Hafnium, I-Metal HF, inombolo ye-Atomic 72, isisindo se-athomu 178.49, iyinsimbi ecwebile ye-grey grey.
I-HAFNIUM ine-isotopes eyisithupha ngokwemvelo: I-HAFNIUM 174, 176, 177, 178, 178, no-180, ne-180. Igama elehlukile livela egameni lesiLatini leCopenhagen City.
Ngo-1925, usokhemisi waseSweden uHerevey ne-Dutch physicist KORTY bathole usawoti omsulwa we-hafnium ngokushaywa kwenhlamba kasawoti okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi wehlise nge-sodium yensimbi yokuthola i-haftal metal. I-hafnium iqukethe i-0.00045% yokuqothuka komhlaba futhi imvamisa ihambisana ne-zirconium ngokwemvelo.
Igama lomkhiqizo: hafnium
Symbol Symbol: HF
Isisindo se-athomu: 178.49
Uhlobo lwe-Element: I-Metallic Element
Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo:
Hafniumiyinsimbi esiliva grey ene-luster yensimbi; Kunokuhlukahluka okubili kwe-metal hafnium: α hafnium kuyinto ehlukile egcwele kakhulu (1750 ℃) ngokushisa okuthe xaxa kuneZarconium. I-Metal Hafnium inama-allotrope ahlukahlukene emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-Metal Hafnium inesiphambano esiphakeme sokumunca nje se-neutron futhi ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokulawula zama-reactors.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezakhiwo zekristalu: Ukuhlanganiswa okuminyene kwe-hexagonal emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-1300 ℃ (α- equation); Emazingeni okushisa angenhla kwe-1300 ℃, kungumzimba ugxile cubic (Β- equation). Insimbi eneplastiki eyenza lukhuni futhi iba brittle phambi kokungcola. Uzinzile emoyeni, kuba mnyama kuphela ebusweni lapho ushisiwe. Ama-filaments angabhalwa ilangabi lomdlalo. Izakhiwo ezifana ne-zirconium. Akaphenduli ngamanzi, ama-dilifucici acid, noma izisekelo eziqinile, kepha ancibilika kalula e-aqua regia ne-hydrofluoric acid. Ikakhulukazi kumakhompiyutha ane-aclence + 4. I-Hafnium Alloy (Ta4HFC5) yaziwa ukuthi inephuzu eliphakeme kakhulu elincibilikayo (cishe ngo-4215 ℃).
Isakhiwo se-Crystal: Iseli yekristalu yi-hexagonal
Inombolo ye-CAS: 7440-58-6
Iphoyinti Lokuncibilika: 2227 ℃
Iphoyili elibilayo: 4602 ℃
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali:
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-hafnium zifana kakhulu nalezo ze-zirconium, futhi zinokumelana kahle nokugqwala futhi akulonakaliswa kalula yizisombululo ezijwayelekile ze-acid alkali; Incibilika kalula ku-hydrofluoric acid ukwenza izakhiwo ezinamanzi. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-hafnium nayo ingahlanganisa ngokuqondile namagesi anjengomoya-mpilo kanye ne-nitrogen ukwakha ama-oxides nama-nitrides.
UHafnium uvame ukuba no-4 unamandla ezihlanganisiwe. I-Compound eyinhlokohafnium oxideHFO2. Kunezindlela ezintathu ezahlukene ze-hafnium oxide:hafnium oxideetholwe nge-calconation eqhubekayo ye-hafnium sulfate ne-chloride oxide kuyinto ehlukile ye-monoclinike. I-hafnium oxide etholwe ngokushisa i-hydroxiation ye-hafnium cishe ngo-400 ℃ ukuhlukahluka kwe-tetragonal; Uma kuvikelwe ngenhla kwe-1000 ℃, kungatholwa okuhlukile kwe-cubic. Enye i-compoundhafnium tetrachloride, okuyinto ebonakalayo yokulungiselela i-hafnium yensimbi futhi ingalungiswa ngokuphendula igesi ye-chlorine engxenyeni ye-hafnium oxide nekhabhoni. I-hafnium tetrachloride ihlangana namanzi futhi ngokushesha i-hydrolyzes ibe yi-hfo (4h2o) 2 + i-ion. I-HFO2 + ion ikhona kumakhompiyutha amaningi we-hafnium, futhi ingabiza i-hafnium oxychloride enobumba i-hfocl2 · 8h2 crystals ku-hydrochloric acid acidified hafrocnium tetrachloride solution.
I-4-Valent hafnium ibuye ithambekele ekwakhiweni kwe-fluoride, okubandakanya i-k2hff6, k3hff7, (NH4) 2hff6, kanye (NH4) 3HFF7. Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zisetshenziselwe ukwahlukaniswa kwe-zirconium ne-hafnium.
Amakhompiyutha ajwayelekile:
Hafnium dioxide: igama hafnium dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Ifomula yamangqamuzana: HFO2 [4]; Impahla: I-powder emhlophe enezinhlaka ezintathu zekristali: I-Monoclinic, i-tetrogonal, ne-cubic. Izinqumo zingu-10.3, 10.1, kanye ne-10.43G / CM3, ngokulandelana. Iphuzu elincibilikayo 2780-2920k. Iphuzu elibilayo 5400K. I-Thermal Excnsission Coefficience Engihlekisayo 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. I-insoluble emanzini, i-hydrochloric acid, ne-nitric acid, kepha incibilikisa i-sulfuric acid ehlanganisiwe ne-hydrofluoric acid. Kukhiqizwe ukubola okushisayo noma i-hydrolysis yezakhi ezifana ne-hafnium sulfate ne-hafnium oxychloride. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqizwa kwe-metal hafnium ne-hafnium alloys. Kusetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha kabusha, izimbobo zomsakazo anti, nama-catalysts. [5] I-Atomic Energy Level HFO ingumkhiqizo otholwe ngasikhathi sinye lapho ukhiqiza ama-athomu energy level zro. Kusukela kusuka ku-chlorination yesibili, izinqubo zokuhlanzwa, ukuncishiswa, kanye nokufakwa kwe-vacuum kucishe kufane nalezo ze-zirconium.
Hafnium tetrachloride: I-HAFNIUM (IV) Chloride, i-hafnium tetrachloride formular formula hfcl4 molecular isisindo 320.30 Umlingiswa: I-White Crystalline Block. Uzwela umswakama. Incibilika e-acetone ne-methanol. IHydrolyze emanzini ukukhiqiza i-hafnium oxychloride (HFOCL2). Ukushisa ku-250 ℃ futhi kuguqulwe. Kuyacasula amehlo, uhlelo lokuphefumula, nesikhumba.
I-Hafnium Hydroxide: I-Hafnium Hydroxide (H4HFO4), imvamisa ikhona njenge-oxide hfo2 · NH2O, iyancibilika kalula kuma-inorgania acid, are-are lisable in sodium hydroxide. Ukushisa ku-100 ℃ ukukhiqiza i-hafnium hydroxide hfo (oh) 2. Ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amanye amakhompiyutha e-hafnium.
Umlando Wokucwaninga
Ukutholwa komlando:
Ngo-1923, usomakhemikhali waseSweden uHervey ne-Dutch physicist D. Kost bathola uHafnium eZircon akhiqizwa eNorway naseGreenland, aqamba igama elithi HAFNIA, eyaqhamuka negama lesiLatini laseCopenhagen. Ngo-1925, i-hervey ne-artoves ehlukaniswe i-zirconium ne-titanium esebenzisa indlela yokushayisana nosawoti okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuthola usawoti omsulwa we-hafnium; Futhi unciphise usawoti we-hafnium nge-sodium yensimbi ukuze uthole i-hafnium yensimbi emsulwa. UHervey walungiselela isampula yama-milligram ambalwa we-hafnium emsulwa.
Ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali eZarsconium naseHafnium:
Ekuhlolweni okwenziwe nguProfessor Carl Collins e-University of Texas ngo-1998, kwathiwa i-Gamma Irradium-178M2 [ama-oda amahlanu ngobukhulu obuphakeme kepha ama-oda amathathu wobukhulu aphansi kunokuphendula kwenuzi. . Umbiko weCollins 'uthi i-gram eyodwa ye-HF178M2 (HAFNIUM 178M2) iqukethe cishe ama-megajoules acishe abe ngu-1330, alingana namandla akhishwe ukuqhuma kwamakhilogremu angama-300 eziqhumane ze-TNT. Umbiko weCollins ukhombisa ukuthi wonke amandla kulokhu kusabela akhishwa ngendlela yama-X-ray noma ama-Gamma Rays, akhipha amandla ngesilinganiso esisheshayo, kanye ne-HF178M2 (hafnium 178m2) asengagxili kakhulu. [9] I-Pentagon yabela imali yokucwaninga. Esivivinyweni, isilinganiso se-Signal-to-Noise sasiphansi kakhulu (ngamaphutha abalulekile), futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, naphezu kososayensi ososayensi abavela ezinhlanganweni eziningi ezifuywayo kubandakanya ukubhekana nalokhu kuphendula I-Gamma Ray Emission yokukhipha amandla kusuka ku-HF178M2 (HAFNIUM 178M2) [15], kepha abanye ososayensi bafakazele ngokuqondile ukuthi lokhu kusabela akunakutholwa. [16] HF178M2 (HAFNIUM 178M2) Kukholelwa kabanzi emphakathini wezifundo ukuthi ungabi umthombo wamandla
Inkambu Yesicelo:
I-Hafnium ilusizo kakhulu ngenxa yekhono layo lokukhipha ama-elektroni, njengokufana nokusetshenziswa njenge-filament kumalambu e-incandescent. Kusetshenziswe njenge-cathode yamashubhu we-x-ray, kanye nama-alloys we-hafnium ne-tungsten noma i-molybdenum asetshenziswa njenge-electrodes yamashubhu akhipha amandla aphezulu. Isetshenziswa kakhulu eChode kanye neTungsten Wire Decuring Facivel Emboni ye-X-ray. I-Pure Hafnium iyinto ebalulekile embonini ye-Atomic Energy ngenxa yeplastiki yayo, ukucubungula okulula, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, nokumelana nokugqwala. I-HAFNIUM inesigaba esikhulu se-neutron Care-turen kanye ne-neutron absorber ekahle, engasetshenziswa njengenduku yokulawula nedivaysi yokuvikela yama-athomu reactors. I-hafnium powder ingasetshenziswa njenge-propellant yamarokhethi. I-cathode yamashubhu we-x-ray angenziwa embonini kagesi. I-Hafnium Alloy ingasebenza njengesendlalelo sokuvikela phambili se-rocket nozzles kanye nendiza yokungena kabusha ye-glide, ngenkathi i-hf ta alloy ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ithuluzi lensimbi kanye nokumelana. I-Hafnium isetshenziswa njengento yokwengeza kuma-alloys alwa nokushisa, njengeTungsten, Molybdenum, neTantalum. I-HFC ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo se-hard alloys ngenxa yobulukhuni bayo obuphezulu nephuzu lokuncibilika. Iphoyinti elincibilikayo le-4TachFC licishe libe ngu-4215 ℃, okwenza kube yikhompiyutha ngephuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lokuncibilikisa. I-HAFNIUM ingasetshenziswa njenge-Getter ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-inflation. Ama-hafnium vitters angasusa amagesi angadingekile anjengomoya-mpilo kanye ne-nitrogen ekhona ohlelweni. I-hafnium ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo kumafutha e-hydraulic ukuvikela ukuguquguquka kwamafutha e-hydraulic ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuyingozi enkulu, futhi kunezakhiwo eziqinile zokuqubuka. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumafutha ezimboni we-hydraulic. Uwoyela we-hydraulic.
Into ye-hafnium nayo isetshenziswa kuma-nanoropessocores asanda kwakamuva ama-Intel 45. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-silicon dioxide (i-SIO2) namandla ayo okunciphisa ukuqina kokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwama-transistor, abakhiqizi be-processor basebenzisa i-silicon dioxide njengezinto zokwakhiwa kwesango. Lapho i-Intel yethula inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-nanometer, yize yenze yonke imizamo yokunciphisa ubukhulu besango le-silicon dioxide diaectric kuya ku-1.2 ukusetshenziswa kwama-athomu, okuvinjelwe kuncishiswe usayizi we-athomu, okuholele ekunciphiseni kwamandla okushisa kanye namandla angadingekile. Ngakho-ke, uma izinto ezikhona njengamanje ziqhubeka zisetshenziswa futhi ubukhulu buyehliswa futhi, ukuvuza kwesango dielectric kuzokhuphuka kakhulu, kwehlise ubuchwepheshe be-transtoror emikhawulweni yalo. Ukubhekana nalolu dalulwa olubucayi, i-Intel ihlela ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezinkulu ze-King Kirk (izinto ze-hafnium ezisekelwe) njenge-dioelic ye-sango esikhundleni se-silicon dioxide, eyehlise ngempumelelo ukuvuza izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-10. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesizukulwane esedlule sobuchwepheshe be-65NM, inqubo ye-Intel's 45NM yandisa ukungahambi kahle cishe kabili, okuvumela ukwanda kwenani eliphelele lama-transistors noma ukuncishiswa kwevolumu le-processor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla adingekayo ekushintsheni kwe-transistor aphansi, anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla cishe cishe ngama-30%. Ukuxhumeka kwangaphakathi kwenziwa ngocingo lwethusi olubhangqiwe nge-LIET K dielectric, ukusebenza kahle okuthuthukisa kahle kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi ijubane lokushintsha lingama-20% ngokushesha
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamaminerali:
I-HAFNIUM inokuchitheka okukhulu okuphezulu kunalokho okuvame ukusetshenziswa njenge-bismuth, i-cadmium ne-mercury, futhi kufana nokuqukethwe ku-beryllium, i-terramonium ne-uranium. Onke amaminerali aqukethe i-zirconium aqukethe i-hafnium. I-Zircon esetshenzisiwe embonini iqukethe i-0.5-2% hafnium. I-Beryllium Zircon (Alvite) e-Secondatelirmium Ore ingaqukatha kuze kufike ku-15% hafnium. Kukhona nohlobo lwe-metamorphic zircon, cyrtolite, equkethe ama-hfo angaphezu kuka-5%. Izinqolobane zamaminerali amabili okugcina zincane futhi azikamukelwa embonini. I-hafnium itholwa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-zirconium.
Ikhona eRost Zirconium Ores. [18] [19] ngoba kunokuqukethwe okuncane kakhulu ku-crust. Imvamisa ihlangana ne-zirconium futhi ayinawo ore ahlukile.
Indlela yokulungiselela:
1. Ingalungiswa ngokwehliswa kwe-magnesium kwe-hafnium tetrachloride noma ukubola okushisayo kwe-hafnium iodide. I-HFCL4 ne-K2HFF6 nayo ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha. Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwama-electrolytic ku-NACL KCL HFCL4 noma i-K2hff6 Melt ifana neyokukhiqizwa kwe-electronic.
2. I-Hafnium Coexists ene-zirconium, futhi akukho mativa ahlukile avuthiwe we-hafnium. Izinto ezivuthiwe zokukhiqiza i-hafnium yi-hafnium oxide ehlukaniswe ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza i-zirconium. Khipha i-hafnium oxide usebenzisa i-ion Exchange resin, bese usebenzisa indlela efanayo ne-zirconium ukulungiselela i-hafnium yensimbi evela kule hafnium oxide.
3. Ingalungiswa ngu-CO Heating Tetrachloride (HFCL4) nge-sodium ngokusebenzisa ukuncishiswa.
Izindlela zokuqala zokuhlukanisa iZirconium ne-hafnium kwakuyinhlaka yenhlamba kasawoti oyinkimbinkimbi kanye nemvula yemvelo ye-phosphates. Lezi zindlela ziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze zisebenze futhi zikhawulelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwelebhu. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlukanisa i-zirconium ne-hafnium, njenge-distillation distillation, ukukhishwa kwe-solvent, i-ion ukushintshana, kanye ne-poractation adsorption, kuqhamuke ngokulandelana, kube nokukhishwa okukodwa. Izinhlelo ezimbili ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo zinguhlelo lwe-shiocyanate cyclohexanone nohlelo lwe-tributyl phosphate nitric acid. Imikhiqizo etholwe yizindlela ezingenhla zonke zonke i-hafnium hydroxide, kanye ne-hafnium oxide etholwa yi-carvation. I-HAFNIUM EBONAKALAYO YOKUXHUMANISA I-ION Exchange indlela.
Embonini, ukukhiqizwa kwe-metal hafnium kuvame ukubandakanya inqubo ye-KROLLL nenqubo ye-debor aker. Inqubo ye-KROLLL ifaka ukwehliswa kwe-hafnium tetrachloride usebenzisa i-magnesium yensimbi:
I-2mg + HFCL4- → 2MGCL2 + HF
Indlela ye-Debor Aker, eyaziwa nangokuthi indlela ye-Iodization, isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza isiponji esifana ne-hafnium futhi ithole i-hafnium yensimbi engenamkhawulo.
I-5. Ukubhema kwe-hafnium ngokuyisisekelo kuyafana nalokho kwe-zirconium:
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuwohloka kwe-ore, okubandakanya izindlela ezintathu: Chlorination of zircon ukuthola (ZR, HF) Cl. I-Alkala incibilika ye-zircon. I-Zircon incibilika nge-naoh cishe ngo-600, futhi ngaphezulu kwe-90% ye (zr, hf) o iguqula ibe yi-NA (ZR, HF) O, i-SIO iguqulwe iye kumanzi, ancibilikisiwe emanzini ukuze asuswe. I-NA (ZR, HF) O ingasetshenziswa njengesixazululo sokuqala sokwahlukanisa i-zirconium ne-hafnium ngemuva kokuchithwa ku-HNO. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwe-SIO Colloids kwenza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-solvent ukuhlukaniswa kube nzima. I-Sitter nge-ksif bese ucwilisa emanzini ukuze uthole ikhambi le-K (zr, HF) F. Isixazululo singahlukanisa i-zirconium kanye ne-hafnium ngokusebenzisa i-crystallization yengozi;
Isinyathelo sesibili ukuhlukaniswa kwe-zirconium ne-hafnium, engatholakala kusetshenziswa izindlela zokwahlukanisa ze-solvent zisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-hydrochloric acid mibk (i-methyl isobityl ketone) uhlelo lwe-Hno-phosp (Tributyl Phosp (Tributyl Phosphate) uhlelo. Ubuchwepheshe bokwanda kwesigaba esiningi usebenzisa umehluko ekucindezelweni kwe-vapor phakathi kwe-HFCL kanye ne-Zrcl kuncibilike ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu (ngaphezulu kwama-amossares angama-20 sekuyisikhathi eside kufundwe, kungasindisa inqubo ye-chlorination yesibili futhi kunciphise izindleko. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yenkinga yokugqwala ye (zr, hf) cl kanye ne-HCL, akulula ukuthola izinto ezifanele zekholomu, futhi kuzonciphisa nekhwalithi ye-zrcl ne-HFCL, izindleko zokuhlanza ezandayo. Ngawo-1970s, bekusesigabeni esiphakathi sokuhlolwa kwesitshalo;
Isinyathelo sesithathu i-chlorination yesibili ye-HFO ukuthola i-HFCL ye-Crude HFCL yokunciphisa;
Isinyathelo sesine ukuhliswa kwe-HFCL kanye ne-Magnesium Redruction. Le nqubo iyafana nokuhlanzwa kanye nokuncishiswa kwe-ZRCL, kanti umkhiqizo ophumelele ophumelele uyisiponji se-coarse safnium;
Isinyathelo sesihlanu ku-vacuum dissill stronge safnge hafnium ukususa i-MGCL futhi uphinde uthole i-magnesium yensimbi eyeqile, okuholela kumkhiqizo oqediwe we-Sponge Metal Hafnium. Uma i-ejenti encishisiwe isebenzisa i-sodium esikhundleni se-magnesium, isinyathelo sesihlanu kufanele siguqulwe ukuze sicwiliswe emanzini
Indlela yokugcina:
Gcina endaweni yokugcina izinto epholile futhi emonsayo. Gwema kude nasezinhlangothini nasemithonjeni yokushisa. Kufanele igcinwe ngokwahlukana kusuka kuma-oxidants, ama-acid, ama-halogens, njll., Nokugwema ukuxuba ukugcinwa. Kusetshenziswa izindawo zokukhanyisa kanye nomoya omncane. Vimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokusebenza namathuluzi athambekele ezinhlotsheni. Indawo yokugcina kufanele ifakwe ngezinto ezifanele ukuqukatha ukuvuza.
Isikhathi sePosi: Sep-25-2023