Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamilezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obuphakeme njengamandla amasha nezinto zokwakha, futhi babe nenani elibanzi lezinkambu ezifana ne-aerospace, izivikelo zikazwelonke, kanye nemboni yezempi. Imiphumela yempi yanamuhla ikhombisa ukuthi izikhali zomhlaba ezingavamile zilawula inkundla yempi, izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe bomhlaba zimelela izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe zezobuchwepheshe, futhi ziqinisekiswe izinsiza. Ngakho-ke, imigudu engavamile nayo iba yimithombo yezomnotho emikhulu emhlabeni wonke encintisana, kanye namasu asemqoka angokomfanekiso afana noMhlaba ongavamile afana noMhlaba onqabile. I-Europe, eJapan, i-United States namanye amazwe nezifunda zinaka kakhulu izinto ezibalulekile ezifana nomhlaba ongavamile. Ngo-2008, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zafakwa kuhlu "njengecebo lezinto ezibalulekile" nguMnyango Wezamandla we-United States; Ekuqaleni konyaka we-2010, i-European Union yamemezela ukusungulwa kwecebo lokugcina amasu obungasaziwa emhlabeni; Ngo-2007, inkonzo yezemfundo yaseJapan, isayensi, isayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe, kanye nenkonzo yezomnotho, imboni kanye nobuchwepheshe, yayivele iphakamisile uhlelo lwe- "element system" kanye "nohlelo lwezinto ezihlukile zensimbi". Bathathe izinyathelo nezinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo ekugcinweni kwezinsizakusebenza, inqubekela phambili yezobuchwepheshe, ukutholakala kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nokusesha ezinye izinto zokwakha. Kusukela kulesi sihloko, umhleli uzokwethula ngokuningiliziwe imisebenzi ebalulekile yentuthuko yomlando futhi ebaluleke kakhulu nezindima zalezi zinto zomhlaba ezingavamile.
I-terbium Kungokwesigaba somhlaba ongenamkhawulo, ngokuchichima okuphansi kakhulu ekuqothulweni komhlaba nge-1.1 ppm kuphela.Terbium oxideama-akhawunti angaphansi kuka-0.01% womhlaba ophelele ongavamile. Ngisho nase-ytttrium ion hlobo Uhlobo Olusindayo Emhlabeni Olusezingeni eliphezulu ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Terbium, okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kuphela ama-akhawunti we-1.1-1.2% womhlaba ojwayelekile, okukhombisa ukuthi kungokwesigaba "esihle" sezinto zomhlaba ezingandile. I-Terbium iyinsimbi yesiliva empunga nge-dectility kanye nokutholwa okuthambile okuthambile, okungasikwa kuvuleke ngommese; Iphoyinti elincibilikayo 1360 ℃, Iphuzu elibilayo 3123 ℃, Density 8229 4kg / M3. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 selokhu ukutholwa kwe-Terbium ngo-1843, ukushoda kwayo kanye nenani kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwalo okusebenzayo isikhathi eside. Kuseminyakeni engama-30 edlule kuphela ukuthi i-Terbium ikhombisile ithalente layo elihlukile.
Ukutholwa kwe-terbium
Ngesikhathi esifanayo laphouhlobo linthanumwatholakala, uKarl G. Mobander waseSweden uhlaziye ekuqaleni okutholakeleytttriumfuthi wanyathelisa umbiko ngo-1842, ecacisa ukuthi i-YTTRIM GRECH GREORS EQALAYO yayingeyona i-oxide eyodwa eyesisekelo, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Ngo-1843, uMossander wathola i-terbium eyengeziwe ngocwaningo lwakhe ngo-yttrium emhlabeni. Wayesabiza omunye wawo we-yttrium umhlaba nomunye waboI-Erbium oxide. Kwakungekho kuze kube ngu-1877 ukuthi kwakubizwa ngokusemthethweni i-Terbium, nge-TB ye-element tb. Ukuqanjwa kwayo kuvela emthonjeni ofanayo ne-YTTRIUM, kusuka edolobhaneni laseYtterby ngaseStockholm, eSweden, lapho kwaqala khona i-YTTrium Ore. Ukutholwa kwe-terbium nezinye izinto ezimbili, i-lanthanum ne-erbium, kwavula umnyango wesibili ekutholweni kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile, ukumaka isigaba sesibili sokutholwa kwazo. Kwahlanzwa okokuqala nguG. Urban ngo-1905.
Isidala
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Terbium
Ukusetshenziswa kwei-terbiumKubandakanya kakhulu amasimu aphezulu wezobuchwepheshe, okuyi-technology eqinile kanye nolwazi amaphrojekthi amakhulu wokusika onqenqemeni, kanye namaphrojekthi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho, ngamathemba akhona okuthuthuka. Izindawo eziphambili zezicelo zifaka: (1) zisetshenziswe ngendlela yomhlaba oxubile ongavamile. Isibonelo, isetshenziswa njengomanyolo womhlaba onqabile kanye nokwesetha kwezolimo kwezolimo. (2) Isishoshovu se-green powder kumapoda amathathu aphambili we-fluorescent. Izinto zesimanje ze-Opoleelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yama-phosphors, okungukuthi ubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, futhi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okungasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-Terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumapoyili amaningi aphezulu aphezulu we-fluorescent. (3) esetshenziswa njengezinto ezibonakalayo ze-magneto optical I-Amorphous Metal Terbium Transition Metal Alloy Amafilimu amancane asetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-magneto aphezulu we-magneto optical disc. (4) Ukukhiqiza ingilazi ye-magneto ye-magneto. Ingilazi ejikelezayo ye-Faraday equkethe i-terbium iyinto ebalulekile yabakhiqizi abashayeli, ama-isolators, nama-pundatators kubuchwepheshe be-laser. .
Ezolimo kanye nokulimazeka kwezilwane
Umhlaba ongavamile terbiumIngathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezilimo futhi yandise izinga le-photosynthesis ebangeni elithile lokuhlushwa. Izakhiwo zeTerbium zinomsebenzi ophakeme ngokwebhayoloji, kanye nezakhiwo zaseTernary ze-Terbium, i-TB (ALA) 35NENIM (Clo4) 3-3h2o, zinemiphumela emihle ye-antibacterial a areums, i-escherlus subtilis, kanye ne-escherhichia coli, ene-empir-spectrum coli, ene-empir-spectrum coli, enezindawo ezibanzi ze-entibacterial. Ukutadisha kwalezi zinto zezakhiwo kunikeza indlela entsha yokucwaninga ngezidakamizwa zanamuhla ze-bactericidal.
Isetshenziswe emkhakheni we-luminescence
Izinto zesimanje ze-Opoleelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yama-phosphors, okungukuthi ubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, futhi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okungasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-Terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumapoyili amaningi aphezulu aphezulu we-fluorescent. Uma ukuzalwa kombala ongavamile umbala we-TV Red Fluorescent Powder uvuse isidingo se-YTtrium ne-Europium, bese isicelo kanye nentuthuko ye-Terbium kugqugquzelwe ngu-Rare Primal Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Porporescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Porporescent Green Fluorescent Porporescent Porporescent Coor Fluorescent powder amalambu amathathu acwebile amalambu. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1980, uPhilips wasungula isibani sokuqala se-Fluorescent sokuqala se-Fluorescent futhi wasikhuthaza ngokushesha emhlabeni jikelele. I-TB3 + i-Ion ingakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani nge-wavelength ka-545NM, futhi cishe yonke imikhakha engavamile emhlabeni i-fluorescent powders isebenzisa i-terbium njenge-activator.
I-green fluorescent powder esetshenziselwa imibala ye-TV TV rathode ray cathode (CRTS) ibilokhu ihlala isuselwa kakhulu kwi-zinc sulfide eshibhile futhi esebenza kahle, kepha i-y2sios ilokhu isetshenziswa njengo-y2sio5: i-al, y) 5o12, ne-LOOBR: TB3 +. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwethelevishini enkulu yencazelo ephezulu yesikrini (HDTV), imisindo ephezulu ye-fluorescent ye-CRTS nayo iyakhiwa. Isibonelo, i-hybrid green fluorescent powder yasungulwa phesheya, okubandakanya i-Y3 (Al, GA) 5o12: TB3 +, iLoocL: TBSIO5: TB3 +, onobuhlakani obuhle kakhulu be-luminescence ekwenzeni amandla aphezulu aphezulu.
I-Calcial X-ray Fluorescent Powder yi-calcium tungstate. Ngawo-1970s kanye no-1980s, imisindo evamile ye-Fluorescent yezikrini zokuzwakala yathuthukiswa, njenge-Terbium isebenze i-lanthanum sulfide oxide, iTerbium icushiwe i-lanthanum bromide oxide (izikrini eziluhlaza), kanye ne-terbium acktrium sulfide oxide. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-calcium tungstate, i-rare emhlabeni fluorescent powder inganciphisa isikhathi se-x-ray irradiation yeziguli ngo-80%, ngcono ukulungiswa kwamafilimu we-x-ray, futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamashubhu we-x-ray. I-Terbium ibuye isetshenziswe njenge-activider ye-fluorescent powder yezikrini ze-X-ray zokuthuthukisa, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kokukhanya kwe-x-ray, futhi zinciphisa kakhulu umthamo wokuvezwa kwama-x-ray emzimbeni womuntu (ngaphezulu kwama-50%).
I-terbiumIphinde isetshenziswe njengesishoshovu ku-phosphor e-White LED Phosphor ejabule ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kokukhanya okusha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-Terbium Aluminium Magneto Optical Crystal phosshors, isebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhipha ama-diodes njengemithombo yokukhanya, futhi i-fluorescence ekhiqizwayo ixutshwe nokukhanya okumnandi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe.
Izinto ze-elektroluminescent ezenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulukazi zibandakanya i-zinc sulfide green fluorescent powder nge-terbium njenge-activator. Ngaphansi kwe-Ultraviolet irradiation, izakhiwo ze-organic ze-terbium zingakhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza eqinile futhi zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha i-electrollinescent emncane. Yize inqubekela phambili enkulu yenziwe efundweni le-Rare Earth Comple Electroluminescent Films, Kusenegebe elithile kusuka ekusebenzeni, nasekucwaningeni kwama-rare emhlabeni
Izici ze-fluorescence ze-terbium nazo zisetshenziswa njengoba kungenzeka ama-fluorescence. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Oloxacin Terbium (TB3 +) kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kufundwa i-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kusetshenziswa i-fluorescence kanye ne-absorption spectra, efana ne-fluorescence probe ye-Oloxacin Terbium (TB3 +). Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi i-Ofloxacin TB3 + Probe ingakha i-groove ebopha ngama-molecule e-DNA, futhi i-deoxyribonucleic acid ingathuthukisa kakhulu i-fluoxacin TB3 + System. Ngokusekelwe kulolu shintsho, i-deoxyribonucleic acid inganqunywa.
Okwezinto ze-Magneto Optical
Izinto zokwakha ezinomphumela weFaraday, owaziwa nangokuthi izinto ze-Magneto-Optical, zisetshenziswa kabanzi ema-lasers namanye amadivayisi abonakalayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zezinto zokwakha i-magneto: Ama-Magneto Optical Crystals kanye ne-Magneto Optical Glass. Phakathi kwazo, amakristalu e-magneto-optical (njenge-ytttrium iron garnet kanye ne-terbium gallium garnet) anezinzuzo zemvamisa eguqukayo yokusebenza kanye nokuqina okuphezulu okushisayo, kepha kuyabiza futhi kunzima ukukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakristalu amaningi we-magneto-optical anama-engeli ajikelezayo aphezulu e-Faraday amunxuse kakhulu ebangeni elifushane legagasi, elikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa namakristalu e-magneto optical, ingilazi ye-magneto optical inenzuzo yokudlulisela okuphezulu futhi kulula ukwenziwa ngamabhulokhi amakhulu noma imicu. Njengamanje, izingilazi ze-magneto-optical ezinomphumela omkhulu we-faraday ikakhulukazi ziyinto engavamile emhlabeni izibuko ze-ion.
Isetshenziselwe izinto zokugcina ze-magneto
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-multimedia ne-automation yasehhovisi, isidingo sama-disc amasha aphezulu aphezulu kakhulu. I-Amorphous Metal Terbium Transition Metal Alloy Amafilimu amancane asetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-magneto aphezulu we-magneto optical disc. Phakathi kwazo, ifilimu elincanyana le-TBFECO linokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Izinto zokwenziwa ze-terbium based Magneto-optical zikhiqizwe ngezinga elikhulu, futhi ama-magneto-optical disc ezenziwe kubo asetshenziswa njengezakhi zokugcinwa zekhompyutha, futhi nomthamo wokugcina ukhuphuke ngezikhathi eziyi-10-16. Banezinzuzo zamandla amakhulu kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela esisheshayo, futhi zingasulwa futhi zihlanganiswe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhathi lapho zisetshenziselwa ama-des discs aphezulu. Ziyizinto ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokugcina ulwazi nge-elekthronikhi. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-magneto-optical kuma-band abonakalayo futhi aseduze angezinhlabezelwe yi-Terbium Gallium gartal (TGG) Crystal eyodwa, okuyinto enhle kakhulu ye-magneto-optical yokwenza ama-fataday rotator kanye nama-isolators.
Nge-Magneto Optical Glass
Ingilazi ye-Faraday Magneto Optical ingilazi esobala kanye ne-isotropy ezifundeni ezibonakalayo nezingezinhlu, futhi ingakha ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kulula ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo enosayizi omkhulu futhi ingadonswa emiculweni ye-optical. Ngakho-ke, inethemba lokusebenzisa elibanzi kuma-Magneto optical amadivayisi afana ne-Magneto Optical Isolators, ama-Magneto Optical Modulators, kanye nezinzwa zamanje ze-Fiber Optic. Ngenxa yesikhashana sayo esikhulu kazibuthe kanye ne-coefficient yayo emnyama ebangeni elibonakalayo nele-infrared, i-TB3 + i-ion iye yasetshenziswa emhlabeni jikelele ama-ions ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ze-magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetoostriveve alloy
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokujula okuqhubekayo kwe-World Technology Revolution, izinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezingandile zomhlaba zazivela ngokushesha. Ngo-1984, iowa State University, i-Ames Laborary of the US Margen Energy, kanye ne-US Navy Surface Weapons Research Corporation (et Rema) Le nto entsha ehlakaniphile inezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokuguqula amandla kagesi ngokushesha abe amandla wemishini. Ama-transfers angaphansi kwamanzi kanye ne-electro-acoustic enziwe ngalezi zinto ezinkulu ze-magnetoostrictive alungiselelwe ngempumelelo emishini yasolwandle, izipikha zokutholwa kahle kwamafutha, izikhulumi zokulawula kanye nokudlidliza nezinhlelo zokuxhumana zasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, lapho nje kuzalwa i-Terbium Dyssprosium Iron Magnetolisayo yokwaziswa, kwathola ukunakwa okubanzi okuvela emazweni athuthukile emhlabeni jikelele. Ubuchwepheshe obuse-Edge e-United States baqala ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza izinto ezinkulu ze-Dysprosium Iron MagnetoOsjiction ngo-1989 futhi waqamba igama elithi Terfenol D. Kamuva, iSweden, i-Australia ibuye yathuthukisa i-Terbium Dysprosium Iron Giant Persprosium Iron Giant DestSprosium Iron Giant Desysprosium Iron Giant DestSprosium Iron Giant Propetolisayo
Kusuka emlandweni wokuthuthuka kwalokhu okuqukethwe e-United States, kokubili ukusungulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezicelo zayo zokuqala zihlobene ngqo nemboni yamasosha (efana neNavy). Yize iminyango yempi yaseChina nezokuvikela iqinisa kancane ukuqonda kwabo lokhu okuqukethwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kwamandla kazwelonke aseChina, isidingo sokuthola isu lokuncintisana ngezeminyaka lama-21 kanye namazinga okuthuthukisa nakanjani aphuthuma kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa okwandile kwe-Terbium Dysprosium Iron Giant MagnetoOstrivity izinto ezenziwa yiminyango yezempi kanye nezwe kuzoba yisidingo esingokomlando.
Ngamafuphi, izakhiwo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zei-terbiumKwenze kube yilungu elisemqoka lezinto eziningi ezisebenzayo kanye nesikhundla esingenakufinyeleleka kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentengo ephezulu ye-terbium, abantu bebelokhu befunda ukuthi bangakugwema kanjani futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ukuze banciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, izinto ezingandile zomhlaba we-magneto-optical kufanele futhi zisebenzise i-dysprosium iron cobalt noma i-gadolinium terbium cobalt ngangokunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-terbium ku-green fluorescent powder okumele kusetshenziswe. Intengo isibe yinto ebalulekile evimbela ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwe-terbium. Kepha izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kwazo, ngakho-ke kufanele sinamathele emgomweni wokuthi "sisebenzise insimbi enhle ku-blade" bese sizama ukusindisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isikhathi sePosi: Aug-07-2023