Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamilezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengamandla amasha nezinto zokwakha, futhi zinenani elibanzi lesicelo emikhakheni efana ne-aerospace, ukuvikela izwe, kanye nemboni yezempi. Imiphumela yempi yesimanje ibonisa ukuthi izikhali zomhlaba ezingavamile zibusa inkundla yempi, izinzuzo zezobuchwepheshe zomhlaba ezingavamile zimelela izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe bezempi, futhi ukuba nezinsiza kuqinisekisiwe. Ngakho-ke, umhlaba ongavamile futhi usuphenduke izinsiza zamasu iminotho emikhulu emhlabeni wonke eqhudelana ngayo, futhi amasu ayinhloko wempahla eluhlaza njengemihlaba eyivelakancane ngokuvamile akhuphukela kumasu kazwelonke. I-Europe, i-Japan, i-United States namanye amazwe nezifunda zinaka kakhulu izinto ezibalulekile ezifana nomhlaba ongavamile. Ngo-2008, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zafakwa ohlwini "njengesu lezinto ezibalulekile" nguMnyango Wezamandla wase-United States; Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, i-European Union yamemezela ukusungulwa kwendawo yokugcina umhlaba ongavamile; Ngo-2007, uMnyango Wezemfundo, Amasiko, Isayensi Nobuchwepheshe, kanye noMnyango Wezomnotho, Izimboni Nobuchwepheshe, base behlongoza kakade "Uhlelo Lwesu Lwezinto" kanye nohlelo lwe-"Rare Metal Alternative Materials". Bathathe izinyathelo eziqhubekayo kanye nezinqubomgomo endaweni yokugcina imithombo, inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe, ukutholwa kwezinsiza, kanye nokusesha ezinye izinto zokwakha. Kusukela kulesi sihloko, umhleli uzokwethula ngokuningiliziwe imisebenzi yokuthuthukiswa komlando ebalulekile futhi engadingeki kanye nezindima zalezi zici zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.
I-Terbium ingaphansi kwesigaba semihlaba esindayo eyivelakancane, enenala ephansi kuqweqwe loMhlaba ku-1.1 ppm kuphela.I-Terbium oxidekubalwa ngaphansi kuka-0.01% wengqikithi yomhlaba eyivelakancane. Ngisho ohlotsheni lwe-yttrium ion oluphezulu olusindayo olungavamile olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-terbium, okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kubala kuphela u-1.1-1.2% wawo wonke umhlaba ongavamile, okubonisa ukuthi uyingxenye yesigaba "esihloniphekile" sezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba. I-Terbium iyinsimbi empunga eyisiliva ene-ductility kanye nokuthungwa okuthambile, okungasikwa kuvulwe ngommese; Iphuzu elincibilikayo 1360 ℃, iphuzu abilayo 3123 ℃, ukuminyana 8229 4kg/m3. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyi-100 selokhu kwatholakala i-terbium ngo-1843, ukushoda kwayo nokubaluleka kwayo kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo isikhathi eside. Kuphela eminyakeni engu-30 edlule lapho i-terbium ibonise ithalente layo eliyingqayizivele.
Ukutholwa kwe-Terbium
Ngesikhathi esifanayo laphoi-lanthanumkwatholakala, uKarl G. Mosander waseSweden wahlaziya okwatholwa ekuqalenii-yttriumfuthi yanyathelisa umbiko ngo-1842, icacisa ukuthi i-yttrium Earth eyatholwa ekuqaleni yayingeyona i-elementi oxide eyodwa, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Ngo-1843, uMossander wathola i-element terbium ngokucwaninga kwakhe nge-yttrium Earth. Waseqamba omunye wabo ngokuthi yttrium umhlaba kanye nomunye waboi-erbium oxide. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1877 lapho yaqanjwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi i-terbium, enophawu lwesici Tb. Igama layo livela emthonjeni ofanayo ne-yttrium, edabuka edolobhaneni lase-Ytterby eduze kwaseStockholm, eSweden, lapho i-yttrium ore yatholwa khona okokuqala. Ukutholakala kwe-terbium nezinye izakhi ezimbili, i-lanthanum ne-erbium, kwavula umnyango wesibili wokutholwa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, okuphawula isigaba sesibili sokutholakala kwazo. Yahlanzwa okokuqala ngu-G. Urban ngo-1905.
Mossander
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium
Ukusetshenziswa kwei-terbiumikakhulukazi kuhilela izinkambu zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, okungamaphrojekthi asezingeni eliphezulu nolwazi olunzulu ngezobuchwepheshe, kanye namaphrojekthi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho, namathemba entuthuko akhangayo. Izindawo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa: (1) ukusetshenziswa ngendlela yomhlaba ongavamile oxubile. Isibonelo, isetshenziswa njengomanyolo ohlanganisa umhlaba ongavamile kanye nesengezo sokudla kwezolimo. (2) I-activator yempushana eluhlaza kuzimpushana ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-fluorescent. Izinto zesimanje ze-optoelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yamaphosphor, okubomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuzimpushana eziningi eziluhlaza ze-fluorescent zekhwalithi ephezulu. (3) Isetshenziswa njenge-magneto optical storage material. Amafilimu amancane e-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy asetshenziswa ukwenza ama-disc optical magneto asebenza kahle kakhulu. (4) Ukukhiqiza ingilazi ye-magneto optical. Ingilazi ye-Faraday ejikelezayo equkethe i-terbium iyinto ebalulekile yokukhiqiza ama-rotator, ama-isolator, nama-circulator kubuchwepheshe be-laser. (5) Ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) kuvule izicelo ezintsha ze-terbium.
Ezolimo kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane
I-terbium yomhlaba engavamileingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo futhi inyuse izinga le-photosynthesis phakathi kwebanga elithile lokuhlushwa. Ama-complexes e-terbium anomsebenzi ophezulu wezinto eziphilayo, kanti ama-ternary complexes e-terbium, i-Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, anemiphumela emihle yokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-bactericidal ku-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Bacillus subtilis, ne-Escherichia coli, ene-antibacterial spectrum ebanzi. izakhiwo. Ucwaningo lwalezi zinkimbinkimbi lunikeza isiqondiso esisha socwaningo lwemithi yesimanje ebulala amagciwane.
Isetshenziswa emkhakheni we-luminescence
Izinto zesimanje ze-optoelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yamaphosphor, okubomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuzimpushana eziningi eziluhlaza ze-fluorescent zekhwalithi ephezulu. Uma ukuzalwa kombala womhlaba ongavamile we-TV obomvu we-fluorescent powder kuye kwavuselela isidingo se-yttrium ne-europium, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-terbium kuye kwakhuthazwa umhlaba ongavamile umbala oyinhloko we-powder fluorescent eluhlaza wezibani. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, u-Philips wasungula isibani se-fluorescent sokuqala esihlangene emhlabeni wonke futhi wasikhuthaza ngokushesha emhlabeni jikelele. I-Tb3+ion ingakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza ngobude begagasi obungu-545nm, futhi cishe zonke izimpushana ze-fluorescent eziluhlaza ezingavamile zisebenzisa i-terbium njengesicupha.
Impushana eluhlaza ye-fluorescent esetshenziselwa amashubhu e-TV cathode ray (CRTs) ibilokhu isekelwe ikakhulukazi ku-zinc sulfide eshibhile futhi ephumelelayo, kodwa i-terbium powder ibilokhu isetshenziswa njengombala wokuqagela we-TV powder eluhlaza, njenge-Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, kanye ne-LaOBr: Tb3+. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwethelevishini enkulu enencazelo ephezulu (i-HDTV), izimpushana ze-fluorescent eziluhlaza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zama-CRT nazo ziyathuthukiswa. Isibonelo, i-hybrid green fluorescent powder iye yathuthukiswa phesheya, ehlanganisa i-Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, kanye ne-Y2SiO5: Tb3+, enekhono elihle kakhulu lokukhanya ekumineni okuphezulu kwamanje.
I-X-ray fluorescent powder yendabuko i-calcium tungstate. Ngawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, izimpushana ze-fluorescent zomhlaba ezingavamile zezikrini zokuzwela zathuthukiswa, njenge-terbium ecushiwe i-lanthanum sulfide oxide, i-terbium eyenziwe yasebenza i-lanthanum bromide oxide (yezikrini eziluhlaza), kanye ne-terbium ecushiwe i-yttrium sulfide oxide. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-calcium tungstate, i-powder fluorescent yomhlaba engavamile inganciphisa isikhathi se-X-ray irradiation ezigulini ngo-80%, ithuthukise ukuxazululwa kwamafilimu e-X-ray, yandise isikhathi sokuphila kwamashubhu e-X-ray, futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. I-Terbium iphinde isetshenziswe njenge-fluorescent powder activator yezikrini zokuthuthukisa i-X-ray yezokwelapha, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kokuguqulwa kwe-X-ray zibe izithombe ezibonakalayo, ukuthuthukisa ukucaca kwamafilimu e-X-ray, futhi kunciphise kakhulu umthamo wokuchayeka we-X- imisebe emzimbeni womuntu (ngaphezu kwama-50%).
I-Terbiumibuye isetshenziswe njengesishoshovu ku-phosphor emhlophe ye-LED ejatshuliswe ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukukhanyisa okusha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, kusetshenziswa ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza njengemithombo yokukhanya evusa amadlingozi, kanti i-fluorescence ekhiqiziwe ixutshwa nokukhanya okuvusa amadlingozi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe okumsulwa.
Izinto ze-electroluminescent ezenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulukazi zifaka i-zinc sulfide green fluorescent powder ene-terbium njengesiqalisi. Ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ama-organic complexes e-terbium angakhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okuqinile futhi angasetshenziswa njengezinto zefilimu ezacile ze-electroluminescent. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwamafilimu amancane ezinto eziphilayo ezingavamile ze-organic complex e-electroluminescent, lisekhona igebe elithile kusukela ekusebenzeni, futhi ucwaningo lwamafilimu namadivayisi amancane we-organic complectroluminescent angavamile emhlabeni asajulile.
Izici ze-fluorescence ze-terbium nazo zisetshenziswa njengama-fluorescence probes. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) eyinkimbinkimbi ne-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kwahlolisiswa kusetshenziswa i-fluorescence kanye ne-spectra yokumuncwa, njenge-fluorescence probe ye-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-ofloxacin Tb3+probe ingakha inkatho ebopha ama-molecule e-DNA, futhi i-deoxyribonucleic acid ingathuthukisa kakhulu i-fluorescence yohlelo lwe-ofloxacin Tb3+. Ngokusekelwe kulolu shintsho, i-deoxyribonucleic acid inganqunywa.
Okwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-magneto
Izinto ezinomphumela we-Faraday, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinto ze-magneto-optical, zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumalaser nakwamanye amadivaysi okubona. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile ze-magneto optical materials: i-magneto optical crystals ne-magneto optical glass. Phakathi kwazo, amakristalu e-magneto-optical (afana ne-yttrium iron garnet kanye ne-terbium gallium garnet) anezinzuzo zemvamisa yokusebenza eguquguqukayo kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa, kodwa kuyabiza futhi kunzima ukuwenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakristalu amaningi e-magneto-optical anama-engeli aphezulu e-Faraday anokumuncwa okuphezulu ebangeni lamagagasi amafushane, akhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-magneto optical crystals, ingilazi ye-magneto optical inenzuzo yokudlulisa okuphezulu futhi kulula ukwenziwa ibe amabhulokhi amakhulu noma imicu. Njengamanje, izingilazi ze-magneto-optical ezinomphumela ophezulu we-Faraday ziyizibuko ezingavamile ze-ion yomhlaba.
Isetshenziselwa i-magneto optical storage materials
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-multimedia kanye ne-automation yehhovisi, isidingo samadiski kazibuthe amasha asezingeni eliphezulu siye sanda. Amafilimu amancane e-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy asetshenziswa ukwenza ama-disc optical magneto asebenza kahle kakhulu. Phakathi kwazo, ifilimu encane ye-TbFeCo alloy inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. I-Terbium esekelwe ku-magneto-optical materials iye yakhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, futhi ama-discs we-magneto-optical enziwe kuwo asetshenziswa njengezingxenye zokugcina zekhompyutha, amandla okugcina akhuphuka izikhathi ezingu-10-15. Zinezinzuzo zomthamo omkhulu kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela ngokushesha, futhi zingasulwa futhi zimbozwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhathi lapho zisetshenziselwa amadiski optical aphezulu. Ziyizinto ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokugcina ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi. Into esetshenziswa kakhulu kazibuthe-optical kumabhendi abonakalayo naseduze kwe-infrared i-Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) ikristalu eyodwa, okuyi-magneto-optical material engcono kakhulu yokwenza ama-rotator e-Faraday nama-isolator.
Ngengilazi ye-magneto optical
Ingilazi ye-Faraday magneto optical inokukhanya okuhle kanye ne-isotropy ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ne-infrared, futhi ingakha izimo ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kulula ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yosayizi omkhulu futhi ingadonselwa kuma-optical fibers. Ngakho-ke, inamathemba okusebenza abanzi kumadivayisi we-magneto optical afana ne-magneto optical isolator, i-magneto optical modulators, kanye nezinzwa zamanje ze-fiber optic. Ngenxa yesikhathi sawo esikhulu sikazibuthe kanye ne-coefficient encane yokumunca ebangeni elibonakalayo ne-infrared, ama-Tb3+ion asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-ion omhlaba ayivelakancane ezingilazini ze-magneto optical.
I-Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokujula okuqhubekayo kwenguquko yezobuchwepheshe yomhlaba, izinto ezintsha zokusetshenziswa komhlaba ezingavamile zazivela ngokushesha. Ngo-1984, i-Iowa State University, i-Ames Laboratory yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, kanye ne-US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (lapho kwaphuma khona izisebenzi eziphambili ze-Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) eyasungulwa kamuva) zasebenzisana ukuze kwakhiwe entsha engavamile. izinto ezihlakaniphile zomhlaba, okuyi-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material. Le nto entsha ehlakaniphile inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokuguqula ngokushesha amandla kagesi abe amandla emishini. Ama-transducer angaphansi kwamanzi kanye ne-electro-acoustic enziwe ngale nto enkulukazikazibuthe amiswe ngempumelelo emishinini yasolwandle, izipikha zokuthola umthombo kawoyela, amasistimu omsindo nokudlidliza, kanye nokuhlola ulwandle kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho kuzalwa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, yathola ukunakwa okusabalele okuvela emazweni anezimboni emhlabeni jikelele. I-Edge Technologies e-United States yaqala ukukhiqiza i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ngo-1989 futhi yaziqamba ngokuthi i-Terfenol D. Ngokulandelayo, i-Sweden, i-Japan, i-Russia, i-United Kingdom, ne-Australia nazo zakha i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Kusukela emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwalokhu okubalulekile e-United States, kokubili ukusungulwa kwezinto kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwasekuqaleni kwe-monopolistic kuhlobene ngokuqondile nemboni yezempi (efana ne-navy). Nakuba iminyango yezempi neyokuvikela yaseChina iqinisa kancane kancane ukuqonda kwayo ngale ndaba. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwamandla kazwelonke aseShayina aphelele, isidingo sokuzuza isu lokuncintisana lamasosha lekhulunyaka lama-21 kanye nokuthuthukisa amazinga emishini nakanjani sizophuthuma kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials yiminyango yezempi neyezokuvikela kazwelonke kuyoba yisidingo somlando.
Kafushane, izici eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zei-terbiumikwenze kube yilungu elibalulekile lezinto eziningi zokusebenza kanye nesikhundla esingenakushintshwa kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentengo ephezulu ye-terbium, abantu bebefunda ukuthi bangagwema kanjani futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ukuze behlise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, izinto ezingavamile ze-magneto-optical zomhlaba kufanele futhi zisebenzise i-dysprosium iron cobalt engabizi kakhulu noma i-gadolinium terbium cobalt ngangokunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kumpushana ye-fluorescent eluhlaza okufanele isetshenziswe. Intengo isibe yisici esibalulekile esikhawulela ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kwe-terbium. Kodwa izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo, ngakho-ke kufanele sihambisane nesimiso "sokusebenzisa insimbi enhle ku-blade" futhi sizame ukulondoloza ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-07-2023