I-Praseodymium oxide,ifomula yamangqamuzanaI-Pr6O11, isisindo samangqamuzana 1021.44.
Ingasetshenziswa engilazini, ku-metallurgy, nanjengesengezo sempushana ye-fluorescent. I-Praseodymium oxide ingenye yemikhiqizo ebalulekile ekukhanyeniimikhiqizo yomhlaba engavamile.
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zomzimba namakhemikhali, isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni efana ne-ceramics, ingilazi, izibuthe zomhlaba ezingavamile, ama-catalysts aqhekeka umhlaba, izimpushana zokupholisha umhlaba ezingavamile, izinto zokugaya, nezithasiselo, ezinamathemba athembisayo.
Kusukela ngawo-1990, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza baseShayina kanye nemishini ye-praseodymium oxide yenze intuthuko enkulu kanye nentuthuko, ngokukhula okusheshayo komkhiqizo nokuphumayo. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nenani lesicelo sasekhaya kanye nezidingo zemakethe, kodwa futhi kunenani elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bamanje bokukhiqiza baseShayina, imikhiqizo kanye nokuphuma kwe-praseodymium oxide, kanye nesidingo sokuhlinzekwa ezimakethe zasekhaya nezangaphandle, ziphakathi kwezihamba phambili embonini efanayo emhlabeni.
Izakhiwo
Impushana emnyama, ukuminyana 6.88g/cm3, iphuzu elincibilikayo 2042 ℃, iphuzu abilayo 3760 ℃. Ayincibiliki emanzini, incibilika kuma-asidi ukwenza usawoti omncanyana. I-conductivity enhle.
I-synthesis
1. Indlela yokuhlukanisa amakhemikhali. Ihlanganisa indlela ye-fractional crystallization, indlela ye-fractional precipitation kanye nendlela ye-oxidation. Eyangaphambili ihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe emehlukweni wokuncibilika kwekristalu ye-nitrate yomhlaba engavamile. Ukwehlukaniswa kusekelwe emikhiqizweni yevolumu yemvula ehlukahlukene kasawoti oyinkimbinkimbi we-earth sulfate. Lokhu kwakamuva kuhlukaniswe ngokususelwa ku-oxidation ye-trivalent Pr3+kuya ku-tetravalent Pr4+. Lezi zindlela ezintathu azizange zisetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izimboni ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokubuyisela umhlaba ongavamile, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukusebenza okunzima, ukukhishwa okuphansi, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu.
2. Indlela yokuhlukanisa. Kubandakanya indlela yokuhlukanisa isizinda esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nendlela yokuhlukanisa isizinda se-saponification P-507. Eyangaphambili isebenzisa i-extrusion eyinkimbinkimbi ye-DYPA kanye ne-N-263 extractants ukuze kukhishwe futhi kuhlukanise i-praseodymium ohlelweni lwe-nitric acid yokunothisa i-praseodymium neodymium, okuholela ekuvunweni kwe-Pr6O11 99% okungu-98%. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwama-ejenti ayinkimbinkimbi, nezindleko eziphezulu zomkhiqizo, akuzange kusetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izimboni. Okubili kokugcina kunokukhishwa okuhle nokuhlukaniswa kwe-praseodymium nge-P-507, kokubili okusetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-P-507 yokukhipha i-praseodymium kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokulahlekelwa kwe-P-204, indlela ye-P-507 yokukhipha kanye nokuhlukanisa okwamanje isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izimboni.
3. Indlela yokushintshanisa i-ion ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ngenxa yenqubo ende, ukusebenza okunzima, kanye nesivuno esincane, kodwa ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo Pr6O11 ≥ 99 5%, isivuno ≥ 85%, futhi okukhiphayo ngeyunithi ngayinye yemishini kuphansi.
I-1) Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide usebenzisa indlela yokushintshanisa i-ion: ukusebenzisa i-praseodymium neodymium ecebile ama-compounds (Pr, Nd) 2Cl3 njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ilungiswa ibe yisixazululo sokuphakelayo (Pr, Nd) Cl3 futhi ilayishwe kukholamu ye-adsorption ukuze ihehe umhlaba ongavamile ogcwele. Uma ukugxilwa kwesisombululo sokuphakelayo okungenayo kufana nokugxilisana kokuphumayo, ukukhangisa komhlaba ongavamile kuyaqedwa futhi kulindwe inqubo elandelayo ezosetshenziswa. Ngemva kokulayisha ikholomu ku-cationic resin, isixazululo se-CuSO4-H2SO4 sisetshenziselwa ukugeleza kukholomu ukuze kulungiswe ikholomu yokuhlukanisa umhlaba eyi-Cu H+ engavamile ukuze isetshenziswe. Ngemva kokuxhuma ikholomu eyodwa ye-adsorption namakholomu okuhlukanisa amathathu ochungechungeni, sebenzisa i-EDT A (0 015M) Igeleza isuka embotsheni yekholomu yokuqala ye-adsorption ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-lution (isilinganiso sokuphuma 1 2cm/min) Lapho i-neodymium iphuma okokuqala ekuphumeni ikholomu yesithathu yokuhlukanisa ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwe-leaching, ingaqoqwa ngumuntu owamukelayo futhi iphathwe ngamakhemikhali ukuze ithole Ngemuva kokuthi i-neodymium ekukholamu yokuhlukanisa ihlukanisiwe, isixazululo esihlanzekile se-PrCl3 siqoqwa lapho kuphuma khona ikholomu yokuhlukanisa futhi silashwe ngamakhemikhali ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo we-Pr6O11 i-adsorption yomhlaba ongavamile kukholamu ye-adsorption → uxhumano lwekholomu ehlukanisayo → ukuhlukaniswa okuphumayo → iqoqo lezinto ezihlanzekile isixazululo se-praseodymium → imvula ye-oxalic acid → ukutholwa → ukupakisha.
2) Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide kusetshenziswa indlela yokukhipha i-P-204: kusetshenziswa i-lanthanum cerium praseodymium chloride (La, Ce, Pr) Cl3 njengento eluhlaza. Hlanganisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe uketshezi, saponify P-204, bese wengeza uphalafini ukuze wenze isixazululo esikhiphayo. Hlukanisa uketshezi lokuphakelayo ku-praseodymium ekhishiwe kuthangi lokukhipha ukucacisa okuxubile. Bese ugeza ukungcola esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo, futhi usebenzise i-HCl ukuze ukhiphe i-praseodymium ukuze uthole isixazululo se-PrCl3 esimsulwa. Gcoba nge-oxalic acid, i-calcine, nephakheji ukuze uthole umkhiqizo we-praseodymium oxide. Inqubo eyinhloko imi kanje: izinto zokusetshenziswa → ukulungiswa kwesixazululo sokuphakelayo → Ukukhishwa kwe-P-204 kwe-praseodymium → ukugeza → ukuhluthwa kwe-asidi ephansi ye-praseodymium → isixazululo se-PrCl3 esihlanzekile → i-oxalic acid precipitation → ukubala → ukuhlolwa → ukupakisha (imikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide).
3) Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide esebenzisa indlela yokukhipha i-P507: Ukusebenzisa i-cerium praseodymium chloride (Ce, Pr) i-Cl3 etholwe kusukela ku-southern ionic ezingavamile umhlaba ukugxila njengento eluhlaza (REO ≥ 45%, i-praseodymium oxide ≥ 75%). Ngemva kokukhipha i-praseodymium ngesisombululo sokuphakelayo esilungisiwe kanye ne-P507 ekhishwa ethangini lokukhipha, ukungcola esigabeni sezinto eziphilayo kugezwa nge-HCl. Ekugcineni, i-praseodymium ikhishwa emuva nge-HCl ukuze kutholwe isixazululo esimsulwa se-PrCl3. Imvula ye-praseodymium ene-oxalic acid, ukubala, kanye nokupakishwa kwemikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide. Inqubo eyinhloko imi kanje: izinto zokusetshenziswa → ukulungiswa kwesixazululo sokuphakelayo → ukukhishwa kwe-praseodymium nge-P-507 → ukungcola okugezwayo → ukukhishwa okuhlehliswayo kwe-praseodymium → isixazululo se-PrCl3 esihlanzekile → i-oxalic acid precipitation → ukubala → ukutholwa → ukupakishwa (imikhiqizo ye-praseodymium).
4) Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide kusetshenziswa indlela yokukhipha i-P507: I-lanthanum praseodymium chloride (Cl, Pr) i-Cl3 etholwe ekucubunguleni i-Sichuan eyivelakancane yomhlaba isetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza (REO ≥ 45%, praseodymium oxide 8.05%), kanye nayo kulungiswe uketshezi lokuphakelayo. I-Praseodymium ibe isikhishwa nge-agent yokukhipha i-P507 ene-saponified ethangini lokukhipha, futhi ukungcola okusesigabeni sezinto eziphilayo kususwa ngokuwashwa kwe-HCl. Bese, i-HCl isetshenziselwe ukuhlehla isizinda se-praseodymium ukuze kutholwe isisombululo se-PrCl3 esimsulwa. Imikhiqizo ye-Praseodymium oxide itholakala ngokumisa i-praseodymium nge-oxalic acid, i-calcining, kanye nokupakishwa. Inqubo eyinhloko yile: izinto zokusetshenziswa → isixazululo sesithako → i-P-507 isizinda se-praseodymium → ukuwasha ukungcola → ukukhishwa okuhlehliswayo kwe-praseodymium → isixazululo se-PrCl3 esihlanzekile → i-oxalic acid precipitation → ukubala → ukuhlola → ukupakisha (imikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide).
Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe benqubo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-praseodymium oxide eChina yindlela yokukhipha i-P507 kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-hydrochloric acid, olusetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhiqizeni izimboni zama-oxides ahlukahlukene angavamile emhlabeni futhi selibe ubuchwepheshe benqubo yokukhiqiza ethuthukisiwe ngokufanayo. imboni emhlabeni wonke, ibalwa phakathi kwabaphezulu.
Isicelo
1. Ukusetshenziswa engilazini yomhlaba engavamile
Ngemva kokwengeza ama-oxide omhlaba angavamile ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zengilazi, imibala ehlukene yezingilazi zomhlaba ezingavamile ingenziwa, njengengilazi eluhlaza, ingilazi ye-laser, i-magneto optical, nengilazi ye-fiber optic, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwanda usuku nosuku. Ngemva kokwengeza i-praseodymium oxide engilazini, ingilazi enombala oluhlaza ingenziwa, enenani eliphakeme lobuciko futhi ingalingisa namatshe ayigugu. Lolu hlobo lwengilazi lubukeka luluhlaza lapho luchayeke elangeni elivamile, kuyilapho lucishe lungabi nambala ngaphansi kokukhanya kwekhandlela. Ngakho-ke, ingasetshenziswa ukwenza amatshe ayigugu omgunyathi nemihlobiso eyigugu, enemibala ekhangayo nezimfanelo ezithandekayo.
2. Ukusetshenziswa kwezitsha zobumba zomhlaba ezingavamile
Ama-oxide omhlaba angavamile angasetshenziswa njengezithasiselo kuma-ceramics ukwenza izitsha eziningi zobumba ezingavamile ezisebenza kangcono. I-ceramics emihle yomhlaba engavamile phakathi kwabo imele. Isebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhethwe kakhulu futhi yamukela kalula izinqubo nezindlela zokucubungula, ezingalawula ngokunembile ukwakheka kwezitsha zobumba. Ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-ceramics esebenzayo kanye ne-ceramics yesakhiwo esisezingeni eliphezulu. Ngemva kokungeza ama-oxides omhlaba angavamile, angakwazi ukuthuthukisa i-sintering, ukuminyana, i-microstructure, kanye nokwakheka kwesigaba kwezitsha zobumba ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. I-ceramic glaze eyenziwe nge-praseodymium oxide njengombala ayithinteki emkhathini ongaphakathi kuhhavini, inokubonakala kombala ozinzile, indawo ecwebezelayo ekhanyayo, ingathuthukisa izakhiwo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali, ithuthukise ukuqina okushisayo kanye nekhwalithi yezitsha zobumba, yandise imibala ehlukahlukene, futhi unciphise izindleko. Ngemuva kokwengeza i-praseodymium oxide ku-ceramic pigments kanye nama-glaze, umhlaba ongavamile we-praseodymium ophuzi, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-praseodymium, izingulube ezibomvu ze-underglaze kanye ne-white ghost glaze, i-ivory yellow glaze, i-apula eluhlaza porcelain, njll. Lolu hlobo lwe-porcelain yobuciko lusebenza kahle kakhulu futhi luthunyelwa kahle ngaphandle, oludumile phesheya. Ngokwezibalo ezifanele, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwe-praseodymium neodymium kuma-ceramics kungaphezu kwamathani ayinkulungwane, futhi iphinde ibe umsebenzisi omkhulu we-praseodymium oxide. Kulindeleke ukuthi kube nentuthuko enkulu esikhathini esizayo.
3. Isicelo kumazibuthe emhlabeni ezingavamile
Ubukhulu bomkhiqizo wamandla kazibuthe (BH) we (Pr, Sm) Co5 uzibuthe unomphela m=27MG θ e (216K J/m3). Futhi (BH) m ye-PrFeB ngu-40MG θ E (320K J/m3). Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kozibuthe be-Pr abakhiqizwe unomphela kusenezicelo ezingase zibe khona kuzo zombili izimboni zezimboni nezomphakathi.
4. Isicelo kweminye imikhakha ukwenza amasondo okugaya ama-corundum.
Ngokwesisekelo se-corundum emhlophe, ukwengeza cishe u-0.25% we-praseodymium neodymium oxide kungenza amasondo okugaya i-corundum yomhlaba angavamile, kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kwawo kokugaya. Khulisa izinga lokugaya ngo-30% ukuya ku-100%, bese uphinda kabili impilo yesevisi. I-Praseodymium oxide inezinto zokupholisha ezinhle zezinto ezithile, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa njengento yokupholisha imisebenzi yokupholisha. Iqukethe cishe u-7.5% we-praseodymium oxide ku-cerium based polishing powder futhi isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukupholisha izibuko zamehlo, imikhiqizo yensimbi, ingilazi eyisicaba, namashubhu kamabonakude. Umphumela wokupholisha muhle futhi umthamo wokufaka isicelo mkhulu, osekuyimpushana yokupholisha eChina njengamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-petroleum cracking catalysts kungathuthukisa umsebenzi we-catalytic, futhi kungasetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zokwakha insimbi, ukuhlanza insimbi encibilikisiwe, njll. uhlobo olulodwa lwe-praseodymium oxide. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lo mkhuba uzoqhubeka esikhathini esizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-26-2023