Into yeHolmium nezindlela ezivamile zokutholwa
Etafuleni lezikhathi zamakhemikhali, kukhona into ebizwa ngokuthiIHolmium, okuyinsimbi engavamile. Le nto iqinile emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni futhi inendawo ephezulu yokuncibilika nephuzu elibilayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuyona ingxenye ekhangayo kakhulu ye-Holmium element. I-charm yayo yangempela ilele eqinisweni lokuthi uma kujabule, kukhipha ukukhanya okuhle okuluhlaza. Into yeHolmium kulesi simo esijabulisayo ifana negugu eliluhlaza elikhanyayo, lihle futhi aliqondakali. Abantu banomlando omfishane wengqondo we-Holmium Element.in 1879, osokhemisi baseSweden ngoTheodor Klebe bathola okokuqala i-Holmium Element futhi bayiqamba ngokuthi yidolobhana lakubo. Ngenkathi efunda i-erbium engcolile, wathola ngokuzimela iHolmium ngokususaytttriumna-ikhentiyamu. Waqamba ifa elinsundu le-HOLMIA (igama lesiLatini leStockholm) kanye ne-Green Disten Toulia. Wabe esehlukanise ngempumelelo i-dysprosium ukuhlukanisa i-holmium emsulwa.Ihluzo lwezikhathi ezithile zezinto zamakhemikhali, iHolmium inezakhiwo ezithile ezihlukile kakhulu nokusebenzisa. IHolmium yinto eyinqayizivele yomhlaba onamandla amakhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zikamagnzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, iHolmium ibuye ibe nenkomba ephakeme evulekayo, okwenza kube yinto efanelekile yokwenza izinsimbi zokubona kanye nemicu ye-optical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iHolmium nayo idlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni yezokwelapha, amandla, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Namuhla, ake sihambe kule nto yemilingo enezicelo ezahlukahlukene - iHolmium. Hlola izimfihlakalo zalo futhi uzizwe umnikelo wawo omuhle emphakathini wesintu.
Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza ze-Holmium element
IHolmium yinto yamakhemikhali enenombolo ye-athomu engu-67 futhi ingeyochungechunge lwe-lanthanide. Lokhu okulandelayo ukwethulwa okuningiliziwe kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza kwe-Holmium Element:
1. I-Holmium Magnet:IHolmium inezakhiwo ezinhle ze-magnetic futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengento yokwenza izibuthe. Ikakhulu ekucwaningweni okuphezulu kakhulu kokushisa okuphezulu, ama-halmium magnets ajwayele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha ama-superconductors ukuthuthukisa amandla kazibuthe amahle kakhulu.
2. Ingilazi yeHolmium:IHolmium inganikeza izingilazi ezikhethekile ze-optical futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-lasers e-holmium ingilazi. IHolmium Lasers isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha nasemboni, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukuphatha izifo zamehlo, ukusika izinsimbi nezinye izinto, njll.
3. Imboni Yamandla Enuzi:I-Isotope yeHolmium Holmium-165 inesigaba esiphezulu se-Neutron Capture Cross futhi isetshenziselwa ukulawula i-neutron flux kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla ama-reactors enuzi.
4. Amadivayisi we-Optical: IHolmium ibuye ibe nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kumadivayisi abonakalayo, njenge-wavegcuides ye-optical, photodetectors, ama-modwotors, njll. Ezokuxhumana kwe-fiber okubonakalayo.
5. Izinto zokwenziwa kwe-Fluorescent:Amakhompiyutha e-Holmium angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwenziwa kwe-fluorescent ukwenza izibani ze-fluorescent, izikrini zokubonisa ze-fluorescent kanye nezinkomba ze-fluorescent.I-6. Ama-alloys wensimbi:IHolmium ingangezwa kwezinye izinsimbi ukwenza ama-alloys ukuthi athuthukise ukuzinza okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqwala nokusebenza kwe-welding kwezinsimbi. Imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinjini zezindiza, izinjini zezimoto kanye nemishini yamakhemikhali. IHolmium inezicelo ezibalulekile kuma-magnets, ama-lasers ezingilazi, imboni yamandla enuzi, amadivayisi we-optical, izinto zokwenziwa ze-fluorescent kanye nama-alloys wensimbi.
Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ze-Holmium element
1. Isakhiwo se-athomu: Ukwakheka kwe-atomic kweHalmium kwakhiwa ama-elektroni angama-67. Ekucushweni kwayo nge-elekthronikhi, kunama-elektroni ama-2 kungqimba lokuqala, ama-elektroni ayi-8 engxenyeni yesibili, ama-elektroni ayi-18 engqimba lesithathu, nama-elektroni angama-29 engxenyeni yesine. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ama-2 ama-elektroni ama-elektroni angena engxenyeni engaphandle.
2. Ubunzima nobulukhuni: Ubukhulu beHolmium ngu-8.78 g / cm3, okungubuningi obukhulu. Ubulukhuni balo bungama-5.4 Mohs Hardness.
3. Iphoyinti lokuncibilika kanye nephuzu lokubilisa: Iphuzu lokuncibilika leHalmium lingaba ngu-1474 degrees Celsius kanye nephuzu elibilayo cishe ngama-2695 degrees Celsius.
4. Ubude: IHolmium iyinsimbi enobubi obuhle. Ibonisa i-ferromagnetism emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kepha kancane kancane ilahlekelwa yizibuthe zayo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ubude beHalmium bukwenza lubaluleke kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-magnet naku-Superconditivity Convernivity ephezulu.
I-5 Imigqa yayo yokuphuma itholakala ikakhulukazi emabanga aphansi aluhlaza futhi abomvu, okuholela ekutheni amakhompiyutha e-holmium avame ukuba nemibala eluhlaza noma ebomvu.
6 Lokhu kwenza iHolmium ibaluleke kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuvumelanisa okuhle kakhulu okushisayo. IHolmium iyinsimbi enobunzima obuphakeme, ubulukhuni kanye nobukazi. Idlala indima ebalulekile kuma-magnets, ama-superconductorictive aphezulu, ama-spectroscopy kanye nokusebenza okushisayo.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zeHolmium
1. Ukusebenza kabusha: IHolmium iyinsimbi ethandekayo ephendula kancane ngezinto eziningi ezingezona zensimbi nama-acid. Akasabeli ngomoya namanzi emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, kepha lapho kufuthelwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu, kuphendula umoya-mpilo emoyeni ukuze kwakhiwe iHolmium Oxide.
2
3 Kungakha amakhompiyutha ahlukahlukene, anjenge-oxides (Ho2o3), Clorides (Hocl3), ama-sulfates (I-HO2 (SO4) 3), Njll
I-4. Izakhiwo: IHolmium ingakha izakhi ezahlukahlukene, ezivame kakhulu zazo ezigxile kuma-Holmium (III). Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwamakhemikhali, ama-catalysts kanye nocwaningo lwe-biochemical.
I-5. Ukuvuselelwa kabusha: IHolmium imvamisa ikhombisa ukuphendula okuthe xaxa ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali. Kungabamba iqhaza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali njengokuphendula okuncishisiwe oxidation, ukuphendula okuxhumana, kanye nokuphendula okuyinkimbinkimbi. IHolmium iyinsimbi ezinzile, futhi izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali zikhonjiswa ikakhulukazi ekuvuseleleni okuphansi, i-solubelity enhle, i-oxidation ehlukahlukene ithi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zici zenza iHolmium isetshenziswe kabanzi ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali, ukuxhumana kwamakhemikhali, kanye nocwaningo lwe-biochemical.
Izakhiwo zebhayoloji zeHolmium
Izakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo zaseHalmium bezifundelwa kancane, futhi imininingwane esaziyo kuze kube manje ilinganiselwe. Okulandelayo ezinye zezakhiwo zeHalmium ezintweni eziphilayo:
1 IHolmium ine-bioavailability empofu, okungukuthi, ikhono lomuntu ongumzimba lokungenisa futhi amuncb Holmium lilinganiselwe, elingesinye sezizathu zokuthi le misebenzi nemiphumela yeHolmium emzimbeni womuntu ayiqondakali ngokuphelele.
2 Ucwaningo lwesayensi lukhombisile ukuthi iHolmium ingahle ihlose ngethambo nempilo yemisipha, kepha indlela ethile namanje ayicaci.
3. Ubuthi: Ngenxa ye-bioavailability yalo ephansi, iHolmium inobuthi obuphansi emzimbeni womuntu. Ezifundweni zezilwane zase-laboratory, ukuvezwa kokugxila okuphezulu kwamakhompiyutha e-holmium kungadala ukulimala kwesibindi nezinso, kepha ucwaningo lwamanje ngobuthi buka-Holmium obukhulu futhi obungapheli bulinganiselwe. Izakhiwo zebhayoloji zaseHolmium ezintweni eziphilayo azikaqondakali ngokuphelele. Ucwaningo lwamanje lugxile emisebenzini yalo enobuthi nemiphumela enobuthi ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo ngezinto eziphilayo zeHolmium kuzoqhubeka ukujula.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwemvelo kweHolmium
Ukusatshalaliswa kweHalmium ngokwemvelo kuyaqabukela, futhi kungenye yezinto ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu ku-crust womhlaba. Okulandelayo ukusatshalaliswa kweHalmium ngemvelo:
1 Naphezu kokuqukethwe kwayo okuphansi, iHolmium ingatholakala kwamanye amadwala kanye nama-ores, njenge-ores equkethe izinto zomhlaba ezingandile.
2. Ukuba khona kwamaminerali: IHalmium ikakhulukazi ikhona ku-ores ngesimo se-oxides, njengeHolmium Oxide (Ho2o3). Ho2o3 aEarth Earth Axideore equkethe ukugxila okuphezulu kweHalmium.
I-3. Ukwakheka kwemvelo: IHolmium ivame ukuhlangana nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile kanye nengxenye yezakhi ze-lanthanide. Kungaba khona emvelweni ngesimo se-oxides, sulfates, amakhabhoni, njll.
I-4. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwendawo: Ukusatshalaliswa kweHalmium kufana kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kepha ukukhiqizwa kwawo kukhawulelwe kakhulu. Amanye amazwe anezinsiza ezithile zeHalmium Ore, njenge China, Australia, Brazil, njll. Holmium aqabukelayo ngokwemvelo futhi ikakhulukazi akhona ngendlela ye-onides. Yize okuqukethwe kuphansi, kuhlangene nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile futhi zitholakala kwezinye izindawo ezithile zezwe. Ngenxa yokukhishwa kwayo nokusabalalisa, ukumbiwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kweHalmium kunzima.
Ukukhishwa kanye nokubhema kwe-Holmium element
IHolmium iyinto engandile yomhlaba, futhi inqubo yayo yokumbiwa kwezimayini kanye nenqubo yokukhipha iyafana nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile. Lokhu okulandelayo ukwethulwa okuningiliziwe kwenqubo yokumayini kanye nokukhishwa kwe-Holmium element:
1. Ukucinga iHolmium Ore: IHalmium ingatholakala emhlabathini ongajwayelekile o-ORES, kanye neHolmium Ores evamile kufaka phakathi ama-onide ores kanye ne-carbonate ores. Lawa ma-ores angaba khona ezimeni zemibuzo engaphansi komhlaba noma evulekile.
2. Ukuchoboza nokugaya kwe-ore: Ngemuva kokumbiwa phansi, iHolmium Ore Ne kudinga ukuchotshozwa bese kuthi inhlabathi ibe izinhlayiya ezincane futhi icolisiswe futhi.
I-3. I-flotation: ukuhlukaniswa kweHalmium Ore kusuka kokunye ukungcola ngendlela ye-flotation. Enqubweni ye-flotation, i-ejenti ye-dilluent ne-foam imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukwenza iHolmium Ore Float emphemeni woketshezi, bese yenza ukwelashwa ngokomzimba nangamakhemikhali.
I-4. I-Hydration: Ngemuva kokufakelwa, iHolmium Ore izokwelashwa nge-hydration ukuyiguqula ibe usawoti we-holmium. Ukwelashwa kwe-Hydration kuvame ukubandakanya ukuphendula nge-ore nge-Dluli Acid Solution ukwakha isixazululo sikasawoti se-Holmium acid.
I-5 Ngemuva kwalokho, hlunga i-precipite ukuze uhlukanise i-holmium emsulwa.
I-6. I-Callination: IHolmium Eqondile idinga ukwelashwa kwe-caltration. Le nqubo ifaka ukufudumeza i-Holmium ekushiseni okuphezulu ukuze iguqule ibe yiHolmium Oxide.
7 Imvamisa, ukunciphisa ama-ejenti (njenge-hydrogen) kusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphakeme. 8. Ukucwengisisa: I-holmium yensimbi encishisiwe ingaqukatha okunye ukungcola futhi kudingeka ihlanzwe futhi ihlanzwe. Izindlela zokucwilisa zifaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwe-solvent, i-electrolysis, kanye nokuncishiswa kwamakhemikhali. Ngemuva kwezinyathelo ezingenhla, ukuhlanzeka okuphezuluI-Holmium Metalingatholakala. Lezi zinsimbi ze-holmium zingasetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwama-alloys, izinto zikamagnetic, imboni yamandla enuzi, namadivayisi we-laser. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi inqubo yokumbiwa kwezimayini kanye ne-extraction yezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile nemishini yokufeza ukukhiqizwa okusebenzayo nokuphansi.
Izindlela zokutholwa ze-Holmium element
1. I-atomic amunction spectrometry (AAS): I-atomic anlorption spectrometry iyindlela ejwayelekile yokuhlaziya yokuhlaziya esebenzisa i-ablection spectra yama-wavelength athile wokuthola i-holmium. Ivusa isampula ukuthi ihlolwe ngelangabi, bese ikala ngamandla amuncu weHalmium kwisampula nge-spectrometer. Le ndlela ilungele ukutholwa kweHalmium ekugxileni okuphezulu.
2 Izwakalisa isampula futhi ihlele i-plasma ukukala i-wavelength ethile kanye namandla okuphuma kweHolmium ku-spectrometer.
3 Izwakalisa isampula futhi ihlele i-plasma ukukala isilinganiso sokukhokhisa isisindo seHalmium ku-Mass Spectrometer.
I-4. I-X-RAY FURORESCENCEnce Spectrometry (XRF): I-X-RAY FURORESCENEnce Spectrometry isebenzisa i-fluorescence spectrum ekhiqizwa isampula ngemuva kokuhlaziya ama-x-ray ukuze ihlaziye okuqukethwe yizakhi. Ingashesha futhi ingakhuphuki inqume okuqukethwe kweHolmium kusampula. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zokucwaninga kwezolitoratories kanye nasezinkameni zezimboni zokuhlaziya ngobuningi kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yeHolmium. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanele kuncike ezintweni ezifana nohlobo lwesampula, umkhawulo wokutholwa okudingekayo nokunemba kokutholwa.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kweHalmium Atomic Aclorption indlela
Ekulinganisweni kwe-Element, i-atomic ay ukunemba nokuzwela, futhi ihlinzeka ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokutadisha izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-atomic anlorption ukukala okuqukethwe kweHolmium. Izinyathelo ezithile zinjengokulandelayo: lungiselela isampula ukuthi lilinganiswe. Lungiselela isampula ukuthi lilinganiswe kusisombululo, okudinga ukugaywa nge-acid exubile ukuze kulinganiswe okulandelayo. Khetha i-atomic ancyrorpling spectrometer. Ngokusho kwezakhiwo zesampula ukuze zilinganiswe nohlu lokuqukethwe kweHalmium okufanele zilinganiswe, khetha i-atomic athomu amuncyrometer. Lungisa amapharamitha we-athomu amunculic Spectrometer. Ngokusho kwento okufanele ulinganiswe kanye nemodeli yensimbi, lungisa amapharamitha we-athomu amuncy spectrometer, kufaka phakathi umthombo wokukhanya, i-atomizer, umtshina, njll. Kala ukumunca iHolmium. Beka isampula ukuze ulinganiswe ku-atomizer, bese ukhipha imisebe yokukhanya ye-wavelength ethile ngomthombo wokukhanya. Into ye-holmium okufanele ilinganiswe izodonsa le misebe yokukhanya futhi ikhiqize izinguquko zeleveli yamandla. Ukukala umuzwa weHalmium ngomtshina. Bala okuqukethwe kweHalmium. Ngokuya ngejika elisezingeni elijwayelekile kanye nejika elijwayelekile, okuqukethwe kweHalmium kubalwa. Okulandelayo amapharamitha athile asetshenziswa yithuluzi ukukala holmium.
I-Holmium (Ho) ejwayelekile: Holmium oxide (ibanga lokuhlaziya).
Indlela: Ngokufanelekile i-1.1455g Ho2o3, chitha ku-20ml 5mole hydrochloric acid, uthele ku-1l ngamanzi, ukugcwala kwezixazululo kuleli soludi yi-1000μ / ml. Gcina ebhodleleni le-polyethylene kude nokukhanya.
Uhlobo lwelangabi: I-nitrous oxide-acetylene, ilangabi elicebile
Ukuhlaziywa kwamapharamitha: wavelength (nm) 410.4 Bandwidth (NM) 0.2
Ukuhlunga kwe-coefflicless engu-0.6 kunconyelwe isibani samanje (MA) 6
Amandla aphezulu aphezulu (v) 384.5
Ukuphakama kwekhanda lokuhlanganisa (mm) 12
Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa 3
Ingcindezi yomoya nokugeleza (MP, ML / ML) 0.25, 5000
Ingcindezi ye-nitrous oxide nokugeleza (MP, ML / ML / ML) 0.22, 5000
Ingcindezi ye-acetylene kanye nokugeleza (MP, ML / ML) 0.1, 4500
I-Linear colloefletation collenation engu-0.9980
Ukuhlushwa kwesimo (μg / ml) 0.841
Indlela yokubala indlela eqhubekayo yokupheka i-acidity 0.5%
Ithebula elilinganisiwe le-HCL:
Ukulinganisa Curve:
Ukuphazamiseka: IHolmium i-Ionesion ngokwengxenye e-nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. Ukungeza i-potassium nitrate noma i-potassium chloride kuhlu lokuhlushwa lwe-potassium lokugcina lwe-2000μ / ml kungavimba i-ionization yeHolmium. Emsebenzini wangempela, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhethe indlela efanelekile yokulinganisa ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zesayithi. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlaziyweni nasekutholweni kwe-cadmium ezindaweni zokucwaninga kanye nezimboni.
IHolmium ikhombisile amandla amakhulu emikhakheni eminingi enezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile kanye nohlobo olubanzi lokusetshenziswa. Ngokuqonda umlando, inqubo yokutholwa,Ukubaluleka nokusebenzisa iHolmium, singakuqonda kangcono ukubaluleka nokubaluleka kwale nto yemilingo. Ake sibheke phambili kuHolmium silethe lezimanga eziningi kanye nempumelelo emphakathini wesintu ngokuzayo nokwenza iminikelo enkulu yokukhuthaza intuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko esimeme.
Ngeminye imininingwane noma uphenyo Holmium UyemukelwaXhumana nathi
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Isikhathi sePosi: Nov-13-2024