Gadolinium, mmewere 64 nke tebụl oge.
Lanthanide na tebụl oge bụ ezinụlọ buru ibu, na akụrụngwa kemịkal ha yiri ibe ha, yabụ na ọ siri ike ikewapụ ha. Na 1789, Finnish chemist John Gadolin nwetara metal oxide wee chọpụta nke mbụ obere ụwa oxide -Yttrium (III) oxidesite na nyocha, imeghe akụkọ nchoputa nke ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa. N'afọ 1880, ọkà mmụta sayensị Sweden bụ́ Demeriak chọpụtara ihe ọhụrụ abụọ, otu n'ime ha mechara kweta na ọ bụ ya.samarium, na nke ọzọ ka a mara ọkwa dị ka ihe ọhụrụ, gadolinium, mgbe onye France chemist Debuwa Bodeland sachara ya.
Gadolinium element sitere na silicon beryllium gadolinium ore, nke dị ọnụ ala, dị nro na udidi, dị mma na ductility, magnetik na ụlọ okpomọkụ, ma bụrụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa. Ọ kwụsiri ike n'ikuku kpọrọ nkụ, mana iru mmiri na-efunahụ ya, na-etolite flake rụrụ arụ na ngwa ngwa dị ka oxides ọcha. Mgbe ọkụ na ikuku, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ọcha oxides. Gadolinium na-eji mmiri eme nwayọ nwayọ ma nwee ike gbaze na acid ka ọ bụrụ nnu na-enweghị agba. Njirimara kemịkalụ ya yiri Lanthanide ndị ọzọ, mana ngwa anya na magnetik ya dịtụ iche. Gadolinium bụ Paramagnetism na ụlọ okpomọkụ na ferromagnetic mgbe jụrụ oyi. Enwere ike iji njirimara ya kwalite magnet na-adịgide adịgide.
N'iji Paramagnetism nke gadolinium, onye na-ahụ maka gadolinium na-emepụta aghọwo ezigbo ihe dị iche iche maka NMR. Ebidola nyocha onwe onye nke teknụzụ magnetik resonance imaging, ma enweela ihe nrite 6 Nobel metụtara ya. Ihe na-akpata resonance magnetik nke ọma bụ ntugharị nke nuclei atom, na ntugharị nke nuclei atọ dị iche iche na-adịgasị iche. Dabere na ebili mmiri electromagnetic nke attenuation dị iche iche na-apụta na gburugburu ebe nhazi dị iche iche, enwere ike ikpebi ọnọdụ na ụdị nuclei atomic nke mejupụtara ihe a, ma enwere ike ịdepụta ihe oyiyi dị n'ime ihe ahụ. N'okpuru ọrụ nke oghere magnetik, mgbama nke nkà na ụzụ magnetik resonance imaging na-abịa site na ntugharị nke ụfọdụ nuclei atomic, dị ka hydrogen nuclei na mmiri. Agbanyeghị, a na-ekpo ọkụ nuclei ndị a nwere ike ịgbagharị n'ubi RF nke resonance magnetik, dị ka oven microwave, nke na-emebikarị mgbama nke teknụzụ resonance magnetik. Gadolinium ion abụghị naanị nwere oge magnetik siri ike nke ukwuu, nke na-enyere aka ịgbatị oghere atomiki, na-eme ka nnabata nke anụ ahụ na-arịa ọrịa dịkwuo mma, kamakwa n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ. Otú ọ dị, gadolinium nwere ụfọdụ nsị, na na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, a na-eji chelating ligands na-ekpuchi ion gadolinium iji gbochie ha ịbanye n'anụ ahụ mmadụ.
Gadolinium nwere mmetụta magnetocaloric siri ike na ụlọ okpomọkụ, na okpomọkụ ya dịgasị iche iche na ike nke magnetik, nke na-ebute ngwa na-adọrọ mmasị - refrigeration magnet. N'oge usoro refrigeration, n'ihi nhazi nke dipole magnetik, ihe ndọta ga-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru ụfọdụ oghere ndọta. Mgbe a na-ewepụ oghere magnetik na mkpuchi, okpomọkụ ihe na-ebelata. Ụdị magnetik jụrụ oyi a nwere ike ibelata ojiji nke refrigerant dị ka Freon wee dajụọ ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụwa na-agbalị ịmepụta ngwa nke gadolinium na alloys ya na mpaghara a, ma mepụta obere ngwa nju oyi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. N'okpuru iji gadolinium, enwere ike nweta okpomọkụ dị ala, ya mere a na-akpọ gadolinium dị ka "ọla oyi na-atụ n'ụwa".
Gadolinium isotopes Gd-155 na Gd-157 nwere akụkụ cross neutron thermal nke kachasị ukwuu n'etiti ihe niile eke isotopes, ma nwee ike iji obere obere gadolinium chịkwaa ọrụ nkịtị nke ndị nrụpụta nuklia. Ya mere, a mụrụ gadolinium nke na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-emepụta ihe na gadolinium Control mkpanaka, nke nwere ike imeziwanye nchekwa nke ndị na-emepụta ngwá agha nuklia ma na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa.
Gadolinium nwekwara ezigbo ngwa anya ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ anya, dị ka diodes na sekit, nke a makwaara dị ka diode na-enye ọkụ. Ụdị diode na-eme ka ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke ọ bụghị nanị na-enye ohere ka ọkụ na-agafe n'otu ụzọ, ma na-egbochikwa nlegharị anya nke echoes na eriri anya, na-eme ka ịdị ọcha nke mgbasa ozi anya na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na-ebufe ọkụ ọkụ. Gadolinium gallium garnet bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mma maka imepụta ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ.
Oge nzipu: Jul-06-2023