Njengoba sihlola umhlaba omangalisayo wezinto,i-erbiumiheha ukunaka kwethu ngezinto zayo ezihlukile kanye nenani lesicelo esingaba khona. Kusukela ekujuleni kolwandle kuya emkhathini ongaphandle, kusukela kumishini yesimanje kagesi kuya kubuchwepheshe bamandla aluhlaza, ukusetshenziswa kwei-erbiumemkhakheni wesayensi iyaqhubeka yanda, ibonisa ukubaluleka kwayo okungenakuqhathaniswa.
I-Erbium yatholwa ngusokhemisi waseSweden uMosander ngo-1843 ngokuhlaziya i-yttrium. Ekuqaleni waqamba i-oxide ye-erbium ngokuthii-terbium oxide,ngakho ezincwadini zakuqala zesiJalimane, i-terbium oxide ne-erbium oxide zazididekile.
Kwaze kwaba ngemva kuka-1860 lapho yalungiswa khona. Esikhathini esifanayo laphoi-lanthanumkwatholakala, uMosander wahlaziya futhi wacwaninga okwatholwa ekuqalenii-yttrium, futhi yanyathelisa umbiko ngo-1842, ecacisa ukuthi okwatholwa ekuqalenii-yttriumkwakungeyona i-elementi eyodwa ye-oxide, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Wasebiza omunye wabo ngokuthi yttrium, waqamba omunye waboi-erbia(umhlaba we-erbium). Uphawu lwesici lusethwe njengeEr. Iqanjwe ngendawo lapho i-yttrium ore yaqala ukutholwa khona, idolobha elincane laseYtter eduze kwaseStockholm, eSweden. Ukutholakala kwe-erbium nezinye izakhi ezimbili,i-lanthanumfuthii-terbium, wavula umnyango wesibili wokutholwa kukaizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, okuyisigaba sesibili sokutholwa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Ukutholakala kwabo kuyingxenye yesithathu yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ngemva kwalokhoi-ceriumfuthii-yttrium.
Namuhla, sizoqala lolu hambo lokuhlola ndawonye ukuze sithole ukuqonda okujulile kwezakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ze-erbium nokusebenzisa kwayo kubuchwepheshe besimanje.
Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza ze-erbium element
1. Ubuchwepheshe be-laser:Isici se-Erbium sisetshenziswa kakhulu kubuchwepheshe be-laser, ikakhulukazi kuma-laser wesifunda esiqinile. Ama-ion e-erbium angakhiqiza ama-laser anobude obungamaza obungamamitha angu-1.5 ezintweni ze-laser yesifunda esiqinile, okubaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni efana nokuxhumana kwe-fiber-optic kanye nokuhlinzwa nge-laser yezokwelapha.
2. Ukuxhumana kwe-Fiber-optic:Njengoba isici se-erbium singakhiqiza ubude begagasi obudingekayo ukuze kusebenze ukuxhumana kwe-fiber-optic, sisetshenziswa kuma-amplifiers e-fiber. Lokhu kusiza ukuthuthukisa ibanga lokudlulisela nokusebenza kahle kwamasignali okubona kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwamanethiwekhi okuxhumana.
3. Ukuhlinzwa nge-laser yezokwelapha:Ama-lasers e-Erbium asetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ukusika izicubu kanye nokuhlangana. Ukukhethwa kobude bayo be-wavelength kuvumela ama-laser e-erbium ukuthi amunceke ngempumelelo futhi asetshenziselwe ukuhlinzwa kwe-laser okunembayo okuphezulu, okufana nokuhlinzwa kwamehlo.
4. Izinto zikamagnetic kanye ne-imaging resonance magnetic (MRI):Ukwengezwa kwe-erbium kwezinye izinto kazibuthe kungashintsha izakhiwo zazo kazibuthe, kuzenze zibe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ku-imaging resonance magnetic (MRI). Izinto zikazibuthe ezingezwe nge-Erbium zingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukugqama kwezithombe ze-MRI.
5. Ama-amplifiers abonakalayo:I-Erbium nayo isetshenziswa kuma-amplifiers optical. Ngokungeza i-erbium ku-amplifier, ukuzuza kungafinyelelwa ohlelweni lokuxhumana, okwandisa amandla kanye nebanga lokudlulisela lesiginali ye-optical.
6. Imboni yamandla enuzi:I-Erbium-167 isotope inesigaba esiphezulu se-neutron, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa njengomthombo we-neutron embonini yamandla enyukliya ukuze kutholwe i-neutron nokulawula ama-reactors enuzi.
7. Ucwaningo namalabhorethri:I-Erbium isetshenziswa njengomtshina oyingqayizivele nomaka elabhorethri yocwaningo kanye nezicelo zaselabhorethri. Izakhiwo zayo ezikhethekile ze-spectral kanye nezakhiwo kazibuthe ziyenza idlale indima ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi.
I-Erbium idlala indima ebalulekile kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe nemithi yesimanje, futhi izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele zinikeza ukwesekwa okubalulekile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene.
Izakhiwo Zomzimba ze-Erbium
Ukubukeka: I-Erbium iyinsimbi emhlophe esiliva, eqinile.
Ukuminyana: I-Erbium inokuminyana okungaba ngu-9.066 g/cm3. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-erbium iyinsimbi eminyene.
I-Melting Point: I-Erbium inephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-1,529 degrees Celsius (2,784 degrees Fahrenheit). Lokhu kusho ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-erbium ingashintsha isuke esimweni esiqinile iye esimweni esiwuketshezi.
Indawo yokubilisa: I-Erbium inephuzu lokubila elingu-2,870 degrees Celsius (5,198 degrees Fahrenheit). Leli yiphuzu lapho i-erbium ishintsha khona isuka esimweni esiwuketshezi iye endaweni enegesi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
I-Conductivity: I-Erbium ingenye yezinsimbi ezihamba phambili futhi inokuhamba kahle kukagesi.
I-Magnetism: Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, i-erbium iyimpahla ye-ferromagnetic. Ibonisa i-ferromagnetism ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elithile, kodwa ilahlekelwa yile ndawo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Isikhathi sikazibuthe: I-Erbium inesikhathi sikazibuthe esikhulu kakhulu, esiyenza ibaluleke ezintweni zikazibuthe nasekusetshenzisweni kazibuthe.
Isakhiwo sekristalu: Kumazinga okushisa asekamelweni, isakhiwo sekristalu se-erbium sipakisha esiseduzane se-hexagonal. Lesi sakhiwo sithinta izakhiwo zayo esimweni esiqinile.
I-Thermal conductivity: I-Erbium ine-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal, ebonisa ukuthi yenza kahle ekuqhubeni kwe-thermal.
I-Radioactivity: I-Erbium ngokwayo ayiyona into ekhipha imisebe, futhi ama-isotopes ayo azinzile maningi uma kuqhathaniswa.
Izakhiwo ze-Spectral: I-Erbium ikhombisa imigqa ethile yokumunca kanye nokuphumayo ezindaweni ezibonakalayo neziseduze ne-infrared spectral, okuyenza isebenziseke kubuchwepheshe be-laser nasekusetshenzisweni kokubona.
Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ze-erbium element ziyenza isetshenziswe kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-laser, ezokuxhumana nge-optical, imithi kanye nezinye izinkambu zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
Izici zamakhemikhali ze-erbium
Uphawu lwamakhemikhali: Uphawu lwamakhemikhali lwe-erbium ngu-Er.
Isimo se-oxidation: I-Erbium ivamise ukubakhona ku-+3 oxidation state, okuyisimo sayo esivame kakhulu se-oxidation. Ezakhiweni, i-erbium ingakha u-Er^3+ ions.
Ukusebenza kabusha: I-Erbium izinzile ngokuqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa legumbi, kodwa izokwenziwa i-oxidized kancane emoyeni. Isabela kancane emanzini nama-asidi, ngakho-ke ingahlala izinzile kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukunyibilika: I-Erbium incibilika kuma-asidi avamile angaphili ukuze kukhiqizwe usawoti we-erbium ohambisanayo.
Ukusabela komoyampilo: I-Erbium ihlangana nomoya-mpilo ukuze yakhe ama-oxide, ikakhulukaziEr2O3 (i-erbium dioxide). Lesi siqinile esibomvu-rose esivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-ceramic glaze nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukusabela ngama-halogen: I-Erbium ingasabela nama-halogen ukuze yakhe i-halide ehambisanayo, njengei-erbium fluoride (ErF3), i-erbium chloride (ErCl3), njll.
Ukusabela ngesulfure: I-Erbium ingasabela ngesulfure ukwenza ama-sulfide, njengeI-erbium sulfide (Er2S3).
Ukusabela nge-nitrogen: I-Erbium ihlangana ne-nitrogen ukuze yakheI-erbium nitride (ErN).
Izinkimbinkimbi: I-Erbium yakha izinhlobonhlobo zezinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi kumakhemikhali e-organometallic. Lezi zakhiwo zinenani lohlelo lokusebenza ku-catalysis nakweminye imikhakha.
Ama-isotopes azinzile: I-Erbium inama-isotopi azinzile amaningi, amaningi awo i-Er-166. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-erbium inama-isotopes athile anemisebe, kodwa ubuningi bayo obuhlobene buphansi.
Izici zamakhemikhali ze-element erbium ziyenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, okubonisa ukuguquguquka kwayo emikhakheni ehlukene.
Izici zezinto eziphilayo ze-erbium
I-Erbium inezinto ezimbalwa zebhayoloji uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi ingase ibambe iqhaza kwezinye izinqubo zebhayoloji ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Ukutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo: I-Erbium iyisici esilandela umkhondo sezinto eziningi eziphilayo, kodwa i-bioavailability yayo ezintweni eziphilayo iphansi kakhulu.I-Lanthanumama-ion anzima ukumuncwa futhi asetshenziswe izinto eziphilayo, ngakho awavamile ukudlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ubuthi: I-Erbium ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengenobuthi obuphansi, ikakhulukazi uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Izinhlanganisela ze-Erbium zibhekwa njengezingenabungozi ekugxilweni okuthile. Kodwa-ke, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-lanthanum ion kungase kube nemiphumela eyingozi ezintweni eziphilayo, njengokulimala kwamangqamuzana nokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yomzimba.
Ukubamba iqhaza kwezinto eziphilayo: Nakuba i-erbium inemisebenzi embalwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto eziphilayo, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi ingase ibambe iqhaza ezinqubweni ezithile zebhayoloji. Ngokwesibonelo, okunye ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi i-erbium ingase ibe nendima ethile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula nokuqhakaza kwezitshalo.
Izicelo zezokwelapha: I-Erbium nezinhlanganisela zayo nazo zinezicelo ezithile emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Isibonelo, i-erbium ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni ama-radionuclides athile, njenge-ejenti ehlukile yepheshana lesisu, nanjengesengezo esisizayo semithi ethile. Emfanekisweni wezokwelapha, ama-erbium compounds ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa njengama-ejenti ahlukile.
Okuqukethwe emzimbeni: I-Erbium ikhona ngamanani amancane ngokwemvelo, ngakho okuqukethwe kwayo ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo nakho kuphansi. Kwezinye izifundo, kutholwe ukuthi amanye ama-microorganisms nezitshalo angakwazi ukumunca futhi aqongelele i-erbium.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-erbium ayiyona into ebalulekile emzimbeni womuntu, ngakho ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo yezinto eziphilayo kusekulinganiselwe. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-erbium zisagxile emikhakheni yezobuchwepheshe njengesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, i-optics, kanye nezokwelapha, kunokuba emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
Ukumbiwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-erbium
I-Erbium iyingxenye yomhlaba eyivelakancane eyivelakancane ngokwemvelo.
1. Ukuba khona oqweqweni lomhlaba: I-Erbium ikhona oqweqweni lomhlaba, kodwa okuqukethwe kwayo kuphansi. Okuqukethwe kwayo okumaphakathi kucishe kube ngu-0.3 mg/kg. I-Erbium itholakala ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-ores, kanye nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.
2. Ukusabalalisa kuma-ore: I-Erbium itholakala ikakhulukazi ngesimo sama-ores. Insimbi evamile ihlanganisa i-yttrium erbium ore, itshe le-erbium aluminium, itshe le-erbium potassium, njll. Lawa ma-ore ngokuvamile aqukethe ezinye izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngesikhathi esisodwa. I-Erbium ivamise ukubakhona ngefomu le-trivalent.
3. Amazwe amakhulu okukhiqiza: Amazwe amakhulu okukhiqizwa kwe-erbium ahlanganisa i-China, i-United States, i-Australia, i-Brazil, njll. Lawa mazwe adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile.
4. Indlela yokukhipha: I-Erbium ivame ukukhishwa ezitsheni ngenqubo yokukhipha izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Lokhu kuhilela uchungechunge lwamakhemikhali kanye nezinyathelo zokuncibilikisa ukuze kuhlukaniswe futhi kuhlanzwe i-erbium.
5. Ubudlelwano nezinye izakhi: I-Erbium inezici ezifanayo nezinye izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ngakho-ke enqubweni yokukhipha nokuhlukanisa, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukucabangela ukuhlalisana kanye nomthelela ohlangene nezinye izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile.
6. Izindawo zokufaka isicelo: I-Erbium isetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi kwezokuxhumana nge-optical, ubuchwepheshe be-laser kanye ne-imaging yezokwelapha. Ngenxa yezindawo zayo zokulwa ne-reflection engilazini, i-erbium nayo iyasetshenziswa ekulungiseni ingilazi ye-optical.
Nakuba i-erbium iyivelakancane oqweqweni lomhlaba, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, isidingo sayo siye sakhula kancane kancane, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenza ngcono kobuchwepheshe obuhlobene bezimayini nokucwengisiswa.
Izindlela Zokubona Ezivamile ze-Erbium
Izindlela zokuthola i-erbium ngokuvamile zibandakanya amasu okuhlaziya amakhemikhali. Okulandelayo yisingeniso esiningiliziwe sezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuthola i-erbium:
1. I-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS): I-AAS iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa yokuhlaziya ubuningi efanele ukunquma okuqukethwe kwezinto zensimbi kusampula. Ku-AAS, isampula yenziwa i-athomu futhi idlule ensikeni yokukhanya yobude obuthile begagasi, futhi ukushuba kokukhanya okumuncwe kusampula kuyatholwa ukuze kunqunywe ukugxiliswa kwesici.
2. I-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): I-ICP-OES iyindlela yokuhlaziya ebucayi kakhulu elungele ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziningi. Ku-ICP-OES, isampula idlula ku-plasma ehlanganiswe ngokungenisa ukuze kukhiqizwe i-plasma enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu elijabulisa ama-athomu kusampula ukuze akhiphe i-spectrum. Ngokuthola ubude begagasi namandla okukhanya okukhishiwe, ukugxila kwe-elementi ngayinye kusampula kunganqunywa.
3. I-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): I-ICP-MS ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-plasma ehlanganiswe nge-inductively nokuxazulula okuphezulu kwe-mass spectrometry futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya okuyisisekelo ekugxilweni okuphansi kakhulu. Ku-ICP-MS, isampula liyakhishwa bese lenziwe i-ionized, bese litholwa nge-mass spectrometer ukuze kutholwe i-mass spectrum ye-elementi ngayinye, ngaleyo ndlela kutholwe ukugxila kwayo.
4. I-Fluorescence spectroscopy: I-spectroscopy ye-Fluorescence inquma ukugxilisa ingqondo ngokuthokozisa ingxenye ye-erbium kusampula kanye nokulinganisa isignali ye-fluorescence ekhishiwe. Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu ekulandeleleni izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile.
5. I-Chromatography: I-Chromatography ingasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa nokubona izinhlanganisela ze-erbium. Isibonelo, i-ion exchange chromatography kanye ne-reverseed phase liquid chromatography kokubili kungasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kwe-erbium.
Lezi zindlela ngokuvamile zidinga ukwenziwa endaweni yaselabhorethri futhi zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezithuthukisiwe nemishini. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuthola efanele ngokuvamile kuncike kuhlobo lwesampula, ukuzwela okudingekayo, ukulungiswa, kanye nokuba khona kwempahla yaselabhorethri.
Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwendlela yokumuncwa kwe-athomu yokulinganisa isici se-erbium
Esilinganisweni se-elementi, indlela yokumunca i-athomu inokunemba okuphezulu nokuzwela, futhi inikeza izindlela ezisebenzayo zokutadisha izici zamakhemikhali, ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe nokuqukethwe kwezinto.
Okulandelayo, sisebenzisa indlela yokumunca i-athomu ukukala okuqukethwe kwe-elementi ye-erbium. Izinyathelo eziqondile zimi kanje:
Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukulungisa isampula equkethe isici se-erbium. Isampula ingaba okuqinile, uketshezi noma igesi. Kumasampuli aqinile, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuwancibilikisa noma ukuncibilikisa kunqubo elandelayo ye-atomization.
Khetha i-spectrometer efanelekile yokumuncwa kwe-athomu. Ngokuya ngezici zesampula okufanele zikalwe kanye nobubanzi bokuqukethwe kwe-erbium okufanele kukalwe, khetha i-spectrometer yokumunca i-athomu efanelekile.
Lungisa amapharamitha we-spectrometer yokumuncwa kwe-athomu. Ngokuya nge-elementi okufanele ikalwe kanye nemodeli yensimbi, lungisa amapharamitha we-spectrometer yokumuncwa kwe-athomu, okuhlanganisa umthombo wokukhanya, i-atomizer, umtshina, njll.
Linganisa ukumuncwa kwesici se-erbium. Beka isampula ukuze ihlolwe ku-atomizer, futhi ukhiphe imisebe yokukhanya yobude obuthile obuthile ngomthombo wokukhanya. Isici se-erbium esizohlolwa sizomunca le misebe yokukhanya futhi sikhiqize ukuguquka kwezinga lamandla. Ukumunca kwesici se-erbium kukalwa ngomtshina.
Bala okuqukethwe kwe-elementi ye-erbium. Bala okuqukethwe kwe-elementi ye-erbium ngokusekelwe ekumunceni nasekujikeni okujwayelekile.
Esigabeni sesayensi, i-erbium, enezici zayo ezingaqondakali neziyingqayizivele, yengeze ukuthinta okumangalisayo ekuhloleni nasekusungulweni kwabantu kwezobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekujuleni koqweqwe lomhlaba kuya ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu elabhorethri, uhambo lwe-erbium lubone ukuphishekela kwesintu okungapheli kwemfihlakalo yesici. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokuxhumana nge-optical, ubuchwepheshe be-laser kanye nemithi kufake amathuba amaningi ezimpilweni zethu, okusivumela ukuthi silunguze ezindaweni ezake zasitheka.
Njengoba nje i-erbium ikhanya ngocezu lwengilazi yekristalu ku-optics ukuze ikhanyise umgwaqo ongaziwa ngaphambili, ivula umnyango kwalasha wolwazi kubacwaningi ehholo lesayensi. I-Erbium ayiyona nje inkanyezi ekhanyayo etafuleni le-periodic, kodwa futhi iwumsizi onamandla ukuze isintu sikhuphukele phezulu kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Ngithemba ukuthi eminyakeni ezayo, singahlola imfihlakalo ye-erbium ngokujulile futhi simbe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimangalisayo, ukuze le "nkanyezi yesici" iqhubeke ikhanya futhi ikhanyise indlela eya phambili ekuthuthukisweni komuntu. Indaba ye-element erbium iyaqhubeka, futhi sibheke ngabomvu ukuthi yiziphi izimangaliso zesikhathi esizayo ezizosibonisa i-erbium esigabeni sesayensi.
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