Uthi bewazi? Inqubo yokutholwa kwabantui-yttriumbekugcwele ukusonta nezinselele. Ngo-1787, u-Karl Axel Arrhenius waseSweden wathola ngephutha insimbi emnyama ecinene futhi esindayo enkwalini eduze kwedolobha lakubo e-Ytterby village wayiqamba ngokuthi "Ytterbite". Ngemva kwalokho, ososayensi abaningi kuhlanganise noJohan Gadolin, Anders Gustav Ekberg, Friedrich Wöhler nabanye benza ucwaningo olunzulu ngale nsimbi.
Ngo-1794, usokhemisi wase-Finland u-Johan Gadolin waphumelela ukuhlukanisa i-oxide entsha ne-ytterbium ore wayiqamba ngokuthi i-yttrium. Kwakungokokuqala ngqa lapho abantu bethola ngokucacile isakhi somhlaba esiyivelakancane. Nokho, lokhu okutholakele akuzange kudonse ukunaka kwabantu abaningi ngokushesha.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi baye bathola ezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Ngo-1803, i-German Klaproth kanye ne-Sweden Hitzinger kanye noBerzelius bathola i-cerium. Ngo-1839, uMosander waseSweden watholai-lanthanum. Ngo-1843, wathola i-erbium kanyei-terbium. Lokhu okutholakele kunikeze isisekelo esibalulekile socwaningo lwesayensi olwalandela.
Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 lapho ososayensi behlukanisa ngempumelelo isici esithi "yttrium" nensimbi ye-yttrium. Ngo-1885, uWilsbach wase-Austrian wathola i-neodymium ne-praseodymium. Ngo-1886, uBois-Baudran watholai-dysprosium. Lezi zinto ezitholwe zabuye zacebisa umndeni omkhulu wezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.
Iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ngemva kokutholakala kwe-yttrium, ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwezimo zobuchwepheshe, ososayensi abakwazanga ukuhlanza lesi sici, okuye kwabangela izingxabano ezithile zezemfundo namaphutha. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuvimbe ososayensi entshisekweni yabo yokufunda i-yttrium.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ososayensi ekugcineni baqala ukukwazi ukuhlanza izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Ngo-1901, umFulentshi u-Eugene de Marseille watholaeuropium. Ngo-1907-1908, uWilsbach wase-Austrian kanye nomFulentshi u-Urbain bathola i-lutetium ngokuzimela. Lokhu okutholakele kunikeze isisekelo esibalulekile socwaningo lwesayensi olwalandela.
Kusayensi yesimanje nobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-yttrium kuya ngokuya kuba banzi. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukuqonda kwethu nokusebenzisa i-yttrium kuzojula kakhulu.
Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza ze-yttrium element
1.Ingilazi ye-Optical kanye ne-ceramics:I-Yttrium isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ingilazi ye-optical kanye ne-ceramics, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni izitsha zobumba ezibonisa izinto kanye nengilazi ebonakalayo. Izinhlanganisela zayo zinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-optical futhi zingasetshenziswa ukwenza izingxenye zamalaser, ukuxhumana kwe-fiber-optic nezinye izinto zokusebenza.
2. Phosphors:Ama-Yttrium compounds adlala indima ebalulekile ku-phosphors futhi angakhipha i-fluorescence ekhanyayo, ngakho-ke avame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izikrini ze-TV, iziqapha kanye nemishini yokukhanyisa.I-Yttrium oxidenezinye izinhlanganisela zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokukhanya ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugqama nokucaca kokukhanya.
3. Izithasiselo ze-alloy: Ekukhiqizeni ama-alloys ensimbi, i-yttrium ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo sokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinsimbi.Ama-alloys e-Yttriumzivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza insimbi enamandla kakhulu futhiama-alloys e-aluminium, okuzenza zikwazi ukumelana nokushisa futhi zimelane nokugqwala.
4. Ama-Catalysts: Izinhlanganisela ze-Yttrium zidlala indima ebalulekile kwamanye ama-catalysts futhi zingasheshisa izinga lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amadivaysi okuhlanza umoya wezimoto kanye nama-catalyst ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza zezimboni, okusiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bezithombe zezokwelapha: Ama-isotopes e-Yttrium asetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula bezokwelapha ukuze kulungiswe ama-isotopi anemisebe, njengokulebula ama-radiopharmaceuticals kanye nokuhlonza imaging yezokwelapha zenuzi.
6. Ubuchwepheshe be-laser:Ama-laser e-Yttrium ion ayilaser evamile yombuso oqinile esetshenziswa ocwaningweni oluhlukahlukene lwesayensi, umuthi we-laser kanye nezicelo zezimboni. Ukwenziwa kwalawa ma-lasers kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ezithile ze-yttrium njengezicupha.Izakhi ze-Yttriumfuthi izinhlanganisela zabo zidlala indima ebalulekile kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe nezimboni zesimanje, ezihilela imikhakha eminingi efana ne-optics, isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, nezokwelapha, futhi ziye zaba negalelo elihle ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni komphakathi wesintu.
Izici ezingokomzimba ze-yttrium
Inombolo ye-athomu yei-yttriumingu-39 futhi uphawu lwayo lwamakhemikhali ngu-Y.
1. Ukubukeka:I-Yttrium iyinsimbi esiliva-emhlophe.
2. Ukuminyana:Ukuminyana kwe-yttrium ngu-4.47 g/cm3, okuyenza ibe enye yezinto ezisindayo oqweqweni lomhlaba.
3. Iphuzu lokuncibilika:Iphuzu elincibilikayo le-yttrium lingu-1522 degrees Celsius (2782 degrees Fahrenheit), okusho izinga lokushisa lapho i-yttrium ishintsha isuka kokuqinile iye oketshezini ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo.
4. Iphuzu elibilayo:Indawo abilayo ye-yttrium ingu-3336 degrees Celsius (6037 degrees Fahrenheit), okusho izinga lokushisa lapho i-yttrium ishintsha isuka oketshezini iye kwigesi ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisayo.
5. Isigaba:Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, i-yttrium isesimweni esiqinile.
6. Ukusebenza:I-Yttrium iyi-conductor enhle kagesi ene-conductivity ephezulu, ngakho-ke inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ekukhiqizeni idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi kanye nobuchwepheshe besekethe.
7. Uzibuthe:I-Yttrium iyinto ye-paramagnetic ekamelweni lokushisa, okusho ukuthi ayinayo impendulo kazibuthe esobala ezindaweni kazibuthe.
8. Isakhiwo sekristalu: I-Yttrium ikhona esakhiweni sekristalu esivaliwe esinezinhlangothi ezine.
9. Ivolumu ye-athomu:Ivolumu ye-athomu ye-yttrium ingama-cubic centimitha angu-19.8 imvukuzane ngayinye, okubhekisela kumthamo othathwe imvukuzane eyodwa yama-athomu e-yttrium.
I-Yttrium iyisici sensimbi esinokuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu nendawo encibilikayo, futhi inokuhanjiswa kahle, ngakho-ke inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ku-electronics, isayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye neminye imikhakha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-yttrium iphinde ibe yinto evamile engavamile, edlala indima ebalulekile kobunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni.
Izici zamakhemikhali ze-yttrium
1. Uphawu lwamakhemikhali neqembu: Uphawu lwamakhemikhali lwe-yttrium ngu-Y, futhi lutholakala enkathini yesihlanu yethebula le-periodic, iqembu lesithathu, elifana nezakhi ze-lanthanide.
2. Isakhiwo sikagesi: Isakhiwo sikagesi se-yttrium yi-1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s². Kusendlalelo se-electron yangaphandle, i-yttrium inama-electron amabili e-valence.
3. Isimo se-Valence: I-Yttrium ivamise ukukhombisa isimo se-valence esingu-+3, okuyisimo esivame kakhulu se-valence, kodwa futhi ingabonisa i-valence state yokuthi +2 kanye +1.
4. Ukusebenza kabusha: I-Yttrium iyinsimbi ezinzile, kodwa izokhipha i-oxidize kancane kancane lapho ivezwe emoyeni, yakhe ungqimba lwe-oxide phezulu. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi i-yttrium ilahlekelwe ukucwebezela kwayo. Ukuvikela i-yttrium, ngokuvamile igcinwa endaweni eyomile.
5. Ukusabela ngama-oxides: I-Yttrium ihlangana nama-oxide ukuze yakhe izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisai-yttrium oxide(Y2O3). I-Yttrium oxide ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza i-phosphors nezitsha zobumba.
6. **Ukusabela ngama-asidi**: I-Yttrium ingasabela ngama-asidi aqinile ukuze ikhiqize usawoti ohambisanayo, njengei-yttrium chloride (YCl3) nomai-yttrium sulfate (Y2(SO4)3).
7. Ukusabela ngamanzi: I-Yttrium ayiphenduli ngokuqondile emanzini ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, kodwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ingasabela ngomhwamuko wamanzi ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrogen ne-yttrium oxide.
8. Ukusabela ngama-sulfide nama-carbides: I-Yttrium ingasabela ngama-sulfide nama-carbides ukuze yakhe izinhlanganisela ezihambisanayo njenge-yttrium sulfide (YS) ne-yttrium carbide (YC2). 9. Ama-Isotopes: I-Yttrium inama-isotopu amaningi, ezinzile kakhulu kuwo i-yttrium-89 (^89Y), enohhafu wempilo ende futhi isetshenziswa emithini yenuzi kanye nokulebula kwe-isotopu.
I-Yttrium iyingxenye yensimbi ezinzile enezimo eziningi ze-valence kanye nekhono lokusabela nezinye izakhi ukuze zakhe izinhlanganisela. Inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ku-optics, isayensi yezinto zokwakha, imithi, kanye nezimboni, ikakhulukazi ku-phosphors, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ceramic, kanye nobuchwepheshe be-laser.
Izici zezinto eziphilayo ze-yttrium
Izici zebhayoloji zei-yttriumezintweni eziphilayo zilinganiselwe.
1. Ukuba khona nokumunca: Nakuba i-yttrium ingeyona into ebalulekile ekuphileni, ukulandelela amanani e-yttrium angatholakala emvelweni, okuhlanganisa inhlabathi, amatshe, namanzi. Izinto eziphilayo zingadla amanani omkhondo we-yttrium ngochungechunge lokudla, ngokuvamile olusuka enhlabathini nasezitshalweni.
2. I-Bioavailability: I-bioavailability ye-yttrium iphansi ngokuqhathaniswa, okusho ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile ziba nobunzima bokumunca nokusebenzisa i-yttrium ngempumelelo. Amakhompiyutha amaningi e-yttrium awangeneki kalula ezintweni eziphilayo, ngakho-ke avame ukukhishwa.
3. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo: Uma isemzimbeni, i-yttrium isatshalaliswa kakhulu ezicutshini ezinjengesibindi, izinso, ubende, amaphaphu namathambo. Ikakhulukazi, amathambo aqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-yttrium.
4. I-Metabolism kanye ne-excretion: I-metabolism ye-yttrium emzimbeni womuntu ilinganiselwe ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile ishiya into ephilayo ngokukhipha. Iningi lalo likhishwa ngomchamo, futhi lingaphinde likhishwe ngendlela yokuthulula.
5. Ubuthi: Ngenxa yokutholakala kwayo okuphansi kwe-bioavailability, i-yttrium ngokuvamile ayiqoqi emazingeni ayingozi ezinto eziphilayo ezivamile. Kodwa-ke, ukuchayeka kwe-yttrium yedosi ephezulu kungase kube nemiphumela elimazayo ezintweni eziphilayo, okuholela emiphumeleni enobuthi. Lesi simo sivamise ukwenzeka ngokungavamile ngenxa yokuthi ukugxilwa kwe-yttrium emvelweni ngokuvamile kuphansi futhi akusetshenziswa kakhulu noma kuvezwe ezintweni eziphilayo.Izici zebhayoloji ze-yttrium eziphilayo zibonakala kakhulu ebukhoneni bayo ngamanani okulandelelwa, ukutholakala kwe-bioavailability okuphansi, nokungabi yisici esidingekayo. okwempilo. Nakuba ingenayo imiphumela enobuthi ebonakalayo ezintweni eziphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ukuchayeka kwe-yttrium yedosi ephezulu kungase kubangele izingozi zempilo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesayensi nokuqapha kusabalulekile ngokuphepha kanye nemiphumela yebhayoloji ye-yttrium.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-yttrium ngokwemvelo
I-Yttrium iyingxenye yomhlaba eyivelakancane esatshalaliswa kabanzi endalweni, nakuba ingekho ngendlela emsulwa.
1. Ukwenzeka Oqweqweni Lomhlaba: Ubuningi be-yttrium oqweqweni Lomhlaba luphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, nesilinganiso sokugxila esingaba ngu-33 mg/kg. Lokhu kwenza i-yttrium ibe yinye yezinto ezingavamile.
I-Yttrium itholakala ikakhulukazi ngesimo samaminerali, ngokuvamile kanye nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Amanye amaminerali amakhulu e-yttrium afaka i-yttrium iron garnet (YIG) ne-yttrium oxalate (Y2(C2O4)3).
2. Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo: Amadiphozithi e-Yttrium asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ezinye izindawo zingase zicebile nge-yttrium. Amanye amadiphozithi amakhulu e-yttrium angatholakala kulezi zifunda ezilandelayo: Australia, China, United States, Russia, Canada, India, Scandinavia, njll. hlukanisa i-yttrium. Lokhu kuvame ukubandakanya ukucwiliswa kwe-asidi nezinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali ukuze kutholwe i-yttrium ehlanzekile.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile njenge-yttrium avamisile ukuba khona ngendlela yezakhi ezimsulwa, kodwa zixutshwa nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa kwe-yttrium yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kudinga ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinqubo zokuhlukanisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlinzekwa kweizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamileilinganiselwe, ngakho ukucatshangelwa kokuphathwa kwezinsiza zabo kanye nokusimama kwemvelo nakho kubalulekile.
Ukumbiwa, ukukhishwa kanye nokuncibilikiswa kwe-yttrium element
I-Yttrium iyingxenye yomhlaba eyivelakancane ngokuvamile engekho esesimweni se-yttrium emsulwa, kodwa esesimweni se-yttrium ore. Okulandelayo yisingeniso esinemininingwane yenqubo yezimayini kanye nokucwengwa kwesici se-yttrium:
1. Ukumbiwa kwe-yttrium ore:
Ukuhlola: Okokuqala, izazi ze-geologists kanye nonjiniyela bezimayini benza umsebenzi wokuhlola ukuze bathole amadiphozithi aqukethe i-yttrium. Lokhu kuvame ukubandakanya izifundo ze-geological, ukuhlola kwe-geophysical, nokuhlaziywa kwesampula. Imayini: Uma idiphozithi equkethe i-yttrium isitholakele, insimbi iyambiwa. Lawa ma-deposit ngokuvamile ahlanganisa i-oxide ores njenge-yttrium iron garnet (YIG) noma i-yttrium oxalate (Y2(C2O4)3). Ukuchotshozwa kwensimbi: Ngemva kokumbiwa, insimbi ngokuvamile idinga ukuhlukaniswa ibe izingcezu ezincane ukuze icutshungulwe ngokulandelayo.
2. Ikhipha i-yttrium:I-Chemical Leaching: Insimbi echotshoziwe ngokuvamile ithunyelwa kumncibilikisi, lapho i-yttrium ikhishwa ngokucwiliswa kwamakhemikhali. Le nqubo ngokuvamile isebenzisa isisombululo esine-acidic leaching, njenge-sulfuric acid, ukuncibilikisa i-yttrium ensimbi. Ukuhlukaniswa: Uma i-yttrium isincibilikile, ngokuvamile ixutshwa nezinye izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nokungcola. Ukuze kukhishwe i-yttrium yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, inqubo yokuhlukanisa iyadingeka, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa i-solvent extraction, i-ion exchange noma ezinye izindlela zamakhemikhali. Ukuzikisa: I-Yttrium ihlukaniswa nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali okufanele ukuze yakhe izinhlanganisela ezihlanzekile ze-yttrium. Ukomisa nokubala: Izinhlanganisela ze-yttrium ezitholiwe ngokuvamile zidinga ukoma futhi zibalwe ukuze zisuse noma yikuphi umswakama osele nokungcola ukuze ekugcineni kutholwe insimbi ehlanzekile ye-yttrium noma izinhlanganisela.
Izindlela zokutholwa ze-yttrium
Izindlela zokubona ezijwayelekile ze-yttrium ikakhulukazi zifaka i-atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), i-plasma mass spectrometry ehlanganisiwe (ICP-MS), i-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), njll.
1. I-Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS):I-AAS iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa yokuhlaziya umthamo efanele ukunquma okuqukethwe kwe-yttrium esixazululweni. Le ndlela isekelwe kusenzeko sokumunca lapho isici esiqondiwe kusampula sidonsa ukukhanya kobude obuthile beza. Okokuqala, isampula iguqulelwa kufomu elilinganisekayo ngezinyathelo zokwelashwa kwangaphambili ezifana nokushiswa kwegesi nokomisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Bese, ukukhanya okuhambisana nobude begagasi bento eqondiwe kudluliselwa kusampula, amandla okukhanya amuncwa isampula ayalinganiswa, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-yttrium kusampula kubalwa ngokuyiqhathanisa nesisombululo se-yttrium esijwayelekile sokugxilisa ingqondo okwaziwayo.
2. I-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ehlanganisiwe ngokungenisa i-inductively:I-ICP-MS iyindlela yokuhlaziya ebucayi kakhulu elungele ukunquma okuqukethwe kwe-yttrium kumasampuli awuketshezi naqinile. Le ndlela iguqula isampula ibe yizinhlayiya ezishajiwe bese isebenzisa i-mass spectrometer ukuze ihlaziye isisindo. I-ICP-MS inobubanzi bokutholwa okubanzi nokulungiswa okuphezulu, futhi inganquma okuqukethwe kwama-elementi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuze kutholwe i-yttrium, i-ICP-MS inganikeza imikhawulo yokutholwa ephansi kakhulu kanye nokunemba okuphezulu.
3. I-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF):I-XRF iyindlela yokuhlaziya engacekeli phansi efanele ukunqunywa kokuqukethwe kwe-yttrium kumasampuli aqinile nawuketshezi. Le ndlela inquma okuqukethwe kwe-elementi ngokukhanyisela ingaphezulu lesampula ngama-X-ray kanye nokulinganisa ubukhulu besici obuphezulu be-spectrum ye-fluorescence kusampula. I-XRF inezinzuzo zejubane elisheshayo, ukusebenza okulula, kanye nekhono lokunquma izakhi eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, i-XRF ingase iphazamiseke ekuhlaziyweni kwe-yttrium yokuqukethwe okuphansi, okuholela kumaphutha amakhulu.
4. I-Plasma Optical Emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) ehlanganiswe ngendlela engenisayo:I-spectrometry ye-plasma optical emission ehlanganisiwe iyindlela yokuhlaziya ebucayi kakhulu futhi ekhethiwe esetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlaziyeni izinto eziningi. I-atomize isampula bese yenza i-plasma ukukala ubude beza obuthile namandla of yttriumukukhishwa ku-spectrometer. Ngokungeziwe kulezi zindlela ezingenhla, kukhona ezinye izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokutholwa kwe-yttrium, okuhlanganisa indlela ye-electrochemical, i-spectrophotometry, njll. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuthola efanelekile kuncike ezintweni ezifana nezakhiwo zesampula, ibanga lokulinganisa elidingekayo kanye nokunemba kokutholwa, namazinga okulinganisa. zivame ukudingeka ekulawuleni ikhwalithi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba nokwethembeka kwemiphumela yokulinganisa.
Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwe-yttrium atomic absorption method
Esilinganisweni se-elementi, i-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ehlanganiswe nge-inductively iyindlela yokuhlaziya ebucayi kakhulu nenezinto eziningi, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuhlangana kwezinto, okuhlanganisa i-yttrium. Okulandelayo inqubo enemininingwane yokuhlola i-yttrium ku-ICP-MS:
1. Ukulungiselela isampula:
Isampula ngokuvamile idinga ukuncibilika noma ihlakazwe ibe ifomu eliwuketshezi ukuze kuhlaziywe i-ICP-MS. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuchithwa kwamakhemikhali, ukushisisa ukugayeka kokudla noma ezinye izindlela ezifanele zokulungiselela.
Ukulungiswa kwesampula kudinga izimo ezihlanzeke kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa yinoma yiziphi izici zangaphandle. Ilabhorethri kufanele ithathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze igweme ukungcoliswa kwesampula.
2. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ICP:
I-ICP ikhiqizwa ngokwethula i-argon noma i-argon-oxygen exutshwe igesi ibe ithoshi ye-quartz ye-plasma evaliwe. I-high-frequency inductive coupling ikhiqiza ilangabi elinamandla le-plasma, okuyisiqalo sokuhlaziya.
Izinga lokushisa le-plasma licishe libe ngu-8000 kuya ku-10000 degrees Celsius, eliphakeme ngokwanele ukuguqula izakhi kusampula zibe isimo se-ionic.
3. I-ionization kanye nokuhlukaniswa:Lapho isampula ingena ku-plasma, izakhi ezikuyo ziba ionized. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-athomu alahlekelwa i-electron eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, akhe ama-ion ashajiwe. I-ICP-MS isebenzisa i-spectrometer enkulu ukuze ihlukanise ama-ion wezinto ezihlukene, ngokuvamile ngesilinganiso somthamo wokushaja (m/z). Lokhu kuvumela ama-ion wezakhi ezahlukene ukuthi ahlukaniswe futhi ahlaziywe ngokulandelayo.
4. I-mass spectrometry:Ama-ion ahlukanisiwe angena ku-spectrometer enkulu, ngokuvamile i-quadrupole mass spectrometer noma i-magnetic scanning mass spectrometer. Ku-spectrometer enkulu, ama-ion wezinto ezihlukene ahlukaniswa futhi atholwe ngokuya ngenani le-mass-to-charge ratio. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba khona nokugxila kwe-elementi ngayinye ukuthi kunqunywe. Enye yezinzuzo ze-plasma mass spectrometry ehlanganisiwe ngokuzumayo ukucaca kwayo okuphezulu, okuyenza ikwazi ukubona izakhi eziningi ngasikhathi sinye.
5. Ukucubungula idatha:Idatha ekhiqizwe i-ICP-MS ngokuvamile idinga ukucutshungulwa futhi ihlaziywe ukuze kutholwe ukuhlangana kwezinto kusampula. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqhathanisa isignali yokuthola namazinga okugxila okwaziwayo, nokwenza ukulinganisa nokulungiswa.
6. Umbiko Womphumela:Umphumela wokugcina uvezwa njengokugxiliswa noma ubuningi bamaphesenti we-elementi. Le miphumela ingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa isayensi yomhlaba, ukuhlaziywa kwemvelo, ukuhlola ukudla, ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, njll.
I-ICP-MS iwuhlelo olunembe kakhulu futhi oluzwelayo olufanele ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa i-yttrium. Kodwa-ke, kudinga ukufakwa kwezinsimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kwenziwa elabhorethri noma isikhungo sokuhlaziya umsebenzi. Emsebenzini wangempela, kuyadingeka ukukhetha indlela yokulinganisa efanele ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zesayithi. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni nasekutholeni i-ytterbium kumalabhorethri nasezimbonini.
Ngemva kokufingqa lokhu okungenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi i-yttrium iyisici samakhemikhali esithakazelisa kakhulu esinezinto ezibonakalayo nezamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele, ezibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lwesayensi nasezindaweni zokusebenzisa. Nakuba senze inqubekelaphambili ekuqondeni kwethu, kusenemibuzo eminingi edinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe nokuhlola. Ngethemba ukuthi isingeniso sethu singasiza abafundi baqonde kangcono lesi sici esithakazelisayo futhi sikhuthaze uthando lwawo wonke umuntu ngesayensi kanye nentshisekelo yokuhlola.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-28-2024