Yini i-scandium nezindlela zayo zokuhlola ezivame ukusetshenziswa

21 IScandium nezindlela zayo zokuhlola ezivame ukusetshenziswa

Uyemukelwa kulomhlaba wezakhi ezigcwele imfihlakalo ne-charm. Namuhla, sizohlola into ekhethekile sindawonye -ikhentiyamu. Yize le nto ingajwayelekile empilweni yethu yansuku zonke, idlala indima ebalulekile eSayensi nasezimboni.

Ikhentiyamu, le nto enhle, inezakhiwo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu. Kuyilungu lomndeni wasemhlabeni we-ARRARE EMERICE. Njengakho okunyeizinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, Ukwakheka kwe-atomic kweScandium kugcwele imfihlakalo. Yilezi zinhlaka ezihlukile ze-athomu ezenza i-Scandium zidlala indima engenakuphikwa ku-physics, chemistry kanye nesayensi yezinto zokwakha.

Ukutholwa kweScandium kugcwele ukusonta nokujika nobunzima. Kuqale ngo-1841, lapho usomakhemikhali waseSweden uLfnilson (1840 ~ 1899) anethemba lokuhlukanisa ezinye izinto kusuka kokuhlanjululweumphethoUmhlaba ngenkathi ufunda izinsimbi ezikhanyayo. Ngemuva kwezikhathi eziyi-13 zokubola okuyingxenye kwama-nitrate, ekugcineni wathola u-3.5g ohlanzekileyterterbiumUmhlaba. Kodwa-ke, wathola ukuthi isisindo se-athomu se-ytterbium ayitholile asizange sifane nesisindo se-atomic se-ytterbium esinikezwe yiMalinac ngaphambili. I-Nelson enamehlo abukhali yabona ukuthi kungahle kube nento engasindi kuyo. Ngakho-ke waqhubeka ecubungula i-YTTERBIM ayitholile ngenqubo efanayo. Ekugcineni, lapho ingxenye eyodwa kuphela yesampula yasala, isisindo se-athomu esilinganisiwe sehle saya ku-167.46. Lo mphumela useduze nesisindo se-athomu se-yttrium, ngakho-ke uNelson waqamba igama elithi "Scandium".

Yize uNelson etholile iScandium, ayizange idonse ukunaka okukhulu emphakathini wesayensi ngenxa yokuvunyelwa kwayo nobunzima bokuhlukana. Kwakungekho kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, lapho ucwaningo ngezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zaba umkhuba, ukuthi iScandium yaphinde yatholakala futhi yafundwa.

Ngakho-ke, ake siqale lolu hambo lokuhlola iScandium, ukwembula imfihlakalo yalo futhi siqonde le nto ebonakala ivamile kodwa empeleni ebukekayo.

Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza zeScandium
Uphawu lweScandium ngu-SC, futhi inombolo yalo ye-athomu ingu-21. Into iyindlela ethambile, emhlophe ye-silvery-emhlophe. Yize iScandium akuyona into ejwayelekile ekuqothulweni komhlaba, inezinkundla eziningi ezibalulekile zohlelo lokusebenza, ikakhulukazi kulezi zinto ezilandelayo:

1. Imboni ye-Aerospace: I-Scandium aluminium iyi-alloy engasindi, enamandla asetshenziswayo esetshenziswa kwizakhiwo zezindiza, izingxenye zenjini, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemisindo embonini ye-aerospace. Ukungezwa kweScandium kungathuthukisa amandla kanye nokuphikiswa kokugqwala kwe-alloy ngenkathi kunciphisa ubuningi be-alloy, okwenza imishini ye-aerospace ilula futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.
2. Amabhayisekili nemishini yezemidlalo:I-Scandium aluminiumIsetshenziselwa futhi ukwenza amabhayisekili, amakilabhu wegalofu, neminye imishini yezemidlalo. Ngenxa yamandla ayo amahle nokukhanya,I-Scandium AlloyIngathuthukisa ukusebenza kwemishini yezemidlalo, yehlisa isisindo, futhi yandise ukuqina kwezinto.
3. Imboni yokukhanyisa:Scandium iodideisetshenziswa njenge-filler kumalambu aphezulu we-xenon. Ama-bulbs anjalo asetshenziswa ezithombeni, ukwenziwa kwefilimu, ukukhanyisa kwesiteji, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha ngoba izici zazo ezibukhali zisondele kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwemvelo.
4. Amaseli kaphethiloli:I-Scandium aluminiumFuthi ithola uhlelo lokusebenza kumaseli we-solid oxide oxide ama-cell (sofcs). Kula mabhethri,I-Scandium-alumininum alloyisetshenziswa njengezinto ze-anode, ezinokuqhutshwa okuphezulu nokuqina, ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokwenza ukusebenza kwamaseli kaphethiloli.
5. Ucwaningo lwesayensi: I-Scandium isetshenziswa njengezinto zomtshina ocwaningweni lwesayensi. Ekuhlolweni kwe-physics yenuzi kanye nezinhlayiya zamasheshisa izinhlayiya, amakristali e-scandium scintillation asetshenziselwa ukuthola imisebe nezinhlayiya.
I-6. Ezinye izinhlelo: I-Scandium nayo isetshenziswa njenge-superconductor ephezulu kakhulu futhi kwamanye ama-alloys akhethekile ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo ze-alloy. Ngenxa yokusebenza okuphezulu kweScandium kwinqubo yokungenisa i-Anodizing, kusetshenziswa futhi ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ze-electrode zamabhethri e-lithium namanye amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi naphezu kwezicelo eziningi, ukukhiqizwa kweScandium nokusetshenziswa kunqunyelwe futhi kubiza kakhulu ngenxa yokushoda kwayo okuhlobene, ngakho-ke izindleko zayo zidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela lapho zisebenzisa.

Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zento yeScandium

1. Isakhiwo se-athomu: I-nucleus yeScandium iqukethe ama-21 ama-protons futhi imvamisa iqukethe ama-neutrons angama-20. Ngakho-ke, isisindo sayo se-athomu esijwayelekile (isisindo se-athomu esihlobene) singaba ngu-44.955908. Ngokwesakhiwo se-athomu, ukucushwa kwe-elektroni kweScandium yi-1S² 2S² 2p 3s² 3p⁶ 3pp 3S².
2. Isimo somzimba: IScandium iqinile emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni futhi inokubukeka okumhlophe okumhlophe. Isimo saso somzimba singashintsha ngokuya ngoshintsho ekushiseni nasekucindezelweni.
3. Ubuningi: Ubukhulu beScandium bungama-2.989 g / cm3. Lokhu kuncipha okuphansi kwenza kube yinsimbi engasindi.
4. Iphoyinti lokuncibilika: Iphuzu lokuncibilika leScandium lingaba ngu-1541 degrees Celsius (2806 degrees Fahsius), okubonisa ukuthi linephuzu eliphakeme eliphakeme kakhulu. I-5. Iphuzu elibilayo: IScandium inendawo ebilayo ecishe ibe ngama-2836 degrees Celsius (5137 degrees Fahrenheit), okusho ukuthi kudinga ukuthi amazinga okushisa aphezulu avele avele.
6 Yize kungezinhle njengezinto ezijwayelekile eziphilayo ezifana ne-Copper noma i-aluminium, kusawusizo kwezinye izinhlelo ezikhethekile, njengamaseli we-electroslytic kanye nezicelo ze-aerospace.
7 Lokhu kuyasiza kwezinye izinhlelo zokushisa okuphezulu.
8. Isakhiwo seCrystal: I-Scandium inesakhiwo se-hexagonal esiseduze, okusho ukuthi ama-athomu awo agcwele ama-hexagons asondelene nekristalu.
9 Ukuziphatha kwayo kazibuthe kuhlobene nesakhiwo sayo se-elekthronikhi.
I-10. Umsakazo: Zonke i-isotopes ezinzile zeScandium aziyona i-radioactive, ngakho-ke iyinto engeyona eyakhayo.

I-Scandium ingukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuthe xaxa kwensimbi ye-metal enezicelo eziningana ezikhethekile, ikakhulukazi embonini ye-aerospace kanye nesayensi yezinto zokwakha. Yize kungatholakali ngokujwayelekile emvelweni, izakhiwo zalo ezibonakalayo zenza kube wusizo ngokuhlukile ezindaweni eziningana.

Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zeScandium

I-Scandium yinto yensimbi yensimbi.
1. Isakhiwo se-atomic: Isakhiwo se-athomu seScandium siqukethe ama-21 ama-protons futhi ngokuvamile cishe ama-neutrons angama-20. Ukucushwa kwama-elekthron kungu-1S² 2S² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3p 3d¹ 4S², okukhombisa ukuthi ine-d orbital eyodwa engafakwanga.
2
I-3. I-elekhtronegativity: I-Scandium ine-elektronegativative ephansi ephansi ye-1,36 (ngokusho kwe-electronegativity kaPaul). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuvame ukulahlekelwa ngama-elektroni ukwakha ama-ion amahle.
4 Lesi yisimo saso esivame kakhulu soxidation. Yize i-SC²⁺ ne-SC⁴⁺ kungenzeka futhi, azizinzile futhi zivame kakhulu.
I-5. Amakhompiyutha: I-Scandium ikakhulukazi amafomu amakhompiyutha anezinto ezifana ne-oksijini, isibabule, i-nitrogen, ne-hydrogen. Ezinye izakhi ezivamile zeScandium zifaka phakathiScandium oxide (I-SC2O3) nama-scandium ama-halides (afanaI-Scandium Chloride, i-SCCL3).
I-6. Ukusebenza kabusha: IScandium iyinsimbi esebenzayo, kepha i-oxidizes esheshayo emoyeni, yakha ifilimu ye-oxide yeScandium oxide, evimbela ezinye izindlela zokuphendula ze-oxidation. Lokhu futhi kwenza iScandium iqinile futhi inokumelana nokugqwala.
7 Kuyinto engabonakali emanzini ngoba ifilimu yaso oxide ivimbela eminye imiphazamo ngama-molecule wamanzi.

8uhlobo linthanum, igadiki, needymium, njll.), ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi kuhlukaniswa njengento efana ne-lanthanide-efana. Lokhu kufana ikakhulukazi kuboniswa ku-Ionic Radius, izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe kanye nokusebenza kabusha.
9. Isotopes: I-Scandium inama-isotopes amaningi, amanye kuphela aqinile. I-isotope ezinzile kunazo zonke i-SC-45, ene-Half-life ende futhi ayinamsakazo.

I-Scandium iyinto engavamile, kepha ngenxa yezinye izakhiwo zayo ezihlukile namakhemikhali, idlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni eziningana zohlelo lokusebenza, ikakhulukazi embonini ye-aerospace, isayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nezinye izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme.

Izakhiwo zebhayoloji zeScandium

I-Scandium akuyona into ejwayelekile emvelweni. Ngakho-ke, ayinazo izakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo. Izakhiwo zebhayoloji zivame ukubandakanya umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo, ukumuncwa kwemvelo, imetabolism kanye nemiphumela yezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo. Njengoba iScandium akuyona into ebalulekile empilweni, azikho izidalwa ezaziwayo ezinesidingo semvelo noma sisebenzise iScandium.
Umphumela weScandium ezintweni eziphilayo uhlobene kakhulu nomsakazo wawo. Amanye ama-isotopes weScandium anomsakazo, ngakho-ke uma umzimba womuntu noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo zivezwa ku-radioactive Scandium, kungadala ukuvezwa kwemisebe eyingozi. Lesi simo sivame ukwenzeka ezimweni ezithile ezifana nocwaningo lwesayensi yenuzi, i-radiotherapy noma izingozi zenuzi.
I-Scandium ayisebenzisane ngokunenzuzo ngezinto eziphilayo futhi kunengozi yemisebe. Ngakho-ke, akuyona into ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo.

I-Scandium yinto engavamile yamakhemikhali, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwayo emvelweni kulinganiselwe. Nasi isingeniso esinemininingwane sokusatshalaliswa kweScandium ngemvelo:

1. Okuqukethwe ngemvelo: Scandium ikhona ngamanani amancane ambalwa ku-crust womhlaba. Okuqukethwe okuphakathi ku-crust yomhlaba cishe ngo-0,0026 mg / kg (noma izingxenye eziyi-2,6 ngesigidi). Lokhu kwenza iScandium eyodwa yezakhi ezivuthayo ekuqothulweni komhlaba.

2 Amanye amaminerali aqukethe iScandium afaka iScandiaite naseDolomite.

I-3. Ukukhishwa kweScandium: Ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwayo okulinganiselwe emvelweni, kunzima kakhulu ukukhipha iScandium emsulwa. Imvamisa, iScandium itholakala njengokuvela kwenqubo yokunsunduza ye-aluminium, njengoba kwenzeka nge-aluminium eBauxite.

I-4. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezendawo: IScandium isatshalaliswa emhlabeni jikelele, kepha hhayi ngokulinganayo. Amanye amazwe afana neChina, eRussia, eNorway, iSweden neBrazil banemali ecebile yeScandium, kanti ezinye izifunda zivame ukuba nazo.

Yize iScandium inokusatshalaliswa okulinganiselwe emvelweni, idlala indima ebalulekile kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme nezimboni, kanjalo

Ukukhishwa nokubhema kwento yeScandium

I-Scandium yinto eyindilinga yensimbi, futhi izinqubo zayo zokumbiwa kwezimayini kanye nokukhishwa ziyinkimbinkimbi impela. Lokhu okulandelayo ukwethulwa okuningiliziwe kwinqubo yokumayini kanye nokukhishwa kwento yeScandium:

1. Ukukhishwa kweScandium: I-Scandium ayikho efomini layo elingaphansi emvelweni, kepha imvamisa ikhona ngamanani e-Ores. I-Scandium Ores eyinhloko ifaka phakathi i-vanadium scandium ore, zircon ore, kanye ne-ytttrium ore. Okuqukethwe kweScandium kulawa ma-ores aphansi.

Inqubo yokukhipha iScandium ngokuvamile ifaka izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

a. IMINININGWANE: I-Asher Corses equkethe iScandium.

b. Ukuqhuma nokucutshungulwa kwe-Ore: Ukuchotshozwa nokucubungula ama-ores ukuhlukanisa ama-ores awusizo emadwaleni angcolile.

c. I-Flotation: Ngenqubo ye-flotation, ama-ores aqukethe i-scandium ahlukaniswe okunye ukungcola.

d. Ukuchithwa Nokunciphisa: I-ScandIum Hydroxide ivame ukuchinjiswa bese incishiswa ku-Scandium ye-Metallic nge-ejenti encishisiwe (imvamisa i-aluminium).

e. Ukukhishwa kwe-electrolytic: I-Scandium encishisiwe ikhishwe ngenqubo ye-electrolytic ukuthola ubumsulwa obukhuluinsimbi yescanium.

3. Ukucwengiswa kweScandium: Ngokuchithwa okuningi kanye nezinqubo ze-crystallization, ubumsulwa beScandium bungathuthukiswa. Indlela ejwayelekile ukuhlukanisa kanye namakhompiyutha e-scandium e-chlorination noma izinqubo ze-carbonation ukutholaI-Scandium ebumsulwa.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yokushoda kweScandium, izinqubo zokukhishwa kanye nezinqubo zokucwengezela zidinga ubunjiniyela obucacile bamakhemikhali, futhi ngokuvamile bakhiqize imali ebalulekile yemikhiqizo nemikhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, ukumbiwa kwezimayini kanye nokukhishwa kwento yeScandium kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebizayo, okuvame ukuhlanganiswa nenqubo yokumbiwa kwezimayini nezokwakhiswa kwezinye izinto ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwezomnotho.

Izindlela zokutholwa zeScandium
1. I-atomic anlorption spectrometry (AAS): I-atomic anlorption spectrometry iyindlela ejwayelekile yokuhlaziya yokuhlaziya esebenzisa i-ablectrate spectra ngama-wavelength athile wokuthola isampula. Izwakalisa isampula ukuthi ihlolwe ngelangabi, bese ikala ubukhulu bokuvalwa kweScandium kusampula nge-spectrometer. Le ndlela ilungele ukutholwa kokugxila kweScandium.
2 Izwakalisa isampula futhi ihlele i-plasma, futhi inquma i-wavelength ethile kanye namandla omkhandlu weScandium e-spectrometer.
3 Izwakalisa isampula futhi ihlele i-plasma, futhi inquma isilinganiso se-mass-to-Chirt of Scandium ku-mass spectrometer. I-4. I-X-RAY FURORECEnce Spectrometry (i-XRF): I-X-RAY FURORESCENEnce Spectrometry isebenzisa i-fluorescence spectrum eyenziwe ngemuva kokuthi isampula lijabule ngemisebe ye-X-ray ukuhlaziya okuqukethwe kwezinto. Ingashesha futhi ingabhubhisi ukuthi okuqukethwe yiScandium kusampula.
I-5. I-Direct Readrometry: Yaziwa nangokuthi isithombe se-PhotoElectric Direct Ready Spectrometry, kuyindlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya okuqukethwe kwezakhi zesampula.Direct Reading Spectrometry kususelwa kwisimiso se-Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Isebenzisa ama-spark kagesi angaphansi komhlaba noma ama-arcs okuthi aqonde ngqo izinto kwisampula esimweni esiqinile futhi akhiphe imigqa yokubuka okubonakalayo esimweni esijabulisayo. Into ngayinye inomugqa ohlukile wokuphuma, futhi ubukhulu bayo bulingana nokuqukethwe kwento kwisampula. Ngokukala ukuqina kwale migqa yendlela ebonakalayo, okuqukethwe kwento ngayinye kusampula kunganqunywa. Le ndlela isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwezinsimbi nama-alloys, ikakhulukazi ku-metallurgy, ukucubungula insimbi, isayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nezinye izinkambu.

Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi elebhu kanye nemboni ngokuhlaziywa kwenani nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yeScandium. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanele kuncike ezintweni ezifana nohlobo lwesampula, umkhawulo wokutholwa okudingekayo nokunemba kokutholwa.

Isicelo esithile se-Scandium Atomic Abomorption indlela

Ekulinganisweni kwe-Element, i-athomu yokumunyisa i-atomic inzuzo inokunemba okuphezulu nokuzwela, ukuhlinzeka ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokutadisha izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, ukwakheka okukhona, nokuqukethwe kwezinto.

Okulandelayo, sizosebenzisa i-atomic amunction spectroscopy ukukala okuqukethwe kwento yensimbi.

Izinyathelo ezithile zinjengokulandelayo:

Lungiselela isampula ukuze ihlolwe. Ukulungiselela isixazululo sesampula ukuthi lilinganiswe, ngokuvamile kudingekile ukusebenzisa i-acid ehlanganisiwe yokugaya ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukalwa okulandelayo.

Khetha i-atomic athomu yokumunca i-athomu. Khetha i-atomic athomu emunxuse i-atomic amuncy insuselwa kwizampula zesampula ukuze ihlolwe kanye nobubanzi bokuqukethwe kweScandium okufanele kulinganiswe. Lungisa amapharamitha we-athomu amunculic Spectrometer. Lungisa amapharamitha we-atomic amuncy spectrometer, kufaka phakathi umthombo wokukhanya, i-atomizer, umtshina, njll.

Ukukala umuzwa wento yeScandium. Beka isampula ukuze ihlolwe kwi-atomizer futhi ukhiphe imisebe ekhanyayo ye-wavelength ethile ngomthombo wokukhanya. Into yeScandium okufanele ihlolwe izodonsa le misebe yokukhanya futhi iguqulwe amandla we-Energy. Ukukala umuzwa wento yeScandium ngomtshina.

Bala okuqukethwe kwento yeScandium. Bala okuqukethwe kwe-Scandium Elementsuty ngokususelwa ekubangeni nasekujikeni okujwayelekile.

Emsebenzini wangempela, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhethe izindlela ezifanele zokulinganisa ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zesayithi. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlaziyweni nasekutholeni insimbi ezindaweni zokucwaninga kanye nezimboni.
Ekupheleni kwesingeniso sethu esibanzi seScandium, siyethemba ukuthi abafundi bangaba nokuqonda okujulile nolwazi lwalesi sakhi esihle. I-Scandium, njengento ebalulekile etafuleni lezikhathi ezithile, ayigcini nje ngokudlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wesayensi, kepha futhi inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo empilweni yansuku zonke nakwezinye izinkambu.
Ngokutadisha izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa, inqubo yokutholwa kanye nokusebenzisa i-Scandium kusayensi yanamuhla kanye nobuchwepheshe, singabona ubuhle obuhlukile namandla ale nto. Ukusuka ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ze-aerospace kubuchwepheshe bebhethri, kusuka kuma-petrochemicals kuya kwemishini yezokwelapha, iScandium idlala indima ebalulekile.
Kuyiqiniso, kudingeka sikubone ukuthi ngenkathi iScandium iletha lula izimpilo zethu, futhi inezingozi ezithile ezingase zibe khona. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi kudingeka sijabulele izinzuzo zeScandium, kufanele futhi sinake ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kanye nesicelo esimisiwe ukugwema izinkinga okungenzeka.Scandium kuyinto efanele ukutadisha nokuqonda kwethu okujulile. Ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, silindele ukuthi iScandium idlale izinzuzo zayo ezihlukile emasimini amaningi futhi zilethe lula kakhudlwana nezimanga ezimpilweni zethu.