I-Holmium Element kanye Nezindlela Zokubona Ezivamile
Kuthebula le-periodic lezakhi zamakhemikhali, kunento ebizwa ngokuthii-holmium, okuyinsimbi engavamile. Le elementi iqinile ezingeni lokushisa legumbi futhi inephuzu eliphezulu lokuncibilika nendawo yokubila. Nokho, lena akuyona ingxenye ekhanga kakhulu ye-holmium element. Ubuhle bayo bangempela butholakala eqinisweni lokuthi lapho ijabulile, ikhipha ukukhanya okuhle okuluhlaza. I-elementi ye-holmium kulesi simo esijabulile ifana netshe eliyigugu eliluhlaza, elihle futhi elingaqondakali. Abantu banomlando omfushane wokuqonda wento ye-holmium.Ngo-1879, usokhemisi waseSweden uPer Theodor Klebe waqala ukuthola isakhi se-holmium futhi wasiqamba ngegama ledolobha lakubo. Ngenkathi efunda i-erbium engahlanzekile, wathola i-holmium ngokuzimela ngokuyisusai-yttriumfuthiscandium. Waqamba into ensundu ngokuthi i-Holmia (igama lesiLatini elithi Stockholm) kanye nento eluhlaza ngokuthi i-Thulia. Wabe esehlukanisa ngempumelelo i-dysprosium ukuze ahlukanise i-holmium ehlanzekile.Kuthebula le-periodic lezakhi zamakhemikhali, i-holmium inezinto ezihlukile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. I-Holmium iyisici somhlaba esingavamile esinozibuthe onamandla kakhulu, ngakho-ke ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezisebenza kazibuthe. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-holmium iphinde ibe nenkomba ephezulu ye-refractive, okuyenza ibe into ekahle yokwenza izinsimbi zokukhanya kanye nemicu yokubona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-holmium nayo idlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wezokwelapha, amandla, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Namuhla, ake singene kulesi sici somlingo esinezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza - i-holmium. Hlola izimfihlakalo zayo futhi uzwe igalelo layo elikhulu emphakathini wesintu.
Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza ze-holmium element
I-Holmium iyikhemikhali enenombolo ye-athomu engu-67 futhi ingeyochungechunge lwe-lanthanide. Okulandelayo yisingeniso esinemininingwane kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza ze-holmium element:
1. Uzibuthe weHolmium:I-Holmium inezinto ezinhle kazibuthe futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengempahla yokwenza omazibuthe. Ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lwe-high-temperature superconductivity, izibuthe ze-holmium zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zama-superconductors ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla kazibuthe wama-superconductors.
2. Ingilazi ye-Holmium:I-Holmium inganikeza ingilazi izici ezikhethekile zokubona futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza amalaser engilazi e-holmium. Ama-laser e-Holmium asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha nasezimbonini, futhi angasetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo zamehlo, ukusika izinsimbi nezinye izinto, njll.
3. Imboni yamandla enuzi:I-isotope holmium-165 ye-Holmium inengxenye enqamulayo yokubamba i-neutron futhi isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugeleza kwe-neutron kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kwama-reactors enyukliya.
4. Imishini yokubona: I-Holmium futhi inezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kumishini yokubona, njengamagagasi okukhanya, ama-photodetectors, ama-modulator, njll. kwezokuxhumana nge-fiber optical.
5. Izinto ze-Fluorescent:Izinhlanganisela ze-Holmium zingasetshenziswa njengezinto ze-fluorescent ukwenza izibani ze-fluorescent, izikrini zokubonisa ze-fluorescent kanye nezinkomba ze-fluorescent.6. Izingxube zensimbi:I-Holmium ingangezwa kwezinye izinsimbi ukwenza ama-alloys ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokusebenza kokushisela kwezinsimbi. Ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinjini zezindiza, izinjini zezimoto kanye nemishini yamakhemikhali. I-Holmium inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile kozibuthe, izingilazi zengilazi, imboni yamandla enuzi, imishini yokubona, izinto ezisebenza ngefluorescent kanye nama-alloys ensimbi.
Izici ezibonakalayo ze-holmium element
1. Isakhiwo se-athomu: Isakhiwo se-athomu se-holmium sakhiwe ngama-electron angu-67. Ekucushweni kwayo kwe-elekthronikhi, kukhona ama-electron angu-2 kungqimba lokuqala, ama-electron angu-8 kungqimba lwesibili, ama-electron angu-18 ungqimba lwesithathu, nama-electron angu-29 kungqimba lwesine. Ngakho-ke, kunamapheya angu-2 awodwa ama-electron ungqimba olungaphandle kakhulu.
2. Ukuminyana nobulukhuni: Ukuminyana kwe-holmium ngu-8.78 g/cm3, okuwukuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu. Ukuqina kwayo kucishe kube ngu-5.4 Mohs.
3. Iphuzu lokuncibilika nendawo abilayo: Iphuzu lokuncibilika le-holmium lilinganiselwa ku-1474 degrees Celsius kanti indawo yokubilisa ingaba ngu-2695 degrees Celsius.
4. I-Magnetism: I-Holmium iyinsimbi enozibuthe omuhle. Ibonisa i-ferromagnetism emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kodwa kancane kancane ilahlekelwa i-magnetism yayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-magnetism ye-holmium iyenza ibaluleke ezinhlelweni zikazibuthe nasocwaningweni lwezinga eliphezulu lokushisa eliphezulu.
5. Izici ze-Spectral: I-Holmium ibonisa ukumuncwa okusobala nemigqa yokukhipha ku-spectrum ebonakalayo. Imigqa yayo ekhishwayo itholakala ikakhulukazi kububanzi be-spectral obuluhlaza nokubomvu, okuholela ekuhlanganiseni kwe-holmium ngokuvamile okunemibala eluhlaza noma ebomvu.
6. I-Thermal conductivity: I-Holmium inokushintshwa kwe-thermal okucishe kube ngu-16.2 W/m·Kelvin. Lokhu kwenza i-holmium ibe yigugu kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal okuhle kakhulu. I-Holmium iyinsimbi enobukhulu obuphezulu, ubulukhuni kanye nozibuthe. Idlala indima ebalulekile kozibuthe, ama-superconductors aphezulu okushisa, i-spectroscopy kanye ne-thermal conductivity.
Izici zamakhemikhali ze-holmium
1. Ukusebenza kabusha: I-Holmium iyinsimbi ezinzile ephendula kancane ngama-elementi angewona ezensimbi nama-asidi. Ayisabeli emoyeni namanzi ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, kodwa lapho ishiselwa emazingeni aphezulu okushisa, isabela nomoya-mpilo osemoyeni ukuze yakhe i-holmium oxide.
2. Ukunyibilika: I-Holmium inokunyibilika okuhle ezixazululweni ezine-asidi futhi ingasabela nge-concentrated sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid ne-hydrochloric acid ukuze ikhiqize usawoti we-holmium ohambisanayo.
3. Isimo se-oxidation: Isimo se-oxidation se-holmium ngokuvamile sithi +3. Ingakha izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanganisela, njengama-oxides (Ho2O3ama-chloride (I-HoCl3ama-sulfate (I-Ho2(SO4)3), njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-holmium ingase futhi yethule izimo ze-oxidation ezifana ne-+2, +4 kanye ne-+5, kodwa lezi zimo ze-oxidation azivamile kangako.
4. Izinkimbinkimbi: I-Holmium ingakha izinhlobonhlobo zezinkimbinkimbi, ezivame kakhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi ezigxile kuma-ion holmium (III). Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwamakhemikhali, ama-catalysts kanye nocwaningo lwe-biochemical.
5. Ukusebenza kabusha: I-Holmium ivamise ukukhombisa ukuphinda kusebenze okuthambile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali. Ingabamba iqhaza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokusabela kwamakhemikhali njengokusabela kokunciphisa i-oxidation, ukusabela kokuxhumana, nokusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi. I-Holmium iyinsimbi ezinzile, futhi izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali zibonakaliswa ngokuyinhloko ekusebenzeni okuphansi okuphansi, ukuncibilika okuhle, izimo ezihlukahlukene ze-oxidation, kanye nokwakheka kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zici zenza i-holmium isetshenziswe kabanzi ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, kumakhemikhali wokuxhumanisa, nocwaningo lwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo.
Izakhiwo zebhayoloji ze-holmium
Izakhiwo zebhayoloji ze-holmium zifundwe kancane, futhi ulwazi esilwaziyo kuze kube manje lunomkhawulo. Okulandelayo ezinye zezakhiwo ze-holmium ezintweni eziphilayo:
1. I-Bioavailability: I-Holmium ayivamile uma kuqhathaniswa ngokwemvelo, ngakho okuqukethwe kwayo ezintweni eziphilayo kuphansi kakhulu. I-Holmium ine-bioavailability empofu, okungukuthi, amandla omzimba okumunca futhi amunce i-holmium anomkhawulo, okungesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani imisebenzi nemiphumela ye-holmium emzimbeni womuntu ingaqondwa ngokugcwele.
2. Umsebenzi wokwakheka komzimba: Nakuba kunolwazi olulinganiselwe lwemisebenzi yomzimba ye-holmium, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-holmium ingase ihileleke kwezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile ze-biochemical emzimbeni womuntu. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lubonise ukuthi i-holmium ingase ihlobane nempilo yamathambo nemisipha, kodwa indlela ethile ayikacaci.
3. Ubuthi: Ngenxa ye-bioavailability ephansi, i-holmium inobuthi obuphansi emzimbeni womuntu. Ezifundweni zezilwane zaselabhorethri, ukuchayeka ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwezingxube ze-holmium kungase kubangele umonakalo othile esibindini nasezinso, kodwa ucwaningo lwamanje ngobuthi obunzima nobungamahlalakhona be-holmium lulinganiselwe. Izakhiwo zebhayoloji ze-holmium ezintweni eziphilayo azikaqondwa ngokugcwele. Ucwaningo lwamanje lugxile emisebenzini yalo engenzeka yemvelo kanye nemiphumela enobuthi ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo lwezakhiwo zebhayoloji ze-holmium luzoqhubeka nokujula.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwemvelo kwe-holmium
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-holmium ngokwemvelo kuyivelakancane kakhulu, futhi ingenye yezinto ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu oqweqweni lomhlaba. Okulandelayo ukusatshalaliswa kwe-holmium ngokwemvelo:
1. Ukusabalalisa oqweqweni lomhlaba: Okuqukethwe yi-holmium oqweqweni lomhlaba cishe ku-1.3ppm (izingxenye ngesigidi), okuyingxenye eyivelakancane uma kuqhathaniswa oqweqweni lomhlaba. Naphezu kokuqukethwe kwayo okuphansi, i-holmium ingatholakala kwamanye amatshe nensimbi, njengensimbi equkethe izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.
2. Ukuba khona kumaminerali: I-Holmium itholakala ikakhulukazi kuma-ore ngesimo sama-oxides, njenge-holmium oxide (Ho2O3). I-Ho2O3 iyi-ai-oxide yomhlaba engavamileinsimbi equkethe i-holmium ephezulu.
3. Ukwakheka kwemvelo: I-Holmium ivamise ukuhlangana nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane kanye nengxenye yezakhi ze-lanthanide. Kungaba khona emvelweni ngesimo sama-oxides, ama-sulfate, ama-carbonates, njll.
4. Indawo yokusabalalisa: Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-holmium kuyafana emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwayo kulinganiselwe kakhulu. Amanye amazwe anemithombo ethile ye-holmium ore, njenge-China, i-Australia, i-Brazil, njll. I-Holmium ayivamile uma kuqhathaniswa ngokwemvelo futhi itholakala ikakhulukazi ngesimo sama-oxide ensimbi. Nakuba okuqukethwe kuphansi, kuhlangana nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane futhi kungatholakala kwezinye izindawo ezithile zokuma komhlaba. Ngenxa yokungatholakali kwayo kanye nemikhawulo yokusabalalisa, ukumba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-holmium kunzima uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ukukhishwa kanye Nokuncibilikiswa kwe-Holmium Element
I-Holmium iyisici somhlaba esiyivelakancane, futhi inqubo yayo yezimayini nokukhipha iyafana nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Okulandelayo yisingeniso esinemininingwane yenqubo yezimayini kanye nokukhipha i-elementi ye-holmium:
1. Isesha i-holmium ore: I-Holmium ingatholakala kuma-earth ore angavamile, futhi ama-holmium ores avamile ahlanganisa i-oxide ores ne-carbonate ores. Lawa ma-ore angase abe khona ezindaweni ezimbiwa phansi noma ezigodini ezivulekile.
2. Ukuchotshozwa Nokugaywa Kwensimbi: Ngemva kokumba, i-holmium ore idinga ukuchotshozwa futhi igaywe ibe yizinhlayiya ezincane futhi icwengisiswe ngokwengeziwe.
3. Ukuntanta: Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-holmium ore kokunye ukungcola ngendlela yokuntanta. Enqubweni yokuntanta, i-ejenti ye-diluent ne-foam ivame ukusetshenziswa ukwenza i-holmium ore intante endaweni ewuketshezi, bese kwenziwa ukwelashwa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali.
4. Ukufakwa kwamanzi: Ngemva kokuntanta, i-holmium ore izophathwa nge-hydration ukuze iguqulwe ibe usawoti we-holmium. Ukwelashwa kwe-hydration ngokuvamile kuhilela ukusabela kwe-ore nesisombululo se-asidi ehlanjululwe ukwakha isixazululo sikasawoti se-holmium acid.
5. Imvula nokuhlunga: Ngokulungisa izimo zokusabela, i-holmium esesixazululweni sikasawoti se-holmium acid iyawa. Bese, uhlunga imvula ukuze uhlukanise i-holmium precipitate ehlanzekile.
6. Ukubalwa: I-Holmium precipitate idinga ukwelashwa ngokubala. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukushisisa i-holmium precipitate ibe izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze iguqule ibe yi-holmium oxide.
7. Ukunciphisa: I-Holmium oxide ithola ukwelashwa kokunciphisa ukuze iguqule ibe yi-metallic holmium. Ngokuvamile, ama-ejenti okunciphisa (afana ne-hydrogen) asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphezulu. 8. Ukucwengwa: I-holmium yensimbi encishisiwe ingase iqukathe okunye ukungcola futhi idinga ukucwengwa nokucwengwa. Izindlela zokucwenga zihlanganisa ukukhishwa kwe-solvent, i-electrolysis, nokunciphisa amakhemikhali. Ngemuva kwezinyathelo ezingenhla, ubumsulwa obuphezuluinsimbi ye-holmiumingatholakala. Lezi zinsimbi ze-holmium zingasetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-alloys, izinto zikazibuthe, imboni yamandla enuzi, namadivayisi we-laser. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inqubo yokumba kanye nokukhipha izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nemishini ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhiqiza okuphumelelayo nokungabizi kakhulu.
Izindlela zokutholwa ze-holmium element
1. I-Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): I-Atomic absorption spectrometry iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa yokuhlaziya ubuningi esebenzisa i-spectra yokumunca yamaza obude obuthile ukuze kunqunywe ukuhlangana kwe-holmium kusampula. Ishintsha isampula ukuze ihlolwe elangabini, bese ikala ukushuba kokumuncwa kwe-holmium kusampula nge-spectrometer. Le ndlela ifanele ukutholwa kwe-holmium ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
2. I-Plasma Optical Emission Emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) ehlanganisiwe ngokungenisa i-inductively plasma optical emission spectrometry iyindlela yokuhlaziya ebucayi kakhulu futhi ekhethiwe esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwezinto eziningi. Ishintsha isampula bese yenza i-plasma ukuze ilinganise ubude begagasi obuthile namandla okukhishwa kwe-holmium ku-spectrometer.
3. I-Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ehlanganisiwe ngokungenisa i-inductively plasma mass spectrometry iyindlela yokuhlaziya ebucayi kakhulu futhi enesinqumo esiphezulu engasetshenziselwa ukunqunywa kwesilinganiso se-isotopu nokuhlaziywa kwesici sokulandelela. Ishintsha isampula bese yenza i-plasma ukuze ilinganise isilinganiso se-mass-to-charge se-holmium ku-spectrometer enkulu.
4. I-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): I-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry isebenzisa i-spectrum ye-fluorescence ekhiqizwa isampula ngemva kokujatshuliswa ama-X-ray ukuze ihlaziye okuqukethwe kwezakhi. Ingakwazi ukunquma ngokushesha nangokungabhubhisi okuqukethwe kwe-holmium kusampula. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumalabhorethri nasezindaweni zezimboni zokuhlaziya amanani kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-holmium. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanele kuncike ezintweni ezifana nohlobo lwesampula, umkhawulo wokuthola odingekayo kanye nokunemba kokutholwa.
Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwendlela yokumuncwa kwe-athomu ye-holmium
Esilinganisweni se-elementi, indlela yokumunca i-athomu inokunemba okuphezulu nokuzwela, futhi inikeza izindlela ezisebenzayo zokutadisha izici zamakhemikhali, ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe nokuqukethwe kwezinto.Okulandelayo, sisebenzisa indlela yokumunca i-athomu ukuze silinganise okuqukethwe kwe-holmium. Izinyathelo eziqondile zimi kanje: Lungiselela isampula ezokalwa. Lungiselela isampula ukuze likalwe libe yisixazululo, ngokuvamile esidinga ukugaywa nge-asidi exutshiwe ukuze kulinganiswe ngokulandelayo. Khetha i-spectrometer efanelekile yokumuncwa kwe-athomu. Ngokuya ngezici zesampula okufanele zikalwe kanye nobubanzi bokuqukethwe kwe-holmium okufanele kukalwe, khetha i-spectrometer yokumunca i-athomu efanelekile. Lungisa amapharamitha we-spectrometer yokumuncwa kwe-athomu. Ngokuya ngento ezokalwa kanye nemodeli yensimbi, lungisa amapharamitha we-spectrometer yokumuncwa kwe-athomu, okuhlanganisa umthombo wokukhanya, i-atomizer, umtshina, njll. Linganisa ukumuncwa kwe-holmium. Beka isampula ukuze ikalwe ku-atomizer, bese ukhipha imisebe yokukhanya yobude obuthile begagasi ngomthombo wokukhanya. I-elementi ye-holmium ezolinganiswa izomunca le misebe yokukhanya futhi ikhiqize ukuguquka kwezinga lamandla. Linganisa ukumuncwa kwe-holmium ngomtshina. Bala okuqukethwe holmium. Ngokusho kokumunca kanye nejika elijwayelekile, okuqukethwe kwe-holmium kubalwa. Okulandelayo amapharamitha athile asetshenziswa ithuluzi ukukala i-holmium.
I-Holmium (Ho) ejwayelekile: i-holmium oxide (ibanga lokuhlaziya).
Indlela: Kala ngokunembile i-1.1455g Ho2O3, chaza ku-20mL 5Mole hydrochloric acid, nciphisa ku-1L ngamanzi, ukugxila kwe-Ho kulesi sixazululo ngu-1000μg/mL. Gcina ebhodleleni le-polyethylene kude nokukhanya.
Uhlobo lwelangabi: i-nitrous oxide-acetylene, ilangabi elicebile
Amapharamitha okuhlaziya: I-Wavelength (nm) 410.4 I-Spectral bandwidth (nm) 0.2
Isihlungi se-coefficient 0.6 Isibani samanje esinconyiwe (mA) 6
I-voltage ephezulu engalungile (v) 384.5
Ubude bekhanda elivuthayo (mm) 12
Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa (S) 3
Umfutho womoya nokugeleza (MP, mL/min) 0.25, 5000
Ingcindezi ye-nitrous oxide nokugeleza (MP, mL/min) 0.22, 5000
Ingcindezi ye-acetylene nokugeleza (MP, mL/min) 0.1, 4500
I-Linear coefficient 0.9980
Ukugxila kobuntu (μg/mL) 0.841
Indlela yokubala Indlela eqhubekayo I-acidity yesisombululo 0.5%
Ithebula elilinganiselwe le-HCl:
Ijika lokulinganisa:
Ukuphazamiseka: I-Holmium ifakwe i-ionized kancane elangabini le-nitrous oxide-acetylene. Ukwengeza i-potassium nitrate noma i-potassium chloride ekuhlanganiseni kwe-potassium yokugcina engu-2000μg/mL kungavimbela i-ionization ye-holmium. Emsebenzini wangempela, kuyadingeka ukukhetha indlela yokulinganisa efanele ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zesayithi. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni nasekutholeni i-cadmium kuma-laboratories nasezimbonini.
I-Holmium ibonise amandla amakhulu emikhakheni eminingi ngezindawo zayo eziyingqayizivele kanye nohlu olubanzi lokusebenzisa. Ngokuqonda umlando, inqubo yokuthola,ukubaluleka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-holmium, singakuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka nokubaluleka kwalesi sici somlingo. Masibheke phambili ekutheni i-holmium ilethe izimanga eziningi kanye nempumelelo emphakathini wesintu esikhathini esizayo futhi senze igalelo elikhulu ekukhuthazeni inqubekelaphambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko esimeme.
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