I-Gadolinium, ingxenye 64 yethebula le-periodic.
I-Lanthanide etafuleni le-periodic ingumndeni omkhulu, futhi izakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali zifana kakhulu komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuwahlukanisa. Ngo-1789, usokhemisi waseFinland uJohn Gadolin wathola i-metal oxide futhi wathola i-earth oxide yokuqala eyivelakancane -I-Yttrium(III) oxidengokuhlaziya, ukuvula umlando wokutholwa kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba. Ngo-1880, usosayensi waseSweden uDemeriak wathola izakhi ezimbili ezintsha, enye yazo okwaqinisekiswa kamuva ukuthi yayiyizoi-samarium, kanti enye yahlonzwa ngokusemthethweni njengesakhi esisha, i-gadolinium, ngemva kokucwengwa ngusokhemisi ongumFulentshi uDebuwa Bodeland.
Isici se-Gadolinium sisuka ku-silicon beryllium gadolinium ore, eshibhile, ethambile ekuthunjweni, enhle ku-ductility, kazibuthe ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, futhi iyisici somhlaba esingavamile esisebenza ngokuqhathaniswa. Iyazinza emoyeni owomile, kodwa ilahlekelwa ukucwebezela kwayo kumswakama, yenze i-flake exekethile futhi evaleleke kalula njengama-oxide amhlophe. Uma kushiswa emoyeni, kungakhiqiza ama-oxide amhlophe. I-Gadolinium iphendula kancane emanzini futhi ingancibilika ku-asidi ukwenza usawoti ongenambala. Izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali zifana kakhulu nezinye iLanthanide, kodwa izici zayo zokubona kanye nezikazibuthe zihluke kancane. I-Gadolinium i-Paramagnetism emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni kanye ne-ferromagnetic ngemva kokupholisa. Izici zayo zingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa omazibuthe unomphela.
Kusetshenziswa iParamagnetism ye-gadolinium, i-ejenti ye-gadolinium ekhiqiziwe isiphenduke i-ejenti ehlukile enhle ye-NMR. Ukucwaninga ngokwakho kobuchwepheshe be-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging seluqalisiwe, futhi kube nemiklomelo engu-6 yeNobel ehlobene nayo. I-nuclear magnetic resonance ibangelwa ikakhulukazi ukunyakaza kwe-atomic nuclei, futhi ukunyakaza kwama-nuclei e-athomu ahlukene kuyahlukahluka. Ngokusekelwe kumaza kagesi kazibuthe akhishwa ukuncishiswa okuhlukene ezindaweni ezihlukene zesakhiwo, indawo nohlobo lwenuclei ye-athomu eyakha le nto inganqunywa, futhi isithombe sesakhiwo sangaphakathi sento singadwetshwa. Ngaphansi kokusebenza kwendawo kazibuthe, isignali yobuchwepheshe be-nuclear magnetic resonance imaging ivela ekujikeni kwama-nuclei athile e-athomu, njenge-hydrogen nuclei emanzini. Kodwa-ke, lawa ma-nuclei anekhono lokuphotha ashiselwa emkhakheni we-RF we-resonance kazibuthe, efana ne-oven microwave, ngokuvamile eyenza buthaka isignali yobuchwepheshe be-imaging resonance magnetic. I-Gadolinium ion ayinawo nje umzuzu kazibuthe we-Spin oqinile, osiza ukujikeleza kwe-nucleus ye-athomu, ithuthukise amathuba okuqashelwa kwezicubu ezigulayo, kodwa futhi igcina ipholile ngokuyisimangaliso. Kodwa-ke, i-gadolinium inobuthi obuthile, futhi kwezokwelapha, i-chelating ligands isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa i-gadolinium ions ukuze zivimbele ukuthi zingangeni ezicutshini zomuntu.
I-Gadolinium inomphumela oqinile we-magnetocaloric ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi izinga lokushisa layo liyahlukahluka ngokushuba kwamagnetic field, okuletha isicelo esithakazelisayo - isiqandisi kazibuthe. Phakathi nenqubo yesiqandisi, ngenxa yokuma kwe-dipole kazibuthe, izinto kazibuthe zizoshisa ngaphansi kwendawo ethile yangaphandle kazibuthe. Lapho inkambu kazibuthe isuswa futhi ivalwa, izinga lokushisa lezinto ezibonakalayo liyehla. Lolu hlobo lokupholisa kazibuthe lunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kweziqandisi ezifana neFreon futhi luphole ngokushesha. Njengamanje, umhlaba uzama ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-gadolinium nama-alloys ayo kulo mkhakha, futhi ukhiqize i-cooler magnetic encane nephumelelayo. Ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwe-gadolinium, amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu angafinyelelwa, ngakho-ke i-gadolinium yaziwa nangokuthi "insimbi ebanda kunazo zonke emhlabeni".
I-Gadolinium isotopes Gd-155 kanye ne-Gd-157 inengxenye enkulu kunazo zonke eshisayo ye-neutron Absorption phakathi kwawo wonke ama-isotopi eNdalo, futhi ingasebenzisa inani elincane le-gadolinium ukulawula ukusebenza okuvamile kwama-reactors enyukliya. Ngakho-ke, ama-reactors amanzi asekelwe ku-gadolinium kanye ne-gadolinium Control rod yazalwa, engathuthukisa ukuphepha kweziphehli zenuzi kuyilapho kunciphisa izindleko.
I-Gadolinium iphinde ibe nezinto ezinhle kakhulu zokubona futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izihlukanisi ezibonakalayo, ezifana nama-diode kumasekhethi, abuye aziwe ngokuthi ama-light-emitting diode. Lolu hlobo lwe-diode ekhipha ukukhanya aluvumeli nje ukukhanya ukuthi kudlule ohlangothini olulodwa, kodwa futhi luvimbela ukubonakaliswa kwama-echoes ku-fiber optical, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kokudluliselwa kwesignali ye-optical kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokudluliselwa kwamagagasi okukhanya. I-Gadolinium gallium garnet ingenye yezinto ezihamba phambili ze-substrate yokwenza ama-isolator optical.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-06-2023