I-Hafniumingakha ama-alloys nezinye izinsimbi, okumele kakhulu kuzo i-hafnium tantalum alloy, njenge-pentacarbide tetratantalum ne-hafnium (Ta4HfC5), enephuzu elincibilikayo eliphezulu. Indawo yokuncibilika ye-pentacarbide tetratantalum kanye ne-hafnium ingafinyelela ku-4215 ℃, okuyenza ibe into eyaziwa njengamanje enephuzu eliphakeme lokuncibilika.
I-Hafnium, enophawu lwamakhemikhali Hf, iyingxenye yensimbi eyingxenye yenguquko yensimbi. Ukubukeka kwayo okuyisisekelo ku-siliva grey futhi inokukhanya kwensimbi. Inobunzima be-Mohs obungu-5.5, indawo yokuncibilika engu-2233 ℃, futhi iyipulasitiki. I-Hafnium ingenza i-oxide coating emoyeni, futhi izakhiwo zayo zizinzile ekamelweni lokushisa. I-hafnium eyimpushana ingavutha ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni, futhi ingasabela ngomoya-mpilo ne-nitrogen emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-Hafnium ayiphenduli emanzini, ihlanza ama-asidi afana ne-hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, nezixazululo ezinamandla ze-alkaline. Incibilika kuma-asidi aqinile njenge-aqua regia ne-hydrofluoric acid, futhi inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu.
Isicii-hafniumyatholwa ngo-1923. I-Hafnium inokuqukethwe okuphansi kuqweqwe lomhlaba, kuphela u-0.00045%. Ngokuvamile ihlotshaniswa ne-metallic zirconium futhi ayinakho ore ehlukene. I-Hafnium ingatholakala ezimayini eziningi ze-zirconium, njenge-beryllium zircon, i-zircon, namanye amaminerali. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala zama-ores zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hafnium kodwa okugciniwe okuphansi, futhi i-zircon ingumthombo oyinhloko we-hafnium. Emhlabeni jikelele, isamba esigciniwe sezinsiza ze-hafnium singaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1. Amazwe aneziqiwu ezinkulu ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa iNingizimu Afrika, Australia, United States, Brazil, India, nezinye izifunda. Izimayini ze-Hafnium nazo zisatshalaliswa e-Guangxi nakwezinye izifunda zaseChina.
Ngo-1925, ososayensi ababili baseSweden naseNetherlands bathola i-element hafnium futhi balungisa i-hafnium yensimbi besebenzisa indlela ye-fluorinated complex complex fractional crystallization method kanye nendlela yokunciphisa i-sodium yensimbi. I-Hafnium inezinhlaka ezimbili zekristalu futhi ibonisa ukupakishwa okuminyene okuyi-hexagonal emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-1300 ℃（ α- Uma izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kuka-1300 ℃, liveza njengesimo se-cubic esigxile emzimbeni (β- Equation). I-Hafnium futhi inama-isotopes ayisithupha azinzile, okuyi-hafnium 174, i-hafnium 176, i-hafnium 177, i-hafnium 178, i-hafnium 179, ne-hafnium 180. Embulungeni yonke, i-United States ne-France bangabakhiqizi abakhulu be-metal hafnium.
Izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ze-hafnium zihlanganisai-hafnium dioxide (HfO2), i-hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4), kanye ne-hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4). I-Hafnium dioxide ne-hafnium tetrachloride ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza insimbii-hafnium, i-hafnium dioxideingasetshenziswa futhi ukulungisa ama-hafnium alloys, futhi i-hafnium hydroxide ingasetshenziswa ukulungisa ama-hafnium compounds ahlukahlukene. I-Hafnium ingakha ama-alloys nezinye izinsimbi, okumele kakhulu kuzo i-hafnium tantalum alloy, njenge-pentacarbide tetratantalum ne-hafnium (Ta4HfC5), enephuzu elincibilikayo eliphezulu. Indawo yokuncibilika ye-pentacarbide tetratantalum kanye ne-hafnium ingafinyelela ku-4215 ℃, okuyenza ibe into eyaziwa njengamanje enephuzu eliphakeme lokuncibilika.
Ngokombiko "we-2022-2026 Deep Market Research and Investment Strategy Suggestions Report on the Metal Hafnium Industry" okhishwe yi-Xinsijie Industry Research Center, i-hafnium yensimbi ingasetshenziselwa ukwenza imicu yesibani ye-incandescent, i-X-ray tube cathodes, kanye ne-processor gate dielectrics. ; Ingxubevange ye-hafnium tungsten kanye ne-hafnium molybdenum alloy ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-electrode e-tube discharge high-voltage, kuyilapho i-hafnium tantalum alloy ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izinto zokumelana nezinsimbi zamathuluzi; I-Carbide Carbide (HfC) ingasetshenziselwa imibhobho ye-rocket kanye nezingqimba zokuvikela eziya phambili zezindiza, kuyilapho i-hafnium boride (HfB2) ingasetshenziswa njengengxube ye-high-temperature; Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-metal hafnium ine-cross-section enkulu yokumuncwa kwe-neutron futhi ingasetshenziswa njengempahla yokulawula kanye nedivayisi yokuvikela yama-reactors e-athomu.
Abahlaziyi bemboni bakwaXinsijie baveze ukuthi ngenxa yobuhle bayo bokumelana ne-oxidation, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, kanye nokucutshungulwa kalula, i-hafnium inohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezansi nomfula ezinsimbi, ama-alloys, ama-compounds neminye imikhakha, njengezinto zikagesi, izinto ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, izinto zengxubevange eqinile, nezinto zamandla e-athomu. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimboni ezifana nezinto ezintsha, imininingwane ye-elekthronikhi, kanye ne-aerospace, izinkambu zokusetshenziswa kwe-hafnium zikhula njalo, futhi imikhiqizo emisha ivela njalo. Amathemba entuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ayathembisa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-27-2023