umthombo:AZO Mining

Yiziphi Izakhi Zomhlaba Ezingavamile futhi Zitholakalaphi?

Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile (REEs) zihlanganisa izakhi zensimbi ezingu-17, ezenziwe ngama-lanthanide angu-15 kuthebula le-periodic:

I-Lanthanum

I-Cerium

I-Praseodymium

I-Neodymium

I-Promethium

Samarium

Europium

I-Gadolinium

I-Terbium

I-Dysprosium

I-Holmium

I-Erbium

Thulium

I-Ytterbium

I-Utetium

I-Scandium

I-Yttrium

Iningi lazo aliyivelakancane njengoba igama leqembu lisho kodwa zaqanjwa ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi 'zomhlaba' ezivame kakhulu njenge-lime ne-magnesia.

I-Cerium i-REE evame kakhulu futhi igcwele kakhulu kunethusi noma umthofu.

Kodwa-ke, ngokwemibandela yokwakheka komhlaba, ama-REE awavamile ukutholakala kumadiphozithi agxilile njengemithungo yamalahle, ngokwesibonelo, awenza kube nzima ukumbiwa kwezomnotho.

Kunalokho atholakala ezinhlotsheni ezine zamatshe angavamile; carbonatites, okungamatshe avuthayo angavamile atholakala kuma-magmas ane-carbonate-rich, izilungiselelo ze-alkaline igneous, idiphozithi yobumba yokumuncwa kwe-ion, kanye nediphozithi ye-monazite-xenotime-bearer placers.

I-China Imayini u-95% Wezinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba ukuze Anelise Isidingo Sendlela Yokuphila Ye-Hi-Tech kanye Namandla Avuselelekayo

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, iShayina ibibusa ukukhiqizwa kwe-REE, isebenzisa idiphozithi yayo yobumba olumunca i-ion, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'iSouth China Clays'.

Kuyonga ngeChina ngoba amadiphozithi obumba kulula ukukhipha ama-REE ekusebenziseni ama-asidi abuthakathaka.

Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zisetshenziselwa zonke izinhlobo zemishini ye-hi-tech, okuhlanganisa amakhompyutha, izidlali ze-DVD, omakhalekhukhwini, izibani, i-fiber optics, amakhamera nezipikha, ngisho nempahla yezempi, njengezinjini zejethi, amasistimu okuqondisa imicibisholo, amasathelayithi, ne-anti. -ukuvikela imicibisholo.

Injongo yeSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseParis sika-2015 ukunciphisa ukufudumala komhlaba kube ngaphansi kuka-2 ˚C, okungcono kakhulu ku-1.5 ˚C, amazinga angaphambi kwezimboni. Lokhu kukhuphule isidingo samandla avuselelekayo kanye nezimoto zikagesi, okudinga nokuthi ama-REE asebenze.

Ngo-2010, i-China yamemezela ukuthi izokwehlisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-REE ukuze ifeze ukukhula kwayo kwesidingo, kodwa futhi igcine isikhundla sayo esiphezulu sokuhlinzeka ngemishini ye-hi-tech emhlabeni wonke.

I-China futhi isesimweni esiqinile somnotho sokulawula ukuhlinzekwa kwama-REE adingekayo ukuze avuseleleke amandla njengamaphaneli elanga, umoya, nezinjini zamandla olwandle, kanye nezimoto zikagesi.

I-Phosphogypsum Fertilizer Rare Earth Elements Capture Project

I-Phosphogypsum iwumkhiqizo kamanyolo futhi iqukethe izakhi zemisebe ezenzeka ngokwemvelo njenge-uranium ne-thorium. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, igcinwa unomphela, nezingozi ezihlobene nokungcolisa umhlabathi, umoya, namanzi.

Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi basePenn State University, baye baklama indlela yezigaba eziningi besebenzisa ama-peptide akhiwe ngobunjiniyela, izintambo ezimfishane zama-amino acid ezingakwazi ukuhlonza ngokunembile futhi zihlukanise ama-REE zisebenzisa ulwelwesi olwakhiwe ngokukhethekile.

Njengoba izindlela zokuhlukanisa zendabuko zinganele, iphrojekthi ihlose ukuqamba amasu amasha okuhlukanisa, izinto zokwakha, nezinqubo.

Umklamo uholwa ukumodela okuhlanganisiwe, okuthuthukiswe ngu-Rachel Getman, umphenyi oyinhloko kanye noprofesa ohlangene wobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali nobunjiniyela be-biomolecular eClemson, nabaphenyi uChristine Duval noJulie Renner, bakha ama-molecule azonamathela kuma-REE athile.

U-Greenlee uzobheka indlela abaziphatha ngayo emanzini futhi uzohlola umthelela wendawo kanye namandla ahlukene ezomnotho ngaphansi kokuklanywa okuguquguqukayo nezimo zokusebenza.

Uprofesa wobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali uLauren Greenlee, uthi: “namuhla, amathani angaba ngu-200 000 ezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile avaleleke emfucumfucwini we-phosphogypsum ongakalungiswa eFlorida kuphela.”

Ithimba lihlonza ukuthi ukululama ngendlela evamile kuhlotshaniswa nezithiyo zemvelo nezomnotho, lapho okwamanje zitholwa ezintweni eziyinhlanganisela, ezidinga ukushiswa kwezibaso ezimbiwa phansi futhi ezidinga abasebenzi abaningi.

Iphrojekthi entsha izogxila ekuzibuyiseleni ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi ingase yethulwe ngezinga elikhulu ukuze kuzuze imvelo nezomnotho.

Uma iphrojekthi iphumelela, ingase futhi yehlise ukuncika kwe-USA eChina ngokuhlinzeka ngezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba.

I-National Science Foundation Project Funding

Iphrojekthi ye-Penn State REE ixhaswe ngesibonelelo seminyaka emine sika-$571,658, esifinyelela ku-$1.7 million, futhi siwukubambisana neCase Western Reserve University kanye neClemson University.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokuthola Izinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba

Ukubuyiselwa kwe-RRE kuvame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa imisebenzi emincane, imvamisa ngokukhipha i-leaching kanye nokukhipha i-solvent.

Nakuba kuyinqubo elula, ukucwiliswa kwamanzi kudinga inani eliphezulu lama-reagents amakhemikhali ayingozi, ngakho-ke akuthandeki kwezentengiso.

Ukukhipha i-solvent kuyindlela ephumelelayo kodwa ayisebenzi kahle ngoba idinga abasebenzi futhi idla isikhathi.

Enye indlela evamile yokuthi ama-REE abuyekezwe ngokusebenzisa i-agromining, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-e-mining, ebandakanya ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza ye-elekthronikhi, njengamakhompyutha amadala, amafoni, nomabonakude kusuka emazweni ahlukahlukene kuya e-China ukuze kukhishwe i-REE.

Ngokusho kwe-UN Environment Programme, amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-53 we-e-waste akhiqizwa ngo-2019, cishe nama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-57 wezinto zokusetshenziswa eziqukethe ama-REE nezinsimbi.

Nakuba ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengendlela esimeme yokugaywa kabusha kwezinto, akukhona ngaphandle kwesethi yayo yezinkinga ezisadinga ukunqotshwa.

I-Agromining idinga indawo enkulu yokugcina, izitshalo zokuvuselela kabusha, imfucumfucu yokulahla imfucumfucu ngemva kokutholwa kwe-REE, futhi kuhilela izindleko zokuhamba, ezidinga ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.

I-Penn State University Project inamandla okunqoba ezinye zezinkinga ezihlobene nezindlela zendabuko zokubuyisela i-REE uma ingakwazi ukwanelisa izinhloso zayo zemvelo nezomnotho.

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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-03-2022