Hafnium, metal Hf, atọm nọmba 72, atomiki arọ 178.49, bụ a ọlaọcha isi awọ mgbanwe metal na-egbuke egbuke.
Hafnium nwere isotopes isii kwụsiri ike n'okike: hafnium 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, na 180. Hafnium anaghị emeghachi omume na hydrochloric acid dilute, dilute sulfuric acid, na ngwọta alkaline siri ike, mana ọ na-agbaze na hydrofluoric acid na aqua regia. Aha mmewere sitere na aha Latin nke Copenhagen City.
Na 1925, onye Sweden chemist Hervey na Dutch physicist Koster nwetara ezigbo hafnium nnu site fractional crystallization nke fluorinated mgbagwoju salts, ma belata ya na sodium dara iji nweta dị ọcha metal hafnium. Hafnium nwere 0.00045% nke eriri ụwa ma na-ejikọta ya na zirconium na okike.
Aha ngwaahịa: hafnium
Ihe akara: Hf
Atọmịk arọ: 178.49
Ụdị ihe: metallic element
Njirimara anụ ahụ:
Hafniumbụ ọla-ọcha agba ntụ na-egbuke egbuke; E nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke hafnium metal: α Hafnium bụ ihe dị iche iche juru n'ọnụ hexagonal (1750 ℃) nwere ọnọdụ mgbanwe dị elu karịa zirconium. Metal hafnium nwere allotrope variants na elu okpomọkụ. Metal hafnium nwere nnukwu neutron absorption cross-section na enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe njikwa maka reactors.
Enwere ụdị ihe owuwu kristal abụọ: nkwakọ ngwaahịa hexagonal na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 1300 ℃（ α- Equation ; N'oge okpomọkụ dị elu karịa 1300 ℃, ọ bụ cubic n'etiti ahụ (β- Equation). A metal na plasticity na-esi ike na-aghọ kenkuwa n'ihu nke adịghị. Kwụsie ike na ikuku, naanị na-agba ọchịchịrị n'elu mgbe ọkụ. Enwere ike ịgbanye filaments site na ire ọkụ nke otu egwuregwu. Njirimara yiri zirconium. Ọ naghị eji mmiri emeghachi omume, na-atụgharị acids, ma ọ bụ ntọala siri ike, kama ọ na-adị mfe soluble na aqua regia na hydrofluoric acid. tumadi na ogige nwere a +4 valence. A maara Hafnium alloy (Ta4HfC5) nwere ebe mgbaze kachasị elu (ihe dịka 4215 ℃).
Ọdịdị kristal: cell crystal bụ hexagonal
Nọmba CAS: 7440-58-6
Ebe mgbaze: 2227 ℃
Ebe esi mmiri: 4602 ℃
Njirimara kemịkalụ:
Njirimara kemịkalụ nke hafnium dị nnọọ ka nke zirconium, ọ na-enwekwa nguzogide corrosion dị mma na ọ naghị adị mfe imebi site n'ozuzu acid alkali aqueous ngwọta; Na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na hydrofluoric acid iji mepụta ogige fluorinated. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, hafnium nwekwara ike jikọta ya na gas dị ka oxygen na nitrogen iji mepụta oxides na nitrides.
Hafnium na-enwekarị valence +4 na ogige. Ngwakọta bụ isi bụhafnium oxideHfO2. Enwere ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke hafnium oxide:hafnium oxideenwetara site na calcination na-aga n'ihu nke hafnium sulfate na chloride oxide bụ ụdị monoclinic; Hafnium oxide nwetara site na kpo oku hydroxide nke hafnium na gburugburu 400 ℃ bụ tetragonal variant; Ọ bụrụ na calcined n'elu 1000 ℃, a cubic variant nwere ike nweta. Ngwakọta ọzọ bụhafnium tetrachloride, nke bụ akụrụngwa maka ịkwadebe hafnium ígwè ma nwee ike ịkwado ya site na ịmeghachi gas chlorine na ngwakọta nke hafnium oxide na carbon. Hafnium tetrachloride na-abata na mmiri wee banye ozugbo n'ime HfO (4H2O) 2+ ions kwụsiri ike. HfO2+ ions dị n'ọtụtụ ogige hafnium, ma nwee ike ịgbanye agịga nwere hydrated hafnium oxychloride HfOCl2 · 8H2O crystals na hydrochloric acid acidified hafnium tetrachloride solution.
4-valent hafnium dịkwa mfe ịmepụta ogige nwere fluoride, nke nwere K2HfF6, K3HfF7, (NH4) 2HfF6, na (NH4) 3HfF7. Ejirila ogige ndị a maka nkewa nke zirconium na hafnium.
Ngwakọta ndị nkịtị:
Hafnium dioxide: aha Hafnium dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Usoro ihe omimi: HfO2 [4]; Ngwongwo: Uzuzu ọcha nwere usoro kristal atọ: monoclinic, tetragonal, na cubic. Njupụta ndị ahụ bụ 10.3, 10.1, na 10.43g/cm3, n'otu n'otu. Ebe mgbaze 2780-2920K. Ebe esi mmiri 5400K. Ọnụego mgbasawanye okpomọkụ 5.8 × 10-6/℃. Apụghị ịsacha n'ime mmiri, hydrochloric acid, na nitric acid, mana soluble na sulfuric acid na hydrofluoric acid. Emepụtara site na ire ere ọkụ ma ọ bụ hydrolysis nke ogige dị ka hafnium sulfate na hafnium oxychloride. Ihe eji eme ihe maka imepụta hafnium metal na hafnium alloys. Ejiri ya dị ka ihe mgbagharị, mkpuchi redioaktivu, na ihe na-akpali akpali. [5] Ọkwa ume atọmịk HfO bụ ngwaahịa enwetara n'otu oge mgbe a na-emepụta ọkwa ume atọm ZrO. Malite na chlorination nke abụọ, usoro nke ịdị ọcha, mbelata, na mkpochapụ oghere fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zirconium.
Hafnium tetrachloride: Hafnium (IV) chloride, Hafnium tetrachloride Molecular usoro HfCl4 Molecular arọ 320.30 Njirimara: White crystalline ngọngọ. Na-enwe mmetụta maka mmiri mmiri. Soluble na acetone na methanol. Hydrolyze n'ime mmiri iji mepụta hafnium oxychloride (HfOCl2). Kpoo ọkụ ruo 250 ℃ ma kpochaa. Na-akpasu anya, usoro iku ume, na akpụkpọ ahụ.
Hafnium hydroxide: Hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4), nke na-adịkarị dị ka hydrated oxide HfO2 · nH2O, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na mmiri, ọ dị mfe soluble n'ime acid inorganic, nke na-adịghị edozi na amonia, na ọ na-esikwa ike na sodium hydroxide. Okpomọkụ na 100 ℃ iji mepụta hafnium hydroxide HfO (OH) 2. White hafnium hydroxide precipitate nwere ike nweta site n'imeghachi hafnium (IV) nnu na mmiri amonia. Enwere ike iji ya mepụta ogige hafnium ndị ọzọ.
Akụkọ nyocha
Akụkọ Nchọpụta:
Na 1923, onye Sweden chemist Hervey na Dutch physics D. Koster chọtara hafnium na zircon emepụtara na Norway na Greenland, ma kpọọ ya hafnium, nke sitere na aha Latin Hafnia nke Copenhagen. Na 1925, Hervey na Coster kewapụrụ zirconium na titanium site na iji usoro nke fractional crystallization nke fluorinated mgbagwoju salts iji nweta ezigbo hafnium salts; Ma belata hafnium nnu na sodium dara iji nweta hafnium metal dị ọcha. Hervey kwadebere ihe nlele nke ọtụtụ milligrams nke hafnium dị ọcha.
Nnwale kemịkalụ na zirconium na hafnium:
N'ime nnwale nke Prọfesọ Carl Collins mere na Mahadum Texas na 1998, ekwuru na gamma irradiated hafnium 178m2 (isomer hafnium-178m2 [7]) nwere ike wepụta nnukwu ume, nke bụ iwu ise dị elu karịa mmeghachi omume kemịkal mana iwu atọ dị ala karịa mmeghachi omume nuklia. [8] Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) nwere ogologo ndụ kachasị ogologo n'etiti isotopes dị ogologo ndụ: Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) nwere ọkara ndụ nke afọ 31, na-ebute redioaktivu okike nke ihe dịka 1.6 trillion Becquerels. Akụkọ Collins na-ekwu na otu gram nke Hf178m2 dị ọcha (hafnium 178m2) nwere ihe dị ka megajoules 1330, nke ya na ike nke mgbawa nke kilogram 300 nke ihe mgbawa TNT wepụtara. Akụkọ Collins na-egosi na a na-ewepụta ike niile dị na mmeghachi omume a n'ụdị X-ray ma ọ bụ ụzarị gamma, nke na-ahapụ ike n'ike n'ike n'ike, na Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) ka nwere ike meghachi omume na oke dị ala. [9] Pentagon ekenyela ego maka nyocha. N'ime nnwale ahụ, akara mgbaàmà na mkpọtụ dị ala (nwere mmejọ dị ịrịba ama), na kemgbe ahụ, n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ nnwale nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere United States Department of Defence Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) na JASON Defense Advisory. Otu [13], ọ dịghị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike nweta mmeghachi omume a n'okpuru ọnọdụ Collins kwuru, na Collins enyebeghị ihe akaebe siri ike iji gosi ịdị adị nke mmeghachi omume a, Collins tụpụtara usoro iji mee ihe. kpalitere gamma ray emission iji wepụta ume sitere na Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) [15], mana ndị sayensị ndị ọzọ egosila n'ụzọ doro anya na mmeghachi omume a enweghị ike ime. [16] Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) kwenyere na obodo agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ ghara ịbụ isi iyi ike.
Oghere ngwa:
Hafnium bara uru nke ukwuu n'ihi ike ọ na-ebunye eletrọn, dị ka nke ejiri ya dị ka filament na oriọna ọkụ. Ejiri ya dị ka cathode maka tubes X-ray, na alloys nke hafnium na tungsten ma ọ bụ molybdenum ka a na-eji dị ka electrodes maka tubes na-agbapụta voltaji. A na-ejikarị na cathode na tungsten na-emepụta waya maka ụzarị X. Hafnium dị ọcha bụ ihe dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ike atomiki n'ihi plasticity ya, nhazi dị mfe, nkwụsị okpomọkụ dị elu, na nkwụsị corrosion. Hafnium nwere nnukwu neutron na-ekpo ọkụ na-ejide akụkụ cross-section na bụ ezigbo neutron absorber, nke enwere ike iji ya dị ka mkpanaka njikwa na ngwaọrụ nchebe maka ndị na-emepụta ihe. Enwere ike iji ntụ ntụ Hafnium mee ihe dị ka ihe na-emepụta rọketi. Enwere ike ịmepụta cathode nke tubes X-ray na ụlọ ọrụ eletrik. Hafnium alloy nwere ike ije ozi dị ka oyi akwa mkpuchi na-aga n'ihu maka roket nozzles na glide ụgbọ elu abanyeghachi, ebe enwere ike iji Hf Ta alloy rụpụta igwe nchara na ihe mgbochi. A na-eji Hafnium mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na alloys na-eguzogide okpomọkụ, dị ka tungsten, molybdenum, na tantalum. Enwere ike iji HfC dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka alloys siri ike n'ihi nnukwu ike ike ya na ebe mgbaze ya. Ebe mgbaze nke 4TaCHfC dị ihe dịka 4215 ℃, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ogige nwere ebe mgbaze kacha mara amara. Enwere ike iji Hafnium mee ihe dị ka onye na-enweta ego n'ọtụtụ usoro onu oriri. Hafnium getters nwere ike wepu gas na-adịghị mkpa dị ka oxygen na nitrogen dị na sistemụ. A na-ejikarị Hafnium eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na mmanụ hydraulic iji gbochie mgbanwe nke mmanụ hydraulic n'oge arụ ọrụ dị oke egwu, ma nwee ihe mgbochi siri ike. Ya mere, a na-ejikarị ya na mmanụ hydraulic mmepụta ihe. Mmanụ hydraulic ọgwụ.
A na-ejikwa ihe Hafnium eme ihe na Intel 45 nanoprocessors kachasị ọhụrụ. N'ihi nrụpụta nke silicon dioxide (SiO2) na ikike ya ibelata ọkpụrụkpụ iji meziwanye arụmọrụ transistor, ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eji silicon dioxide dị ka ihe maka ọnụ ụzọ dielectrics. Mgbe Intel webatara usoro nrụpụta nanometer 65, n'agbanyeghị na o meela mbọ niile iji belata nha nke ọnụ ụzọ silicon dioxide dielectric na 1.2 nanometers, nke dabara na 5 layers nke atọm, ihe isi ike nke oriri ike na mgbasa ọkụ ga-abawanye mgbe transistor. e belatara ka nha nke atọm, na-ebute ihe mkpofu ugbu a na ume ọkụ na-enweghị isi. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na a na-aga n'ihu na-eji ihe ndị dị ugbu a eme ihe ma na-ebelata ọkpụkpụ ahụ, nkwụsị nke ọnụ ụzọ dielectric ga-abawanye nke ukwuu, Na-ebute teknụzụ transistor ruo oke ya. Iji lebara okwu a dị oke egwu anya, Intel na-eme atụmatụ iji ihe ndị dị elu K (ihe hafnium dabere) dị ka dielectrics ọnụ ụzọ kama silicon dioxide, bụ nke belatara mgbaze nke ọma karịa ugboro 10. E jiri ya tụnyere ọgbọ gara aga nke teknụzụ 65nm, usoro 45nm nke Intel na-abawanye njupụta transistor ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugboro abụọ, na-enye ohere maka mmụba na ngụkọta transistor ma ọ bụ ibelata olu processor. Na mgbakwunye, ike achọrọ maka ntụgharị transistor dị ala, na-ebelata oriri ike ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 30%. A na-eme njikọ dị n'ime ya site na waya ọla kọpa jikọtara ya na obere k dielectric, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma na-ebelata oriri ike, na ngbanwe ọsọ bụ ihe dịka 20% ngwa ngwa.
Nkesa mineral:
Hafnium nwere ụbara crustal dị elu karịa ọla ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka bismuth, cadmium, na mercury, yana ọdịnaya ya na beryllium, germanium na uranium. Ihe mineral niile nwere zirconium nwere hafnium. Zircon eji na ụlọ ọrụ nwere 0.5-2% hafnium. The beryllium zircon (Alvite) na nke abụọ zirconium ore nwere ike inwe ruo 15% hafnium. Enwekwara ụdị zircon metamorphic, cyrtolite, nke nwere ihe karịrị 5% HfO. Ihe nchekwa nke mineral abụọ ikpeazụ dị obere ma abatabeghị na ụlọ ọrụ. A na-enwetakarị Hafnium n'oge mmepụta nke zirconium.
Ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ores zirconium. [18] [19] N'ihi na enwere ntakịrị ọdịnaya n'ime eriri. Ọ na-ebikọkarị na zirconium na enweghị ọla dị iche.
Usoro nkwadebe:
1. Enwere ike ịkwadebe ya site na mbelata magnesium nke hafnium tetrachloride ma ọ bụ decomposition thermal nke hafnium iodide. HfCl4 na K2HfF6 nwekwara ike iji dị ka akụrụngwa. Usoro mmepụta electrolytic na NaCl KCl HfCl4 ma ọ bụ K2HfF6 gbazee yiri nke mmepụta electrolytic nke zirconium.
2. Hafnium na zirconium na-ebikọ ọnụ, ọ nweghịkwa akụrụngwa dị iche iche maka hafnium. Ngwa maka imepụta hafnium bụ crude hafnium oxide kewapụrụ n'oge a na-emepụta zirconium. Wepụ hafnium oxide site na iji resin mgbanwe ion, wee jiri otu ụzọ dị ka zirconium iji dozie hafnium metal site na hafnium oxide a.
3. Enwere ike ịkwadebe ya site na co kpo oku hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4) na sodium site na mbelata.
Ụzọ mbụ maka ikewapụta zirconium na hafnium bụ akụkụ kristal nke nnu mgbagwoju anya fluorinated na oke mmiri ozuzo nke phosphates. Ụzọ ndị a siri ike ịrụ ọrụ ma bụrụ naanị na iji ụlọ nyocha. Teknụzụ ọhụrụ maka ikewapụta zirconium na hafnium, dị ka mbelata nke ntakiri, mmịpụta ihe mgbaze, mgbanwe ion, na mgbasa ozi fractionation, apụtala n'otu n'otu, na mmịpụta ihe mgbaze dị irè karị. Usoro nkewa abụọ a na-ejikarị bụ usoro thiocyanate cyclohexanone na usoro tributyl phosphate nitric acid. Ngwaahịa enwetara site na ụzọ ndị a dị n'elu bụ hafnium hydroxide niile, enwere ike nweta hafnium oxide dị ọcha site na calcination. Enwere ike nweta hafnium dị ọcha site na usoro mgbanwe ion.
Na ụlọ ọrụ, mmepụta nke metal hafnium na-agụnye ma usoro Kroll na usoro Debor Aker. Usoro Kroll gụnyere mbelata hafnium tetrachloride site na iji magnesium ọla:
2Mg+HfCl4- → 2MgCl2+Hf
A na-eji usoro Debor Aker, nke a makwaara dị ka usoro iodization, iji mee ka sponge dị ọcha dị ka hafnium ma nweta hafnium ígwè na-adịghị mma.
5. Agbaze nke hafnium bụ isi na nke zirconium:
Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ nbibi nke ore, nke gụnyere ụzọ atọ: chlorination nke zircon iji nweta (Zr, Hf) Cl. Alkali agbaze nke zircon. Zircon na-agbaze na NaOH na gburugburu 600, na ihe karịrị 90% nke (Zr, Hf) O na-agbanwe ghọọ Na (Zr, Hf) O, na SiO ghọọ NaSiO, nke na-agbaze na mmiri maka iwepụ. Na (Zr, Hf) O nwere ike iji dị ka ihe ngwọta mbụ maka ikewapụta zirconium na hafnium mgbe agbazechara na HNO. Agbanyeghị, ọnụnọ SiO colloids na-eme ka ikewapụ mmịpụta ihe mgbaze siri ike. Jiri KSiF were tinye ya na mmiri iji nweta ngwọta K (Zr, Hf) F. Ihe ngwọta nwere ike kewaa zirconium na hafnium site na kristal fractional;
Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ bụ nkewa nke zirconium na hafnium, nke nwere ike nweta site na iji ihe mgbaze mmịpụta nkewa ụzọ iji hydrochloric acid MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) usoro na HNO-TBP (tributyl phosphate) usoro. Nkà na ụzụ nke nbibi nke multi-stage na-eji ọdịiche dị na nrụgide vapor n'etiti HfCl na ZrCl na-agbaze n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu (n'elu ikuku 20) ka a na-amụ ogologo oge, nke nwere ike ịchekwa usoro chlorination nke abụọ ma belata ọnụ ahịa. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi nsogbu corrosion nke (Zr, Hf) Cl na HCl, ọ dịghị mfe ịchọta ihe ndị dị na kọlụm ntanye kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ ga-ebelatakwa àgwà ZrCl na HfCl, na-abawanye ụgwọ nchacha. Na 1970s, ọ ka nọ na etiti ule ule ogbo;
Nzọụkwụ nke atọ bụ chlorination nke abụọ nke HfO iji nweta HfCl crude maka mbelata;
Nzọụkwụ nke anọ bụ nchacha nke HfCl na mbelata magnesium. Usoro a bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nchacha na mbelata nke ZrCl, na ihe na-esi na ya pụta bụ obere sponge hafnium;
Nzọụkwụ nke ise bụ ikpochapụ crude sponge hafnium iji wepụ MgCl wee nwetaghachi magnesium metal karịrị akarị, na-ebute ngwaahịa hafnium ogbo mechara. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ebelata ego na-eji sodium kama magnesium, nzọụkwụ nke ise kwesịrị ịgbanwe ka ọ bụrụ imikpu mmiri
Usoro nchekwa:
Chekwaa n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe dị jụụ na ikuku. Wepụ n'ọkụ ọkụ na isi mmalite okpomọkụ. Ekwesịrị ịchekwa ya iche na oxidants, acids, halogens, wdg, ma zere ịkwakọba nchekwa. Iji ọkụ na-egbochi mgbawa na akụrụngwa ikuku. Machibido iji akụrụngwa na akụrụngwa na-enwekarị ọkụ ọkụ. Ebe nchekwa ahụ kwesịrị ịkwado ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị iji nwee ntapu.
Oge nzipu: Sep-25-2023