Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba ku-Modern Military Technology

Isicelo seI-Rare Earth Materials ku-Modern Military Technology

Njengempahla ekhethekile yokusebenza, umhlaba ongavamile, owaziwa ngokuthi "indlu yomcebo" wezinto ezintsha, ungathuthukisa kakhulu izinga nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo, futhi uyaziwa ngokuthi "ivithamini" yezimboni zanamuhla. Ayisetshenziswa nje kuphela ezimbonini zendabuko ezifana ne-metallurgy, imboni ye-petrochemical, i-ceramics yengilazi, ukuphotha uboya, isikhumba nezolimo, kodwa futhi idlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni yezinto ezifana ne-fluorescence, i-magnetism, i-laser, ukuxhumana kwe-Fiber-optic, Amandla okugcina i-hydrogen, i-superconductivity, njll, Ithinta ngokuqondile isivinini kanye nezinga lentuthuko yezimboni ezikhulayo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njenge-Optical instrument, i-electronics, i-aerospace, imboni yenuzi, njll. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ngempumelelo kubuchwepheshe bezempi, bukhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi.

Iqhaza elikhethekile elidlalwa izinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezingavamile kubuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi liye ladonsa ukunaka kohulumeni nochwepheshe abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene, njengokufakwa ohlwini njengengxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu nobuchwepheshe bezempi yiminyango efanele I-United States, Japan, namanye amazwe.

Isingeniso Esifushane Semihlaba Engavamile kanye Nobudlelwane Bayo Nezempi Nezokuvikela Zikazwelonke

Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, konkeizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamilezibe nokusetshenziswa okuthile kwezempi, kodwa indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwezwe kanye nezinkundla zempi kufanele kube ukusetshenziswa kwe-laser esukela, isiqondiso se-laser, ukuxhumana nge-laser neminye imikhakha.

 Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Rare Earth Steel kanye ne-Nodular Cast Iron ku-Modern Military Technology

 1.1 Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Rare Earth Steel Kubuchwepheshe Bamanje Bezempi

Imisebenzi yayo ihlanganisa ukuhlanzwa, ukuguqulwa, kanye ne-alloying, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa i-desulfurization, i-deoxidation, nokususwa kwegesi, ukuqeda umthelela wendawo encibilikayo yokungcola okuyingozi, ukucwenga okusanhlamvu kanye nesakhiwo, okuthinta iphuzu lokuguqulwa kwesigaba sensimbi, nokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwayo kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. . Abasebenzi besayensi yezempi nobuchwepheshe benze izinto eziningi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ezikhalini ngokusebenzisa le ndawo yomhlaba ongavamile.

 1.1.1 Insimbi yezikhali

 Ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, imboni yezikhali yaseShayina yaqala ucwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile ensimbi yezikhali kanye nesibhamu sensimbi, futhi ngokulandelana yakhiqiza insimbi yezikhali zomhlaba eziyivelakancane njenge-601, 603, kanye ne-623, ingenisa inkathi entsha lapho izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile. eChina ukukhiqizwa amathangi zazizinze ekhaya.

 1.1.2 Insimbi ye-carbon steel engavamile

Maphakathi nawo-1960, i-China yengeze u-0.05% wezinto zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ensimbi yokuqala yekhwalithi ephezulu yekhabhoni ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi ye-carbon iron. Inani lomthelela onqenqemeni wale nsimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane lenyuke ngo-70% laya ku-100% uma liqhathaniswa nensimbi yokuqala ye-carbon, futhi inani lomthelela elingu--40 ℃ likhuphuke cishe kabili. I-cartridge enobubanzi obukhulu eyenziwe ngale nsimbi ifakazelwe ngokuhlolwa kokudubula ebangeni lokudubula ukuze ihlangabezane ngokugcwele nezimfuneko zobuchwepheshe. Njengamanje, i-China iphothuliwe futhi yafakwa ekukhiqizeni, ukufeza isifiso sesikhathi eside saseShayina sokushintsha ithusi ngensimbi ku-cartridge materials.

 1.1.3 Insimbi ye-manganese ephezulu yomhlaba engavamile kanye nensimbi esakazwayo yomhlaba

Insimbi ye-manganese ephezulu yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izicathulo zethrekhi yethangi, futhi insimbi esakazwayo yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziselwa ukwakha amaphiko omsila, i-muzzle brake kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo sezikhali zokulahla i-Armor-piercing sabot, enganciphisa izinqubo zokucubungula, thuthukisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwensimbi, futhi uzuze izinkomba zamaqhinga nezobuchwepheshe.

Esikhathini esedlule, izinto ezisetshenziselwa i-front chamber projectile body e-China zazenziwe nge-semi rigid cast iron ne-high quality iron iron engezwe nge-30% kuya ku-40% yensimbi eyizilahliwe. Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphansi, i-brittleness ephezulu, inombolo ephansi nengeyona ebukhali yezingcezwana ezisebenzayo ngemva kokuqhuma, namandla okubulala abuthakathaka, ukuthuthukiswa komzimba we-projectile wegumbi langaphambili kwake kwavinjwa. Kusukela ngo-1963, kuye kwakhiqizwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamagobolondo odaka kusetshenziswa i-iron ductile iron eyivelakancane, eye yandisa izakhiwo zayo zomshini izikhathi ezingu-1-2, yandisa inani lezingcezu eziphumelelayo, futhi yalola ubukhali bezingcezu, ithuthukisa kakhulu amandla abo okubulala. Inani elisebenzayo lezicucu kanye nerediyasi yokubulala ejulile yohlobo oluthile lwegobolondo le-Cannon kanye negobolondo lesibhamu sase-Field enziwe ngale nto e-China zingcono kancane kunalezo zamagobolondo ensimbi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-alloys angavamile emhlabeni angeyona insimbi njenge-magnesium ne-aluminium kubuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi

 Umhlaba ongavamileinomsebenzi wamakhemikhali aphezulu kanye nerediyasi enkulu ye-Atomic. Uma yengezwa ezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi kanye nama-alloys azo, ingacwenga okusanhlamvu, ivimbele ukuhlukaniswa, ukukhipha, ukususwa kokungcola nokuhlanzwa, futhi ithuthukise isakhiwo se-metallographic, ukuze kufezwe inhloso ephelele yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo zomzimba kanye nokucubungula izakhiwo. . Abasebenzi bezinto ezibonakalayo ekhaya naphesheya bathuthukise ama-alloys amasha e-magnesium yomhlaba ayivelakancane, ama-alloys e-aluminium, ama-titanium alloys, nama-superalloys ngokusebenzisa le ndawo yomhlaba ongavamile. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswe kakhulu kubuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi njengezindiza zokulwa, izindiza ezihlaselayo, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu, namasathelayithi acitshwayo.

2.1 Ingxubevange ye-magnesium yomhlaba

Ingxubevange ye-magnesium yomhlabaabe namandla athile aphezulu, angehlisa isisindo sendiza, athuthukise ukusebenza kwamasu, futhi abe namathemba abanzi okusebenza. Ingxubevange ye-magnesium yomhlaba engavamile ethuthukiswe yi-China Aviation Industry Corporation (ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa ngokuthi i-AVIC) ihlanganisa cishe amamaki ayi-10 ama-alloys e-magnesium ahlanganisiwe kanye nama-alloys e-magnesium akhubazekile, amaningi awo asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni futhi anekhwalithi ezinzile. Isibonelo, i-ZM 6 cast magnesium alloy ene-neodymium yensimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane njengesengezo esikhulu siye sanwetshwa ukuze sisetshenziselwe izingxenye ezibalulekile ezifana namakesi okuncishiswa kwendiza enophephela emhlane, izimbambo zamaphiko e-fighter, namapuleti omfutho we-rotor lead wamajeneretha angama-30 kW. Ingxubevange ye-magnesium enamandla amakhulu yomhlaba i-BM 25 eyakhiwe ngokuhlanganyela yi-AVIC Corporation kanye ne-Nonferrous Metals Corporation ithathe indawo yama-alloys e-aluminium enamandla amaphakathi futhi isisetshenziswe endizeni enethonya.

2.2 Ingxubevange ye-titanium yomhlaba engavamile

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, i-Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (ebizwa ngokuthi i-Institute of Aeronautical Materials) yashintsha enye i-aluminium ne-silicon yafaka i-cerium yensimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane (Ce) kuma-Ti-A1-Mo titanium alloys, yanciphisa imvula yezigaba eziphukayo futhi. ithuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa kwe-alloy ngenkathi ithuthukisa nokusimama kwayo kokushisa. Ngalesi sisekelo, kwenziwa ingxubevange ye-titanium yokushisa ephezulu ye-ZT3 equkethe i-cerium esebenza kahle kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloys aphesheya afanayo, inezinzuzo ezithile mayelana namandla okumelana nokushisa nokusebenza kwenqubo. I-compressor casing ekhiqizwa ngayo isetshenziselwa injini ye-W PI3 II, enesisindo esingama-39 kg endizeni ngayinye kanye nokwanda kwesilinganiso se-thrust kuya ku-1.5%. Ukwengeza, ukuncishiswa kwezinyathelo zokucubungula cishe ngo-30% kuzuze izinzuzo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, kugcwalise igebe ekusetshenzisweni kwamabhokisi e-cast titanium ezinjini zezindiza e-China ku-500 ℃. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi kunezinhlayiya ezincane ze-cerium oxide ku-microstructure ye-ZT3 alloy equkethe i-cerium. I-Cerium ihlanganisa ingxenye yomoya-mpilo ku-alloy ukuze yakhe ubulukhuni obuphikisayo nobulukhuni obuphezului-oxide yomhlaba engavamileimpahla, Ce2O3. Lezi zinhlayiya zivimbela ukunyakaza kokuhlukaniswa ngesikhathi senqubo ye-alloy deformation, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokushisa kwe-alloy. I-Cerium ithatha ingxenye yokungcola kwegesi (ikakhulukazi emingceleni yokusanhlamvu), okungase kuqinise i-alloy ngenkathi igcina ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa. Lona umzamo wokuqala wokusebenzisa inkolelo-mbono yokuqinisa iphuzu le-solute elinzima kuma-alloys e-cast titanium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Institute of Aeronautical Materials ithuthuke ezinzile futhi eshibhileI-Yttrium(III) oxideisihlabathi kanye nempushana phakathi neminyaka yocwaningo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha obukhethekile be-mineralization kunqubo yokukhipha ngokunemba kwesisombululo se-titanium alloy. Ifinyelele ezingeni elingcono mayelana namandla adonsela phansi athile, ubulukhuni kanye nokuzinza kuketshezi lwe-titanium, futhi ibonise izinzuzo ezinkulu ekulungiseni nasekulawuleni ukusebenza kwegobolondo le-slurry. Inzuzo evelele yokusebenzisaI-Yttrium(III) oxideigobolondo lokukhiqiza i-titanium castings iwukuthi ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi ikhwalithi yokuphonsa kanye nezinga lenqubo lilingana nenqubo yokuhlanganisa i-tungsten, ukukhishwa kwe-titanium alloy mncane kunenqubo yokumboza i-tungsten kungenziwa. Njengamanje, le nqubo isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwenzeni izindiza ezihlukahlukene, izinjini, kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini yabantu.

2.3 Ingxubevange ye-aluminium yomhlaba engavamile

Ingxubevange ye-aluminium ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa i-HZL206 eyakhiwe yi-AVIC inezakhiwo zomshini ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezingamazinga okushisa ekamelo uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloys angaphandle aqukethe i-nickel, futhi isifinyelele izinga eliphezulu lama-alloys afanayo phesheya. Manje isisetshenziswa njenge-valve emelana nengcindezi yezindiza ezinophephela emhlane kanye namajethi ezempi anezinga lokushisa elisebenzayo elingu-300 ℃, ithatha indawo yensimbi ne-titanium alloys. Isisindo sesakhiwo sehlisiwe futhi sifakwe ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. Amandla aqinile we-aluminiyamu yomhlaba eyi-silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy at 200-300 ℃ adlula awe-West German piston alloys KS280 kanye ne-KS282. Ukumelana kwayo nokugqoka kuphakeme izikhathi ezi-4-5 kunaleyo ye-piston alloys evame ukusetshenziswa ZL108, ene-coefficient encane yokunwetshwa komugqa kanye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-dimensional. Isetshenziswe ezinsizakalweni zendiza i-KY-5, i-KY-7 air compressors, namapiston enjini yemodeli yendiza. Ukwengeza izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuma-alloys e-aluminium kuthuthukisa kakhulu i-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Indlela yokusebenza yezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuma-alloys e-aluminium yilezi: ukwakheka kokusabalalisa okuhlakazekile, nezinhlanganisela ezincane ze-aluminium ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni isigaba sesibili; Ukwengezwa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kudlala indima ye-Catharsis ye-degassing, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa inani lama-pores ku-alloy futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwe-alloy; Izinhlanganisela ze-aluminium zomhlaba ezingavamile zisebenza njengama-nuclei ahlukahlukene ukuze kucwengwe okusanhlamvu nezigaba ze-eutectic, futhi ziphinde zibe isilungisi; Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zikhuthaza ukwakheka kanye nokucwengwa kwezigaba ezinothile ngensimbi, zinciphisa imiphumela yazo eyingozi. I-α— Inani lesixazululo esiqinile sensimbi ku-A1 liyancipha ngokwanda kokwengezwa komhlaba okungavamile, okubuye kube nenzuzo ekuthuthukiseni amandla nepulasitiki.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezingavamile Zokuvutha Komhlaba Kubuchwepheshe Bamanje Bezempi

3.1 Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile

Izinsimbi ezihlanzekile zomhlaba ezingavamile, ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali asebenzayo, zivame ukusabela nge-oxygen, isulfure, ne-nitrogen ukuze zakhe izinhlanganisela ezizinzile. Uma ibhekene nokungqubuzana okukhulu nomthelela, izinhlansi zingavutha izinto ezivuthayo. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-1908, yenziwa intshetshe. Kutholwe ukuthi phakathi kwezakhi zomhlaba eziyi-17 ezingavamile, izakhi eziyisithupha, okuhlanganisa i-cerium, i-lanthanum, i-neodymium, i-praseodymium, i-samarium, ne-yttrium, zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekushiseni. Abantu benze izikhali ezihlukahlukene ezishisayo ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezishiswayo zezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Isibonelo, umcibisholo wama-227 kg waseMelika othi "Mark 82" usebenzisa izinsimbi zensimbi ezingavamile, ezingakhiqizi kuphela imiphumela yokubulala eqhumayo kodwa nemiphumela yokushiswa kwempahla. I-rocket warhead yase-US ethi "damping man" yase-US ifakwe izinsimbi eziyizikwele zensimbi eziyi-108 ezingavamile njengamalayini, athatha indawo yezingcezwana ezakhiwe ngaphambili. Ukuhlola ukuqhuma okungaguquki kubonise ukuthi amandla ayo okuthungela uphethiloli wendiza ephakeme ngo-44% kunalawo angalayishiwe.

3.2 Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezixutshwe

Ngenxa yenani eliphezulu lokuhlanzekainsimbi yomhlaba engavamiles, inhlanganisela eshibhile eyinhlanganisela yezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezikhalini ezivuthayo emazweni ahlukahlukene. I-ejenti yokushiswa kwensimbi eyinhlanganisela engavamile yomhlaba ilayishwa egobolondweni lensimbi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ene-ejenti evuthayo engu-(1.9~2.1) × 103 kg/m3, isivinini sokuvutha 1.3-1.5 m/s, ububanzi belangabi obungaba ngu-500 mm, kanye nokushisa kwelangabi kufika ku-1715-2000 ℃. Ngemuva komlilo, umzimba we-incandescent uhlala ushisa ngaphezu kwemizuzu emi-5. Ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kweVietnam, amasosha ase-US asebenzisa iziqhumane ukuze ethule ibhomu lomlilo elingu-40mm, elaligcwele ulayini ovuthayo owenziwe ngensimbi yomhlaba engavamile exubile. Ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-projectile, ucezu ngalunye olunomugqa ovuthayo lungathungela okuhlosiwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwanyanga zonke kwebhomu kwafinyelela imizuliswano engu-200000, enenani eliphakeme lama-round angu-260000.

3.3 Ingxubevange yokushiswa komhlaba engavamile

Ingxubevange yokushiswa komhlaba engavamile enesisindo esingu-100g ingakha ama-kilinglings angu-200 ~ 3000, amboze indawo enkulu, elingana nendawo yokubulala yezinhlamvu ezibhoboza izikhali kanye ne-projectile yokubhoboza izikhali. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu eziningi ezisebenza ngamandla omlilo kuye kwaba enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Ngezinhlamvu ezibhoboza izikhali kanye nezikhali ezibhoboza izikhali, ukusebenza kwazo okuhlakaniphile kudinga ukuthi ngemva kokubhoboza izikhali zethangi lesitha, zikwazi ukuthungela uphethiloli nezinhlamvu zazo ukuze zicekele phansi ithangi. Kumabhomu, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthunge impahla yezempi nezindawo zamasu ngaphakathi kwebanga lokubulala. Kubikwa ukuthi i-plastic rare earth metal Incendiary device eyenziwe e-Made in USA yenziwe nge-glass fibre inayiloni eqinisiwe ene-cartridge ye-arthral alloy ehlanganisiwe engavamile ngaphakathi, enomthelela ongcono ngokumelene nophethiloli wendiza kanye nezinto ezihlosiwe ezifanayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba Ekuvikelweni Kwezempi kanye Nobuchwepheshe Benuzi

4.1 Isicelo sobuchwepheshe bokuvikela amasosha

Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zinezici zokumelana nemisebe. I-National Neutron cross section Centre yase-United States yenze izinhlobo ezimbili zamapuleti anogqinsi oluyi-10 mm ngokusebenzisa izinto ze-polymer njengento eyisisekelo, enezelwa noma ngaphandle kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, ukuze kuhlolwe ukuvikela emisebeni. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi umphumela wokuvikela i-neutron oshisayo wezinto ezingavamile ze-polymer yomhlaba ungcono izikhathi ezingu-5-6 kunalowo wezinto ezingavamile ze-polymer yomhlaba. Phakathi kwazo, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ezine-Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy nezinye izakhi zinengxenye enkulu ye-neutron Absorption cross kanye nomphumela omuhle wokubamba i-neutron. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezinto ezingavamile zokuvikela imisebe yomhlaba kubuchwepheshe bezempi zihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo.

4.1.1 Ukuvikela imisebe yenuzi

I-United States isebenzisa i-boron engu-1% kanye nezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezingu-5%.i-gadolinium, i-samariumfuthii-lanthanumukwenza ukhonkolo ovikela imisebe owugqinsi ongu-600mm ukuze uvikele umthombo we-fission Neutron we-reactor yedamu lokubhukuda. I-France yakha okokusebenza okungavamile kokuvikela emisebeni yomhlaba ngokwengeza i-Boride, ingxube yomhlaba engavamile noma ingxubevange yomhlaba engavamile ku-graphite njengento eyisisekelo. I-filler yalesi sivikelo esiyinhlanganisela iyadingeka ukuthi isatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo futhi yenziwe izingxenye ezakhiwe ngaphambili, ezibekwe eduze kwesiteshi se-reactor ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezahlukene zendawo yokuzivikela.

4.1.2 Ukuvikela imisebe eshisayo yamathangi

Iqukethe izingqimba ezine ze-veneer, ezinobukhulu obuphelele buka-5-20 cm. Isendlalelo sokuqala senziwe ngepulasitiki eqiniswe nge-fiber yengilazi, enempushana ye-inorganic engezwe ngezinhlanganisela zomhlaba ezingavamile ezingu-2% njengezigcwalisi zokuvimba ama-neutron asheshayo futhi amunce ama-neutron ahamba kancane; Izendlalelo zesibili nezesithathu zengeza i-boron graphite, i-polystyrene, nezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ezibalelwa ku-10% wesamba esiphelele sangaphambili ukuze uvimbele ama-neutron wamandla amaphakathi futhi amunce ama-neutron ashisayo; Isendlalelo sesine sisebenzisa i-graphite esikhundleni se-glass fiber, futhi sengeza ama-compounds angavamile angama-25% ukuze amunce ama-neutron ashisayo.

4.1.3 Abanye

Ukusebenzisa okokuvikela ukumelana nemisebe yomhlaba emathangeni, emikhunjini, ezindaweni zokukhosela, nakwezinye izinto zezempi kungaba nomthelela wokumelana nemisebe.

4.2 Ukusetshenziswa Kwezobuchwepheshe Benuzi

I-Earth engavamile i-Yttrium(III) oxide ingasetshenziswa njengesibambisi esivuthayo sikaphethiloli we-uranium ku-Boiling water reactor (BWR). Kuzo zonke izakhi, i-gadolinium inamandla amakhulu okumunca ama-neutron, cishe ngamathagethi angama-4600 nge-athomu ngayinye. I-athomu ngayinye ye-gadolinium yemvelo idonsa isilinganiso sama-neutron angu-4 ngaphambi kokwehluleka. Uma ixubene ne-uranium ekwazi ukufihlwa, i-gadolinium ingakhuthaza ukusha, inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium, futhi yandise ukuphuma kwamandla. Ngokungafani ne-Boron carbide,I-Gadolinium(III) oxideayikhiqizi i-deuterium, umkhiqizo oyingozi. Ingakwazi ukufanisa kokubili uphethiloli we-uranium kanye nezinto zayo zokunamathela ku-Nuclear reaction. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-gadolinium esikhundleni se-boron ukuthi i-gadolinium ingaxutshwa ngokuqondile ne-uranium ukuvimbela ukunwetshwa kwenduku yesibaseli senuzi. Ngokwezibalo, kuneziphehlimandla zenuzi eziyi-149 ezihlelelwe ukwakhiwa emhlabeni jikelele, eziyi-115 zazo okungama-reactors amanzi acindezelwe kusetshenziswa.inhlabathi engavamileh I-Gadolinium(III) oxide.Umhlaba ongavamile we-samarium,europium, kanye ne-dysprosium iye yasetshenziswa njengezithambisi ze-neutron kuma-reactors akhiqiza i-neutron. Umhlaba ongavamilei-yttriumine-cross-section encane yokuthwebula kuma-neutron futhi ingasetshenziswa njengempahla yepayipi yezinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe zikasawoti. Icwecwe elincanyana elengezwe nge-gadolinium yomhlaba engavamile kanye ne-dysprosium lingasetshenziswa njengomtshina wensimu ye-neutron ku-aerospace kanye nobunjiniyela bemboni yenuzi, inani elincane le-thulium yomhlaba engavamile ne-erbium lingasetshenziswa njengento ehlosiwe ye-tube evaliwe i-Neutron generator, kanye nomhlaba ongavamile. I-europium oxide iron cermet ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ipuleti lokusekela lokulawula i-reactor elithuthukisiwe. I-gadolinium yomhlaba engavamile ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesengezo sokumboza ukuvimbela imisebe yebhomu ye-neutron, futhi izimoto ezihlomile ezimbozwe ngocwecwe olukhethekile oluqukethe i-gadolinium oxide zingavimbela imisebe ye-neutron. I-ytterbium yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziswa emishinini yokulinganisa ukucindezelwa komhlaba okubangelwa ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Uma i-ytterbium yomhlaba engavamile ingaphansi kokuphoqelelwa, ukumelana kuyakhula, futhi ukuguqulwa kokumelana kungasetshenziswa ukubala ingcindezi esetshenzisiwe. Ukuxhumanisa ucwecwe lwe-gadolinium lomhlaba olungavamile olufakwe futhi lwaxhunywa nento ezwela ukucindezeleka lungasetshenziswa ukukala ukucindezeleka okukhulu kwenuzi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezingu-5 Zezibuthe Ezingapheli Zomhlaba Ezobuchwepheshe Kwezempi Yesimanje

Izinto zikazibuthe zomhlaba ezingavamile, ezaziwa ngokuthi isizukulwane esisha senkosi kazibuthe, okwamanje iyizinto zikazibuthe ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezisebenza unomphela ezaziwayo. Inezakhiwo kazibuthe eziphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-100 kunensimbi kazibuthe eyayisetshenziswa emishinini yezempi ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Njengamanje, isibe yinto ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje. Isetshenziswa ku-Travel-wave tube kanye nama-circulator kumasathelayithi omhlaba okwenziwa, ama-radar nezinye izici. Ngakho-ke, inokubaluleka kwezempi okubalulekile.

Ozibuthe be-SmCo kanye nozibuthe be-NdFeB basetshenziselwa i-electron beam egxile ohlelweni lokuqondisa lwe-Missile. Omazibuthe bangamathuluzi ayinhloko okugxilisa kuwo ama-electron beam, adlulisela idatha endaweni yokulawula ye-missile. Kukhona cishe amaphawundi angu-5-10 (2.27-4.54 kg) wezibuthe kudivayisi ngayinye yokuqondisa okugxilwe kuyo yomcibisholo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omazibuthe bomhlaba abayivelakancane baphinde basetshenziswe ukushayela izinjini nokuzungezisa iRudder#Aircraft rudders yemicibisholo eqondisiwe. Izinzuzo zabo zinamandla uzibuthe nesisindo esilula kunozibuthe base-Al Ni Co bokuqala.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Rare Earth Laser Materials ku-Modern Military Technology

I-Laser iwuhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya one-monochromaticity enhle, isiqondiso, nokuhambisana, futhi ingafinyelela ukukhanya okuphezulu. I-laser kanye nezinto ze-laser zomhlaba ezingavamile zazalwa ngasikhathi sinye. Kuze kube manje, cishe u-90% wezinto ze-laser zihlanganisa umhlaba ongavamile. Isibonelo, i-Yttrium aluminium garnet crystal iyi-laser esetshenziswa kabanzi engathola ukuphuma kwamandla aphezulu okuqhubekayo ekamelweni lokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-lasers wezwe eliqinile kwezempi yesimanje kufaka phakathi izici ezilandelayo.

6.1 Ukuhluka kwe-laser

I-neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet eyakhiwe e-United States, eBrithani, eFrance, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe ingakala ibanga elingu-4000 ~ 20000 m ngokunemba kwamamitha angu-5. Izinhlelo zezikhali ezifana ne-US MI, iLeopard II yaseJalimane, iLecler yaseFrance, iType 90 yaseJapan, iMekava yakwa-Israel, kanye nethangi lakamuva le-British Challenger 2 zonke zisebenzisa lolu hlobo lwe-laser rangefinder. Njengamanje, amanye amazwe athuthukisa isizukulwane esisha se-laser state rangefinders yokuphepha kwamehlo abantu, ezinobude beza obusebenza obusuka ku-1.5 ukuya ku-2.1 μ M. I-laser rangefinder ephathwa ngesandla eyakhiwe yi-United States ne-United Kingdom isebenzisa i-holmium doped. I-Yttrium lithium fluoride laser inebhande elisebenzayo elingu-2.06 μ M, elisukela ku-3000 m. I-United States kanye ne-International Laser Company nazo zasebenzisa ngokuhlanganyela i-erbium-doped Yttrium lithium fluoride laser futhi zakha ubude begagasi obungu-1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder kanye namasosha ahlomele kakhulu. Ubude be-laser be-laser rangefinders bezempi yaseShayina bungu-1.06 μ M, busuka ku-200 ukuya ku-7000 m. Ekwethuleni amarokhethi ebanga elide, imicibisholo namasathelayithi okuxhumana okuhlola, i-China ithole idatha ebalulekile ekulinganisweni kobubanzi nge-Laser TV Theodolite.

6.2 Isiqondiso seLaser

Amabhomu aqondiswa nge-laser asebenzisa ama-lasers ukuze aqondise ukuphela. Ithagethi ifakwa ngemisebe ye-Nd · YAG laser ekhipha inqwaba yamapulse ngomzuzwana. Ama-pulses afakwe ikhodi, futhi ama-pulses alula angaqondisa impendulo ye-missile, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukuphazamiseka ekuthulweni kwemicibisholo kanye nezithiyo ezibekwe yisitha. Isibonelo, ibhomu lezempi lase-US le-GBV-15 Glide elibizwa ngokuthi "ibhomu elihlakaniphile". Ngokufanayo, ingasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza amagobolondo aqondiswa nge-laser.

6.3 Ukuxhumana nge-laser

Ngokungeziwe ku-Nd · YAG ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwe-laser, ukuphuma kwe-laser kwe-lithium tetra Neodymium(III) i-phosphate crystal (LNP) i-polarized futhi kulula ukuyishintsha. Ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezithembisayo kakhulu ze-laser micro, ezifanele umthombo wokukhanya wokuxhumana nge-fiber optical, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziswe ku-optics edidiyelwe kanye nokuxhumana emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) i-crystal eyodwa ingasetshenziswa njengamadivayisi ahlukahlukene we-magnetostatic surface wave ngenqubo yokuhlanganisa i-microwave, eyenza amadivaysi ahlanganiswe futhi afakwe kancane, futhi anezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile ekulawuleni okude kwe-radar kanye ne-telemetry, ukuzulazula kanye nezinyathelo zokumelana ne-electronic.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezingu-7 Ezingavamile Zokusebenza Zomhlaba Kubuchwepheshe Bamanje Bezempi

Lapho into ingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elithile, kwenzeka ukuthi ukumelana kungu-zero, okungukuthi, i-Superconductivity. Izinga lokushisa izinga lokushisa elibalulekile (Tc). Ama-Superconductors angama-antimagnet. Lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi, ama-superconductors axosha noma iyiphi inkambu kazibuthe ezama ukusebenza kuwo. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Meissner. Ukwengeza izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezintweni ze-superconducting kungakhuphula kakhulu izinga lokushisa elibalulekile Tc. Lokhu kukhuthaze kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting. Ngawo-1980, i-United States, iJapane kanye namanye amazwe athuthukile afaka ngokulandelana inani elithile le-lanthanum, i-yttrium, i-europium, i-erbium namanye ama-oxides angavamile emhlabeni ku-Barium oxide ne-Copper (II) oxide compounds, eyaxutshwa, icindezelwa futhi yafakwa emanzini. yakha izinto zokwakha ze-ceramic ze-superconducting, okwenza ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kwezempi, kubanzi kakhulu.

7.1 I-Superconducting amasekethe ahlanganisiwe

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe angaphandle enze ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting kumakhompiyutha kagesi, futhi athuthukisa amasekethe ahlanganisiwe e-superconducting esebenzisa izinto zobumba ze-superconducting. Uma lesi sifunda esididiyelwe sisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amakhompiyutha e-superconducting, akugcini nje ngokuba nosayizi omncane, isisindo esincane, futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa futhi inesivinini se-computing izikhathi ezingu-10 kuya kweziyi-100 ngokushesha kunamakhompiyutha we-semiconductor.