona, kodwa futhi athuthukise ubunzima bawo bokuqhekeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungeza inani elincane le-y2o3 futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana kwalo kwe-opifation.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile kuma-ceramics asebenzayo
Imihlaba engavamilezihlobene kakhulu ne-ceramics esebenzayo. Ukungeza Okuthileizinto zomhlaba ezingavamileEzintweni ezisetshenziswayo ze-ceramics eziningi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukuthuthukisa isono, ukuqina, amandla, njll. Kwama-ceramics, kepha okubaluleke kakhulu, kungathuthukisa kakhulu imiphumela yabo esebenzayo ehlukile.
1Iqhaza Kuma-ceramics we-ceramics kusukela ngo-1987, lapho ososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo abavela eChina, eJapan, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe bathola ukuthi ama-ceramics oxideytttrium barium Copper oxide(YBCO) ine-supercompuctivity enhle kakhulu yokushisa ephezulu (TC kuze kube ngu-92k), abantu benze umsebenzi omningi ocwaningweni lokusebenza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lomhlaba olungajwayelekile lokushisa ama-ceramics, futhi wenze inqubekela phambili enkulu enkulu. Ucwaningo lwaseJapan lukhombisile ukuthi ngemuva kokubuyisela okunye eYBCO ngeimihlaba ekhanyayo engavamile(Ln) njengeNd, Sm, Eu, futhiGd, amandla kazibuthe abucayi we-cerandic matering ye-ceramic ephumayo ye-ceramic ephumayo ye-ceramic ye-ceramic athuthukiswa kakhulu, futhi amandla kazibuthe aphonsayo nawo athuthukiswa kakhulu, okubaluleke kakhulu ngogesi, ukugcinwa kwamandla nokuhamba. I-Peking University esetshenzisiweI-ZO2njenge-substrate futhi wayishisa cishe ngo-200 ° C, futhi ivele i-y (noma enyeimihlaba engavamile), I-baides ne-custstrate engxenyeni yezendlalelo yokwelashwa kokuphazamiseka, futhi ukushisa kwabaphathise ebangeni lokushisa le-800-900 ° C. I-ceramics evimbela ama-ceramics evelayo ikhombise i-coefficient yokulinganisa yensimbi enhle nge-100K. UKagoshima University eJapan wengezeUmhlaba ongavamileI-LA to SR ne-NB oxides ukwenza ifilimu le-ceramic, elikhombise ama-superconductivity ku-255k.
2 Isicelo ePiezoelectric Ceramics Holamics Hola Titananite (I-PBTIO3) iyi-ceramic ejwayelekile ye-piezoelectric ceramic enomphumela wokuhlangana kwamandla kagesi we-gesi. Inokushisa okuphezulu kwe-curie (490 ° C) kanye ne-dielectric ephansi ephansi njalo, futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nezimo ezisezingeni eliphakeme. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokulungiselela kanye nenqubo yokupholisa, imifantu emincane ivame ukwenzeka ngenxa yenguquko yesigaba se-cubic-teterragonal. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, umhlaba ongavamile asetshenziselwa ukuwuguqula. Ngemuva kokusopha ngo-1150 ° C, re-pbticlio3 ceramics nge-density ehlobene nama-99% angatholakala. I-MicrossCreatucture ithuthukiswa kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ama-transducer ama-arroads asebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezivame kakhulu ze-75mhz. Ku-Holy zirconate titanate (PZT) Piezoelectric Centamics nge-Piezoelectric ephakeme, ngokungeza umhlaba ongekho emhlabathini oxides asLa2o3, I-SM2O3, futhiND2O3, Izakhiwo ezinesono ze-PZT ceramics zingathuthukiswa kakhulu futhi izinzilo zikagesi nezinzilo ze-piezoelectric zingatholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwe-PZT ceramics kungathuthukiswa ngokungeza inani elincane lomhlaba olungavamile emhlabeni oxideI-CEO2. Ngemuva kokungeza i-CEO2, ukumelana kwevolumu ye-PZT ceramics kuyakhuphuka, okuvumelana nokugcwaliseka kombala ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu kanye nenkundla ephezulu kagesi kwinqubo yokuguga kanye nokuguga kwezinga lokushisa kuyathuthukiswa. I-PZT ceramics iguqulwe nguimihlaba engavamileisetshenziswe kabanzi kuma-generage akhiqizwayo amavolula, abakhiqizi be-ultrasonic, ama-transcucers angaphansi kwamanzi namanye amadivaysi.
3Isicelo e-Cerafics Yttrium-Sindised Zirconia (YSz) Curamics ngeEarth Earth Axide Y2O3Njengoba isengezo sinokuqina okuhle okushisayo kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kungukuzijabulisa okuhle komoya-mpilo, futhi ube nesikhundla esivelele e-Ion ephethe ubumba. Izinzwa ze-ysz ceramic zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ukukala ingcindezi ingxenye ethile ye-oxygen ekuqedweni kwezimoto, lawula kahle isilinganiso somoya / uphethiloli, futhi ube nemiphumela ebalulekile yokonga amandla. Basetshenziswe kabanzi kuma-boilers ezimboni, ukubhema, ama-incunerator kanye neminye imishini esekwe ekuvukeni. Kodwa-ke, ama-ysz ceramics abonisa kuphela amandla aphezulu we-ionic lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme kune-900 ° C, ngakho-ke uhlelo lwayo lusaphansi kwemingcele ethile. Ucwaningo olukhona luthole ukuthi ukwengeza inani elifanele le-y2o3 nomaGD2O3 to Bi2o3I-Ceramics ene-ionic arvic ephakeme ingazinza isigaba se-cubic sobuso be-bi2o3 egxile ekushiseni kwegumbi. Ngasikhathi sinye, amaphethini wokuphazamiseka we-X-ray abonise ukuthi (bi2o3) 0.75 · (Y2O3) 0.25 no (BI2O3) 0.65 · (GD2O3 · (GD2O3 Ngemuva kokuhlanganisa uhlangothi lwalesi ceramic ngefilimu evikelayo ye (ZRO2) 0.92 (Y2O3) 0.08, amaseli kaphethiloli kanye nezinzwa ze-oxygen ezinokuvuselelwa okuphezulu (500 ~ 800 ℃) zingalungiswa futhi zilungele ukuxazulula ubunzima obulethwe ngobuchwepheshe obuphakeme bokushisa.
4 Isicelo ku-dielectric ceramics dieectric ceramics ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-capacitor we-ceramic kanye nezinto ze-microwave dielectric. E-ceelectric ceramics efanaTio2, MGTIO3,IBatio3kanye ne-cendectric yabo ye-juelectric ceramics, engezaimihlaba engavamileNjengoLa, ND, kanye noDy kungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zabo ze-dielectric. Isibonelo, ku-batio3 ceramics nge-dielectric ephezulu njalo, engeza amakhompiyutha omhlaba we-LA ne-ND are ndrare ane-dielectric of ε = 30 ~ 60 angagcina i-dielectric yayo iqinile ngaphansi kobubanzi bokushisa, kanye nempilo yenkonzo yedivayisi yathuthukiswa kakhulu. E-cerectric ceramics yama-capacitor anxephezelwe okushisayo, umhlaba ongavamile angangezwa ngokufanele njengoba kudingeka ukuthuthukisa noma ukulungisa i-dielectric, kanye ne-coueffic ye-cerectric, kanye nokunweba uhla lwayo lokwenza. I-capacitor ye-capacitor ye-capacitor eqinile ye-titanate titamics iguqulwe nge-LA2O3, futhi i-MGOIO2-LA2O3-Tio2 Curamics kanye neCatio3-MgTio3-Curea3 Cureamics ayigcini nje ngokulondolozwa kwezimpawu zoqobo zokulahleka nokushisa okuphansi, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu i-dielectric yazonjalo.
5 Uhlelo lokusebenza ku-Ceramics ebucayi ubumbano - uhlobo olubalulekile lwe-ceramics esebenzayo. Zibonakaliswa ngokunaka izimo ezithile zangaphandle ezinjenge-voltage, ukwakheka kwegesi, izinga lokushisa, umswakama, njll. Ngakho-ke, bangakwazi ukubheka amasekethe, izinqubo zokusebenza noma izindawo zokuphendula ezihlobene nogesi ezihlobene. Zisetshenziswa kabanzi njengezinto ezizwakalayo zokulawula imibuthano, ngakho-ke zibizwa nangokuthi ceramics sensor. Kunobudlelwano obusondelene phakathi komhlaba okungavamile kanye nokwenza lolu hlobo lwama-ceramics.
(1) I-Electro-Optical Ceramics: Ngokungeza Earth Earth EarthLa2o3Ku-PZT, Transparent Holy Lanthanum zirtonate titanate (PLZT) Electro-optical ceramics ingatholakala. I-matrix ye-matrix yasekuqaleni i-opaque ngokuvamile i-opaque ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-pores, izigaba zemingcele yokusanhlamvu kanye ne-anisotropy, ngenkathi ukwengeza i-asotrotropy, kunciphisa kakhulu i-anisotropy yayo, futhi kunciphisa kakhulu i-anisotropy yayo okubangelwa yisigaba sokuhlwaya kanye nokusakazeka kokukhanya okubangelwa isigaba sesibili. Ngakho-ke, i-PLZT inokusebenza okuhle kokuhambisa ukukhanya. I-PLZT isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-googgles ekuvikeleni imisebe yokuqhuma kwenuzi yenuzi, amawindi amabhomu amabhomu andayo, ama-modulators wokuxhumana we-optical, amadivaysi e-pertographic, njll.
. Ngemuva kokuthi i-zno varistor ceramics idonswe nge-rare Earth Earth oxideLa2o3, inani labo leVolmage VLMA lalo landa kakhulu; Lapho inani le-doping lenyuka lisuka ku-0,1% liye ku-10%, i-coufficient engekho emthethweni i-α ye-ceramic yehle kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-1, futhi ngokuyisisekelo kwakungenazo izakhiwo ze-varistor. Ngakho-ke, nge-zno ceramics, i-Low-Frepration Element Element Doping ingakhuphula inani layo le-varistor voltage, kepha linomthelela omncane kwi-coefficient engekho emthethweni; Futhi i-doping yokuhlushwa ephezulu ayikhombisi izici ze-varistor.
(3) ubumba obunobungozi begesiI-SNO2na-Fe2o3, futhi ukhiqize umhlaba we-Abo3 no-A2bo4 Ongaqamba Umhlaba Oyizinhlanganisela. Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi engeza umhlaba ongavamile oxides we-ZNO ungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kwawo ku-Phylene; okufanelezelaI-CEO2Ku-SNO2 kungakhiqiza into enesono ezwela i-ethanol.
(4) I-Thermistor Ceramics: I-Batium Titanate (Batio3) yi-Ceramics ye-Thermistor efundwe kakhulu futhi esetshenziswe kabanzi. Lapho kulandelwa izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile njenge-LA, CE, SM, DY, njll. Kodwa-ke, uma inani le-doping lidlula inani elithile, ngenxa yokwakheka kwezikhala ze-BA2 + kanye nokunyamalala kwabathwali abaphethe, ukumelana kwe-ceramic kukhuphuka kakhulu futhi kuba yi-insulator.
(5) ubumba obubucayi bomswakama I-PD0.91LA0.09 (ZR0.65TI0.35) 0.98O3-KH2PO3, njll. Ukuze uphinde uthuthukise ukuzwela kwe-ceramic ye-ceramic, ngokuqina nokuqina, kuyadingeka ukuqinisa ucwaningo ngethonya leUmhlaba ongavamileIsengezo ezakhiweni ezifanele ze-ceramics.
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Isikhathi sePosi: Feb-06-2025