Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile ezweni kungasetshenziswa ukunquma izinga lemboni yalo. Noma yiziphi izinto eziphakeme, ezinembayo, nezithuthukile, izingxenye, nezinto zokusebenza azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa nezinsimbi ezingavamile. Kungani insimbi efanayo yenza abanye bamelane nokugqwala kunawe? Ingabe ithuluzi lokuphotha lomshini elifanayo abanye abaqinile futhi banembe kakhulu kunawe? Ingabe futhi i-crystal eyodwa ukuthi abanye bangafinyelela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lika-1650 ° C? Kungani ingilazi yomunye umuntu inenkomba ephezulu ye-refractive? Kungani iToyota ingafinyelela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lezimoto ezishisayo emhlabeni wonke ezingama-41%? Konke lokhu kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezingavamile.
Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ezaziwa nangokuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, iyitemu eliyiqoqo lezakhi ezingu-17 ze-scandium, i-yttrium, kanye nochungechunge lwe-lanthanide kuthebula le-periodic table IIIB, elivame ukumelwa ngu-R noma RE. I-Scandium ne-yttrium zibhekwa njengezici zomhlaba ezingavamile ngoba zivame ukuhlangana nezakhi ze-lanthanide kumadiphozithi amaminerali futhi zinezici zamakhemikhali ezifanayo.
Ngokungafani negama layo elisikisela, inala yezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile (ngaphandle kwe-promethium) kuqweqwe liphezulu kakhulu, i-cerium ikleliswe endaweni yama-25 ngobuningi bezakhi ze-crustal, ezibalelwa ku-0.0068% (eduze nethusi). Nokho, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ze-geochemical, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile azivamile ukunothiswa ezingeni elisebenzisekayo ngokwezomnotho. Igama lezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile lisuselwa ekushodeni kwazo. Iminerale yokuqala eyivelakancane yomhlaba eyatholwa abantu kwakuyi-silicon beryllium yttrium ore ekhishwe emayini edolobhaneni lase-Iterbi, eSweden, lapho kwavela khona amagama amaningi ezakhi zomhlaba ayivelakancane.
Amagama abo kanye nezimpawu zamakhemikhali kukhonaSc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Yb, kanye noLu. Izinombolo zabo ze-athomu zingu-21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) kuya ku-71 (Lu).
Umlando Wokutholwa Kwezinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba
Ngo-1787, i-Swedish CA Arrhenius yathola insimbi emnyama eyinsimbi engavamile engavamile edolobheni elincane laseYtterby eduze kwaseStockholm. Ngo-1794, umFinnish J. Gadolin wakhipha into entsha kuwo. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva (1797), u-AG Ekeberg wase-Swedish waqinisekisa lokhu kutholakala futhi waqamba into entsha i-yttria (yttrium earth) ngegama lalapho yatholwa khona. Kamuva, inkumbulo ye-Gadolinite, lolu hlobo lwensimbi lwalubizwa ngokuthi i-gadolinite. Ngo-1803, osokhemisi baseJalimane u-MH Klaproth, osokhemisi baseSweden u-JJ Berzelius, kanye no-W. Hisinger bathola into entsha - i-ceria - evela ku-ore (i-cerium silicate ore). Ngo-1839, i-CG Mosander yaseSweden yathola i-lanthanum. Ngo-1843, uMusander waphinde wathola i-terbium ne-erbium. Ngo-1878, i-Swiss Marinac yathola i-ytterbium. Ngo-1879, amaFulentshi athola i-samarium, amaSweden athola i-holmium ne-thulium, kanti iSweden yathola i-scandium. Ngo-1880, i-Swiss Marinac yathola i-gadolinium. Ngo-1885, u-Austrian A. von Wels bach wathola i-praseodymium ne-neodymium. Ngo-1886, uBouvabadrand wathola i-dysprosium. Ngo-1901, indoda yaseFrance u-EA Demarcay yathola i-europium. Ngo-1907, indoda yaseFrance uG. Urban yathola i-lutetium. Ngo-1947, abantu baseMelika abanjengoJA Marinsky bathola i-promethium emikhiqizweni ye-uranium fission. Kuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-150 kusukela ekuhlukanisweni kwe-yttrium Earth nguGadolin ngo-1794 kuya ekukhiqizweni kwe-promethium ngo-1947.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Rare Earth Elements
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamilezaziwa ngokuthi "amavithamini ezimbonini" futhi zinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zikazibuthe, ezibonakalayo, nezikagesi, ezidlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza komkhiqizo, ukwandisa ukuhlukahluka komkhiqizo, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yomphumela wawo omkhulu kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi, umhlaba ongavamile usuphenduke into ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka komkhiqizo, ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhuthaza inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe bemboni. Zisetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni efana ne-metallurgy, ezempi, i-petrochemical, i-glass ceramics, ezolimo kanye nezinto ezintsha.
Imboni yeMetallurgical
Umhlaba ongavamileisetshenziswe emkhakheni we-metallurgical iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, futhi yakha ubuchwepheshe nezinqubo ezivuthiwe. Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile ezinsimbini zensimbi nezingezona ayoni kuyinkambu enkulu futhi ebanzi enamathemba abanzi. Ukwengezwa kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ama-fluoride, nama-silicides ensimbi kungabamba iqhaza ekucwengeni, ekukhipheni i-sulfurization, ekunciphiseni ukungcola okuyingozi okuncibilika okuphansi, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwensimbi; Ingxubevange ye-silicon iron iron alloy kanye ne-are earth silicon magnesium alloy isetshenziswa njengama-spheroidizing agents ukukhiqiza i-iron ductile iron engavamile. Ngenxa yokufaneleka kwazo okukhethekile ukukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezidingo ezikhethekile, lolu hlobo lwensimbi edonsa amanzi lusetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini zokukhiqiza imishini ezifana nezimoto, ogandaganda, nezinjini zikadizili; Ukwengeza izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuma-alloys angewona ayoni njenge-magnesium, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-zinc, ne-nickel kungathuthukisa izici ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali zengxubevange, futhi kuthuthukise izinga lokushisa legumbi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Inkundla Yezempi
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle kakhulu zomzimba ezifana ne-photoelectricity kanye ne-magnetism, umhlaba ongavamile ungakha inhlobonhlobo yezinto ezintsha ezinezici ezihlukahlukene futhi uthuthukise kakhulu izinga nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, yaziwa ngokuthi "igolide lezimboni". Okokuqala, ukwengezwa komhlaba ongavamile kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwamaqhinga kwensimbi, ingxubevange ye-aluminium, ama-alloys e-magnesium, nama-titanium alloys asetshenziswa ekwenzeni amathangi, izindiza, nemicibisholo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa futhi njengezithambisi zezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengezinto zikagesi, amalaser, imboni yenuzi, kanye ne-superconductivity. Uma ubuchwepheshe bomhlaba obuyivelakancane busetshenziswa kwezempi, nakanjani buyoletha intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bezempi. Ngomqondo othile, ukulawula okunamandla kwebutho lezempi laseMelika ezimpini ezimbalwa zasendaweni ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kanye nekhono lalo lokubulala izitha ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokujeziswa, kubangelwa ubuchwepheshe balo bomhlaba obungavamile, njengoSuperman.
Imboni ye-Petrochemical
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zingasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-catalyst we-molecular sieve embonini ye-petrochemical, ngezinzuzo ezifana nokusebenza okuphezulu, ukukhetha okuhle, nokumelana okuqinile nobuthi bensimbi enzima. Ngakho-ke, bathathe indawo ye-aluminium silicate catalysts yezinqubo ze-petroleum catalytic cracking; Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-ammonia yokwenziwa, inani elincane le-nitrate yomhlaba engavamile lisetshenziswa njenge-cocatalyst, futhi amandla ayo okucubungula igesi makhulu izikhathi ezingu-1.5 kune-nickel aluminium catalyst; Enqubweni yokuhlanganisa irabha ye-cis-1,4-polybutadiene nerabha ye-isoprene, umkhiqizo otholwe kusetshenziswa i-catalyst yomhlaba eyivelakancane i-cycloalkanoate triisobutyl aluminium inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu, okunobuhle njengokulengiswa kokunamathela kwemishini encane, ukusebenza okuzinzile, kanye nenqubo emfushane yokwelashwa ngemuva kokwelashwa. ; Ama-oxide omhlaba ayinhlanganisela ayivelakancane angasetshenziswa futhi njengezisusa zokuhlanza igesi ephuma ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, futhi i-cerium naphthenate nayo ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokomisa upende.
Ingilazi-ceramic
Ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane embonini yengilazi neyobumba baseShayina kukhuphuke ngesilinganiso esingama-25% kusukela ngo-1988, kwafinyelela cishe amathani ayi-1600 ngo-1998. Izitsha zobumba zengilazi ezingavamile azizona nje izinto eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zezimboni nempilo yansuku zonke, kodwa futhi ilungu elikhulu lomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ama-earth oxides angavamile noma okugxilwe emhlabeni okungajwayelekile okucutshungulwe kungasetshenziswa kabanzi njengezimpushana zokupholisha zengilazi yokubona, amalensi ezibuko, amashubhu ezithombe, amashubhu e-oscilloscope, ingilazi eyisicaba, ipulasitiki, nezinsimbi zensimbi; Enkambweni yokuncibilika kwengilazi, i-cerium dioxide ingasetshenziselwa ukuba nomthelela onamandla we-oxidation ensimbi, ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwensimbi engilazini nokufeza umgomo wokukhipha umbala oluhlaza engilazini; Ukwengeza ama-earth oxides angavamile kungakhiqiza ingilazi ye-optical kanye nengilazi ekhethekile ngezinjongo ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa ingilazi ekwazi ukumunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet, ingilazi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa, ingilazi ye-X-ray, njll; Ukwengeza izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuma-ceramic kanye nama-porcelain glaze kunganciphisa ukuhlukana kwezicwebezelisi futhi kwenze imikhiqizo yethule imibala ehlukahlukene kanye nezicwebezelisi, kuzenze zisetshenziswe kabanzi embonini yobumba.
Ezolimo
Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zingakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll ezitshalweni, zithuthukise i-photosynthesis, zikhuthaze ukukhula kwezimpande, futhi zandise ukumuncwa kwezakhi ngezimpande. Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zingaphinde zikhuthaze ukuhluma kwembewu, zandise izinga lokuhluma kwembewu, futhi zikhuthaze ukukhula kwezithombo. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi esemqoka ebalulwe ngenhla, iphinde ibe namandla okuthuthukisa ukumelana nezifo, ukumelana nokubanda, nokumelana nesomiso kwezilimo ezithile. Ucwaningo oluningi luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokugxilisa okufanelekile kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kungakhuthaza ukumuncwa, ukuguqulwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezakhi ezitshalweni. Ukufafaza izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kungakhuphula okuqukethwe kwe-Vc, inani likashukela eliphelele, kanye nesilinganiso se-asidi kashukela we-apula nezithelo ezisawolintshi, okukhuthaza ukufakwa umbala kwezithelo nokuvuthwa kusenesikhathi. Futhi ingacindezela amandla okuphefumula ngesikhathi sokugcina futhi inciphise izinga lokubola.
Inkambu yezinto ezintsha
Izinto zikazibuthe ze-neodymium iron boron ezingavamile emhlabeni, ezine-remanence ephezulu, ukucindezelwa okuphezulu, nomkhiqizo wamandla kazibuthe aphezulu, zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ze-elekthronikhi kanye ne-aerospace kanye nokushayela izinjini zomoya (ikakhulukazi ezifanele izitshalo zamandla ogwini); I-garnet yohlobo lwe-ferrite amakristalu awodwa kanye nama-polycrystals akhiwe inhlanganisela yama-oxides ahlanzekile angavamile emhlabeni kanye ne-ferric oxide angasetshenziswa ezimbonini ze-microwave kanye ne-electronic; I-Yttrium aluminium garnet nengilazi ye-neodymium eyenziwe nge-high-purity neodymium oxide ingasetshenziswa njengezinto eziqinile ze-laser; Ama-hexaboride omhlaba angavamile angasetshenziswa njengezinto ze-cathode zokukhishwa kwama-electron; I-Lanthanum nickel metal iyinto esanda kwakhiwa yokugcina i-hydrogen ngeminyaka yawo-1970; I-Lanthanum chromate iyisisetshenziswa se-thermoelectric ephezulu yokushisa; Njengamanje, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele enze intuthuko ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting ngokusebenzisa i-barium based oxides elungiswe nge-barium yttrium copper oxygen elements, engathola ama-superconductors ebangeni lokushisa le-nitrogen eliwuketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba ongavamile usetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhanyiseni imithombo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana nempushana ye-fluorescent, i-screen fluorescent powder yokuqinisa isikrini, impushana emithathu eyinhloko yombala we-fluorescent, kanye nempusha yesibani yokukopisha (kodwa ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu ezibangelwa ukunyuka kwamanani omhlaba angavamile, izicelo zabo ekukhanyeni kancane kancane zincipha), kanye nemikhiqizo kagesi efana ne-projection TV kanye namaphilisi; Kwezolimo, ukusebenzisa amanani e-nitrate yomhlaba ayivelakancane ezitshalweni zasensimini kungakhuphula isivuno sazo ngo-5-10%; Embonini yendwangu ekhanyayo, ama-chloride omhlaba ayivelakancane nawo asetshenziswa kakhulu ekushukeni uboya, ukudaya uboya, ukudaya ngovolo, nokudaya ukhaphethi; Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zingasetshenziswa kuziguquli ze-automotive catalytic ukuze ziguqule ukungcola okukhulu zibe izinhlanganisela ezingenabo ubuthi ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwenjini.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ziphinde zisetshenziswe emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yedijithali, okuhlanganisa i-audiovisual, izithombe, nemishini yokuxhumana, ehlangabezana nezidingo eziningi ezifana nezincane, ezisheshayo, ezilula, isikhathi eside sokusebenzisa, nokongiwa kwamandla. Ngasikhathi sinye, iphinde yasetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi efana namandla aluhlaza, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, kanye nezokuthutha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-16-2023