Ihe 72: Hafnium

Ezughị ezu, Metal HF, ọnụọgụ atọ nke 72, ibu atomic 178.49, bụ ọla ọcha na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie.

Hafnium nwere ikike isii dị iche iche dị iche iche: 176, 178, 178, 178, 179, 179, na ngwọta alkaline, ma soluble na hydrofluoric acid na aqua reania. Aha mmewere sitere na aha Latin nke obodo Coenhagen.

N'afọ 1925, Swedish nke Swedicy Hervey Koss nwetara nnu na-adị ọcha site na mpekere na-acha ọcha nke nnu dị mgbagwoju anya, ma belata ya na sodium nke nwere ọla ọcha. Hafnium nwere 0.00045% nke ebe a na-ejikọrọ ọnụ nke ụwa ma na-ejikọkarị na zirvristium na okike.

Aha ngwaahịa: Hafnium

Ihe nnọchi anya: HF

Ibu atom: 178.49

Iche iche: Metal Metal

Njirimara anụ ahụ:

Ezughị ezubụ ọla ọcha na-acha uhie uhie nke nwere ezigbo ọla; Enwere ụdị dịgasị iche iche abụọ nke ọla: α hafnium bụ hexagonal chiargonium dị elu karịa kaictonium dị elu karịa. Igwe na-acha uhie uhie nwere vanotrope dị iche iche na oke okpomọkụ. Afnium Hafnium nwere akụkụ dị elu nke na-enweghị isi nke Neutron na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dịka ihe njikwa.

Enwere ụdị kristal abụọ: hexagonal scring ngwugwu dị iche iche na 1300 ℃ (α-); Mgbe okpomọkụ karịa 1300 ℃, ọ bụ ya na-adọrọ adọrọ cubic (β- ihe). Ọla eji ekeji ike na-agbasi ike ma bụrụkwa onye na-adịghị mma. Kwụsiri ike na ikuku, naanị ọchịchịrị n'elu mgbe ọ na-ere. A ga-eji ire ọkụ na-akpọ ya. Njirimara ndị yiri ka. Ọ naghị emegharị ya na mmiri, gbanwee acid, ma ọ bụ ntọala siri ike, mana ọ na-agbanye ngwa ngwa na Aqua Regia na hydrofluoric acid. Tumadi na-eji ihe eji egwuri egwu. A maara HAFnium (Ta4hfc5) ka a maara isi ihe kachasị elu (ihe dị ka 4215 ℃).

Ihe owuwu Krismal: Crystal Celstal bụ Hexagon

Nọmba nke: 7440-58-6

Melting Point: 2227 ℃

Isi mmiri: 4602 ℃

Ngwongwo kemịkal:

Ngwongwo kemịkalụ nke ndị na-eme kemịkalụ dị ka nke Zirconium, ọ nwere ezigbo nguzogide na-eguzogide ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe ya site na ngwọta alkali dum; Ngwa ngwa soruble na hydrofluoric acid iji kpụọ ogige na-acha uhie uhie. Na oke okpomọkụ, ebe obibi nwekwara ike ijikọ gas na gas dị ka oxygen na nitrogen iji mepụta oxides na nitrogen.

Hafnium na-enwekarị ihe dị mkpa. Isi ihe buhafnium oxiumHFO2. E nwere ụdị iche iche dị iche iche nke hafnium dị iche iche:hafnium oxiumEnwetara site na mgbako na-aga n'ihu na sulfium sulfate na chloride oxide bu ihe di iche; Ndị na-ahụ n'anya na-enweta site na kpo oku site na kpo oku hydrium hydrium na gburugburu 400 ℃ bụ tetragon varagonal; Ọ bụrụ na a ga-ejikọ n'elu 1000 ℃, ụdị cubic nwere ike inweta. Ogige ọzọ bụHafnium Tetrachloride, nke bụ akụrụngwa maka ịkwadebe hafnium ọla ma nwee ike ịkwadebe site na imebe ya na chlorine na ngwakọta nke Hafnium na carbon. Hafnium Tetrachloride batara n'ime mmiri wee hydrolyzes ozugbo n'ime oke hfo (4h2o) nke ukwuu. HFO2 + ETM dị n'ọtụtụ ogige, ma nwee ike ịchụji agịga a na-eme exdyyyychloride hfucl2oric acid acid apịaji.

4-Valent Hafnium na-adịkwakarị ka etolite usoro na fresside, nke mejupụtara K3HFF7, (NH4) 2HFR7. Ejirila ogige ndị a maka nkewa nke zirconium na Hafnium.

Àgwà ndị na-ahụkarị:

Hafnium dioxide: Aha mafnium dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Molecular usoro: HFO2 [4; Ngwongwo: ntụ ntụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha kristal: monoclinic, tetragon, na cubic. Iyi ahụ bụ 10.3, 10.1, 10.43G / cm3, n'otu n'otu. Na-agbaze na-agbaze 2780-2920k. Isi mmiri 5400k. AcceFalition Treaffion 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. Na-egbochi na mmiri, acid acid, na nitric acid, mana soluble na sulfuric acid na hydrofluoric acid. Mepụtara site na mmiri ma ọ bụ hydrolysis nke ogige dị ka Hafnium sulfate na na hafchyloride. Akụrụngwa ihe maka mmepụta nke ọla na ahịhịa. Ejiri ihe dị ka ihe ndozigharị, mkpuchi redio na-egbochi ya. [5] Untum Atiell nke Atilt HFO bụ ngwaahịa nwetara n'otu oge mgbe ị na-akpụzi ọkwa nke atọ na-emegharị. Malite na chlorination nke abụọ, usoro nke ịdị ọcha, mbelata, na distic distim fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke Zirconium.

Hafnium Tetrachloride: Hafnium (iv) chloride, hafnium tetrachloride molecular hfcry4 molecular ibu 320.30 agwa: White kristal mgbochi. Na-emetụ mmiri. Soluble na acetone na methanol. Hydrolyze na mmiri iji mepụta Hafnium oxychloride (HFOCL2). Ikpo nke 250 ℃ ma kupu. Na-akpasuanya anya n'anya, akụkụ okuku ume na anụahụ.

Hafnium hydroxide: Hafnium hydroxide (h4hfo4) Okpomọkụ na 100 ℃ Iji mepụta Hafnium Hydroxide HFO (Oh) 2. Enwere ike iji ya mepụta ogige ndị ọzọ.

Akụkọ Nnyocha

Nchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme:

N'afọ 1923, Swedish chepụtara hervey na Dutch na-achọpụta na Zircon mepụtara na Norway na Green aha aha hafnia nke Copenhagen. N'afọ 1925, Hervey na Saster kewapụrụ Zirconium na Titanium site na iji usoro kristal nke obere nnu jupụtara na nnu nnu; Ma belata nnu na sodium nke mitallic iji nweta ihe mkpuchi ọla mara mma. Hervey kwadebere ihe nlere nke ọtụtụ milligrams dị ọcha.

Ngosipụta kemịkalụ na Zirconium na Hafnium:

Na nnwale nke Prọfesọ Carl Colsins na Mahadum Texas na 1998, a na-ekwu na Germma na-agbagha ike na 178m2) [8] HF178M2 (Hafnium 178m2) nwere ụzọ ndụ dị ogologo nke ebe a: Nkwupụta nke Colluns na-ekwu na otu gram nke dị ọcha hf178m2 (Hafnium 178m2) nwere ike nke gbapụtara site na ihe mgbawa nke TNT nke ihe mgbawa TNT. Nkwupụta nke Colluns na-egosi na a na-ahapụ ike niile na mmeghachi omume a na ụdị nke X-ụzarị ma ọ bụ hf178m2 (Hafnium 178m2) ka enwere ike ime na ahụ dị ala. [9] Pentagon nwere ego maka nyocha. Na nnwale ahụ, oke mkpọtụ na-enweghị ike (site na njehie dị egwu) nke iji Galma Ray na-eme ka ike si na HF178M2 (Hafnium 178m2) [15], mana enweghị ike ịmeghachi mmeghachi omume nke ọma. [16] HF178M2 (Hafnium 178m2)

Hafnium oxium

Ubi ubi:

Hafnium bara ezigbo uru n'ihi ikike o nwere iji met electrons, dị ka iji ya dị ka filation na oriọna ọgwụ mgbochi. Ejiri dị ka Cathode maka akpa X-ray, na alloys nke Hafnium na Tungsten ma ọ bụ molyBedem dị ka electrodes maka akpa ma ọ bụ eletrik. A na-ejikarị ya na Cathode na Turgosten waya waya waya maka X-rays. Ihe dị ka ahịhịa na-adị ọcha bụ ihe dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ nke atọm n'ihi ya plastimity ya, nhazi ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, na nguzogide okpomọkụ. Hafnium nwere nnukwu ihu igwe na-ahụ maka neutron na-enwekarị nnweta neutron, nke enwere ike iji ya dị ka ogwe aka na nchekwa maka ndị na-echebe atom. Enwere ike iji ntụ ntụ ntụ dị ka propolant maka rọketi. Enwere ike ịmepụta eriri X-ray na ụlọ ọrụ eletriki. Hafnium alloy nwere ike ije ozi dị ka oyi akwa nke na-ebugharị na-aga n'ihu na ụgbọ elu na-agagharị, ebe enwere ike iji alloy na-emepụta ihe eji emepụta ngwaọrụ. A na-eji Hafnium dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na-eguzogide okpomọkụ, dị ka Tungsten, molybum, na tantalum. Enwere ike iji HFC mee ihe dị ka onye na-ahụ maka nsogbu siri ike n'ihi ike ya siri ike ma na-agbaze. Na-agbaze isi nke 4TAchfc dị ihe dị ka 4215 ℃, na-eme ya onyinye ahụ kachasị ama ama ama. Enwere ike iji Hafnium dị ka onye na-eweta ọtụtụ usoro ngwakọta. Ndị na-ahụ maka hafnium nwere ike iwepu gas na-enweghị isi dịka oxygen na nitrogen dị na sistemụ. A na-ejikarị hafnium dị ka mmanụ mmanụ na-eme ka ọ dịgide site na mmanụ hydraulic iji gbochie mmanụ mmanụ hydraulic n'oge ọrụ dị elu, ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu na-egbochi. Ya mere, a na-ejikarị ya na mmanụ hydraulic mmanụ. Mmanụ hydraulic.

A na-eji Hafnium emebekwa na intel 45 nanoprocles dị ọhụrụ. N'ihi nrụpụta nke silicon dioxide (Sio2) na ike ya belata arụmọrụ ntụgharị, ndị na-eme ihe na-eji silicon dioxide dị ka ihe ọ bụla maka ọnụ ụzọ ndụ peelaxrics. Mgbe Intel mepụtara usoro nrụpụta 65 nanomet ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike iji belata ọnụ ụzọ oriri na ọgbụgba nke atọm dị ugbu a, na-ebute ihe mkpofu dị ugbu a na ike ọkụ na-enweghị isi. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na a na-ahụkarị ihe ndị dị ugbu a na ọkpụrụkpụ a na-ebelata, ihe mgbochi nke ọnụ ụzọ ndụ diyactoccuric ga-abawanye, na-eweta teknụzụ nke Transistor ruo ókè ya. Iji lebara ihe a dị oke mkpa dị mkpa, Intel na-eme atụmatụ iji ihe eji egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu (nke dielecrics kama nke silicon dioxide, nke belatala n'efu karịa ugboro 10. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro teknụzụ 65nm, usoro Intelm na-abawanye transperer njupụta site na ihe ugboro abụọ, na-enye ohere maka mmụba na ọnụọgụ nke ntụgharị ma ọ bụ mbelata nke usoro. Na mgbakwunye, ike achọrọ maka ntụgharị ntụgharị dị ala, belata oriri ike site na 30%. A na-eji njikọ nke ọla kọpa na-ejikọ ma na-eme ka ọ dị obere k dielectric, na-eme ka arụmọrụ ike, yana ọsọ ịgbanwee bụ ihe dị ka 20% ngwa ngwa

Nsasa Ntanetị:

Hafnium nwere nnukwu ọla dị ka ọla dị ka bismith, Cadmium, na Mercury, na German, na uranium. Ihe mineral niile nwere Zirconium nwere aha hafnium. Zircon jiri ụlọ ọrụ nwere 0.5-2%. Na Beryllium Zircon (Alvite) na nke abụọ na-acha uhie uhie nwere ike ịnwe 15% Hafnium. E nwekwara ụdị nke metamorphic nke metamorphic, cyrtolite, nke nwere ihe karịrị 5% HFO. Ihe ndozi nke nke ikpeazu di obere ma nabata gi na ulo oru. A na-agbake na hafnium n'oge mmepụta nke Zirconium.

Ezughị ezu:

Ọ dị na ọtụtụ ndị na-efe efe. [15] n'ihi na enwere obere obere na jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọ na-ejikọkarị Zircianium na-emekọ ihe ma enweghị ohere dị iche.

Usoro Nkwadebe:

1. Enwere ike ịkwadebe ya site na magnesium mbelata nke Hafnium Tetrachloride ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi nke Hafnium. Enwere ike iji HFCL4 na k2HFF6 rụọ ọrụ dị ka akụrụngwa. Usoro mmepụta electrolytic na Nacl Kfcl4 ma ọ bụ k2HFF6 gbazee yiri nke mmepụta electrolytic nke Zirconium.

2. Hafnium Conists na zirconium, na enweghị akụrụngwa dị iche maka ndịda. Ihe eji eme ihe maka imeputa ihe ndi a na - emeputa ihe ojoo bu oxide hafnium kewapụrụ n'oge usoro nke na - emepụta Zirciaum. Wepụ hafnium oxium iji resin resin, wee jiri otu usoro ahụ dị ka Zirconium iji kwadebe haks site na hafnium oxium.

3. Enwere ike ịkwadebe ya site na cuketing tetrachloride (hfcl4) na sodium site na mbelata.

Firstzọ ndị mbụ maka ikewapụ Zirconium na Hafnium bụ obere kristal nke nnu dị mgbagwoju anya na ọdịda nke phosphates. Ofzọ ndị a bụ Cumbeme ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ naanị n'ụlọ nyocha. Teknụzụ ọhụrụ maka ikewapụ Zirconium na Hafnium, dị ka pere mpe, na-agbanwe agbanwe, yana mgbatị ahụ na-eme ka ihe dị irè. Usoro abụọ a na-ejikarị na-emekọ ihe bụ thiocyanate cyclihexone sistemụ na Tributyl phosphate nitrac usoro. Ngwaahịa enwetara site na ụzọ ndị a dị n'elu bụ hydroxide niile, na ike na-ejikọ ya site na ike. Enwere ike ịnweta usoro dị elu na-enweghị atụ site na usoro mgbanwe nke Ion.

Na ụlọ ọrụ, mmepụta nke Hafnium na-emetụtakarị ma usoro Kold na usoro Aker Aker. Usoro Koll na-agụnye mbelata nke Hafnium Tetrachloride site na iji magnesium magnesium:

2MG + HFCL4- → 2MGCL3 + HF

A na-eji usoro Aker Aker, nke a makwaara dị ka usoro iodization, a na-eji usoro a na-asa ahụ dị ka ahịhịa amị ma nweta ihe ndị na-egbu maramara.

5

Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ ihie nke ore, nke gụnyere ụzọ atọ: chlorination nke Zircon iji nweta (zr, HF) cl. Alkali na-agbaze Zircon. Zircoon na-agbazekwa naoh na gburugburu 600, na ihe karịrị 90% nke (zr, hr, hf, hf) o, nke a na-agbaze na mmiri maka iwepu ya. Na (zr, hr) o nwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe mbụ maka nkewa na-ekewapụ zirconium na nke Hafnium mgbe etichapụ ya na HNO. Agbanyeghị, ọnụnọ nke ficOids na-eme ka mmịpụta mmịpụta ihe na-enye nsogbu. Ndị na-ebipụta ya na Ksif ma sook na mmiri iji nweta k (zr, HF) f ihe ngwọta. Ihe ngwọta nwere ike ikewapụ zircianium na hafnium site na kristal na-adịghị agafe agafe;

Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ bụ nkewa nke zirconium na mafnium, nke a ga-enweta na-eji usoro mgbatị ahụ na-eji hydylloric ketone ketone (methyloric ketone. Teknụzụ nke ọtụtụ akụkụ dị iche iche site na iji ihe dị iche na nrụgide Vapor n'etiti HFCL na-agbazekwa n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu (nke nwere ike ịchekwa usoro chlorination nke abụọ ma belata ụgwọ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi nsogbu corrosion nke (zr, hf) cl) cl na hcl, ọ dịghị mfe ịchọta ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụ ụtọ, ọ ga-ebelata ogo zrcl na hfcl, na-akwụ ụgwọ na-arụ ọrụ ọcha. N'afọ ndị 1970, ọ ka dị n'etiti osisi na-anwale ogbo.

Nzọụkwụ nke atọ bụ chlorination nke abụọ nke HFO iji nweta crud hfcl maka mbelata;

Nzọụkwụ nke anọ bụ ọcha nke hfcl na mbelata. Usoro a bụ otu ihe dị ka ọcha na mbelata nke zrcl, na ngwaahịa a rụpụtara mechaa bụ ezigbo okopị.

Nzọụkwụ nke ise bụ Volum Distill Crude Sponge Sponge Wepu MGCL ma weghachite Magnesium Metal, nke na-ebute ngwaahịa emechara na-acha uhie uhie. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-agbadata sodium kama magnesium, a ga-agbanwerịrị nke ise nke ise ka a ga-agbanwe

Usoro Nchekwa:

Chekwaa na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe dị jụụ na nke ikuku. Zere pụọ na mbara ọkụ na isi iyi ọkụ. Ekwesịrị ịchekwa ya iche na igwefoto, acid, halogens, wdg, ma zere ịdebe nchekwa. Iji ihe na-egosi ihe mgbawa na ebe ikuku. Machibidoro iji akụrụngwa na ngwaọrụ eji eme ihe na - adịkarị ọkụ. A ga-enwerịrị ebe nchekwa na ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị iji nwee ahịhịa.


Oge Post: Sepp-25-2023