Aihe atụ nkịtị bụ na ọ bụrụ na mmanụ bụ ọbara nke ụlọ ọrụ, mgbe ahụobere ụwabụ vitamin nke ụlọ ọrụ.
Ụwa dị ụkọbụ mbiri nke otu igwe.Ụwa dị ụkọElements,REE) ka achọpụtala otu otu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. Enwere ụdị REE iri na asaa, gụnyere 15 lanthanides na tebụl kemịkalụ nke oge.lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), na ihe ndị ọzọ Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ngwá electronic, petrochemicals na metallurgy. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 3-5 ọ bụla, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ịchọpụta ojiji ọhụrụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, na otu n'ime ihe isii ọ bụla mepụtara enweghị ike ikewapụ ya.obere ụwa.
China bara ọgaranyaobere ụwamineral, nke mbụ n'ime ụwa atọ: nke mbụ na nchekwa akụ, na-aza ihe dịka 23%; Nsonaazụ bụ nke mbụ, na-aza 80% ruo 90% nke ngwa ahịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe; Olu ire ere bụ nke mbụ, yana 60% ruo 70% nke ngwaahịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe ebupụ na mba ofesi. N'otu oge ahụ, China bụ naanị mba nwere ike ịnye ụdị ọla ụwa dị ụkọ 17, ọkachasị ọkara na arọ.ala na-adịghị ahụkebewith outstanding Military use.China òkè bụ enviable.
Rbụ ụwabụ ihe bara uru atụmatụ akụ, nke a maara dị ka "industrial monosodium glutamate" na "nne nke ọhụrụ ihe", na ọtụtụ-eji na ọnwụ-ọnụ sayensị na nkà na ụzụ na agha ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka Ministry of Industry na Information Technology si kwuo, ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị kaobere ụwamagnet na-adịgide adịgide, luminescence, nchekwa hydrogen na catalysis aghọwo akụrụngwa dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị elu dị ka nrụpụta akụrụngwa dị elu, ike ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-apụta.Ọ na-ejikwa ya na elektrọnik, ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical, ọla, igwe, ike ọhụrụ, ọkụ. ụlọ ọrụ, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ọrụ ugbo na ihe ndị ọzọ. .
N'ihe dị ka 1983, Japan webatara usoro nchekwa nchekwa maka mineral dị ụkọ, yana 83% nke ụlọ ya.ala na-adịghị ahụkebesi China bịa.
Lee anya na United States ọzọ, yaobere ụwaNchekwa bụ nke abụọ naanị na China, mana yaala na-adịghị ahụkebeniile bụ ìhèala na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-ekewa n'ime arọala na-adịghị ahụkebena ìhè obere ụwa. Arọala na-adịghị ahụkebedị oke ọnụ, na ala ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe enweghị akụ na ụba nke m, bụ nke a gbanwere ghọọ adịgborojaobere ụwas site na ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ. 80% nke USobere ụwambubata si China.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping kwuru otu oge: "Enwere mmanụ na Middle East naala na-adịghị ahụkebena China." Ihe okwu ya pụtara pụtara n'onwe ya. Ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe abụghị naanị "MSG" dị mkpa maka ngwaahịa teknụzụ dị elu 1/5 n'ụwa, mana ọ bụkwa nnukwu nkwekọrịta azụmahịa maka China na tebụl mkparita ụka ụwa. ọdịnihu Chebe na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị tinye n'ọrụobere ụwaakụ, Ọ bụrụla atụmatụ mba na-akpọ maka ọtụtụ ndị nwere echiche dị elu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya iji gbochie ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ ahịaobere ụwaAkụ na ụba sitere na ere na kpuru ìsì na mbupụ na mba ọdịda anyanwụ. N'afọ 1992, Deng Xiaoping kwuru n'ụzọ doro anya na ọnọdụ China dị ka nnukwuobere ụwaobodo.
Ndepụta ojiji nke ụwa 17 dị ụkọ
1.lanthanumeji ihe alloy na ihe nkiri ugbo
2.Ceriuma na-ejikarị enyo ụgbọ ala
3 praseodymiuma na-ejikarị eme ihe na pigmenti seramiiki
4.Neodymiuma na-ejikarị eme ihe na ihe ikuku ikuku
5 .Promethium na-enye ike inyeaka maka satịlaịtị
6.Ngwa nkeSamariumna Atomic Energy Reactor
7Europiumanya anya na-emepụta na ihe ngosi kristal mmiri mmiri
8.Gadoliniummaka ahụike magnetik resonance imaging
9.Terbiuma na-eji ya na nhazi nku ụgbọ elu
10.Erbiuma na-eji laser rangefinder eme ihe n'ihe gbasara agha
11.Dysprosiuma na-eji dị ka isi iyi ọkụ maka ihe nkiri na ibipụta
12 .Holmiuma na-eji eme ngwa nzikọrịta ozi anya
13 .Thuliuma na-eji maka nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ etuto ahụ
14.Ytterbiummgbakwunye maka ihe nchekwa kọmputa
15.Ngwa nkelutiumna teknụzụ batrị ike
16.Yttriumna-eme ka wires na ike ụgbọ elu
17.Scandiuma na-ejikarị eme alloys
Nkọwa bụ ndị a:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
Na Gulf War, abalị ọhụụ ngwaọrụ naobere ụwammewerelanthanumghọrọ isi iyi nke tankị US. Ihe onyonyo a dị n'elu na-egosilanthanum chloridentụ ntụ (Map data)
Lanthanuma na-ejikarị ihe piezoelectric, ihe electrothermal, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ihe magnetoresistive, ihe na-egbuke egbuke (blue powder), ihe nchekwa hydrogen, iko anya, ihe laser, ihe dị iche iche alloy, wdg.LanthanumA na-ejikwa ihe na-akpali akpali maka nkwadebe nke ọtụtụ ngwaahịa kemịkalụ organic, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwurulanthanum"Super calcium" maka mmetụta ya na ihe ọkụkụ.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriumenwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka catalyst, arc electrode na iko pụrụ iche.Cerium alloyna-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu ma enwere ike iji ya mee akụkụ nke ikuku jet (Map data)
(1)Cerium, dị ka ihe mgbakwunye iko, nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ultraviolet na ụzarị infrared, a na-ejikwa ya mee ihe na iko ụgbọala. Ọ bụghị nanị na ọ na-egbochi ụzarị ultraviolet, kamakwa belata okpomọkụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ahụ, iji chekwaa ọkụ eletrik maka ntụ oyi. Ebe ọ bụ na 1997 , agbakwunyere ceria na iko ụgbọ ala niile dị na Japan. N'afọ 1996, opekata mpe 2000 tọn ceria ji enyo ụgbọ ala, yana ihe karịrị tọn 1000 na United States.
(2) Ugbu a,ceriumA na-eji ya eme ihe na-eme ka ikuku iyuzucha ụgbọ ala dị ọcha, nke nwere ike igbochi nnukwu ikuku gas n'ikuku nke ọma. The oriri nkeCeriumna United States akaụntụ maka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ngụkọta oriri nkeobere ụwa.
(3) A pụrụ iji cerium sulfide mee ihe na pigmenti kama ịbụ lead, cadmium na ọla ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ gburugburu na ụmụ mmadụ. Enwere ike iji ya agba plastik, mkpuchi, ink na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga bụ French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: Sistemụ laser LiSAF bụ laser steeti siri ike nke United States mepụtara. Enwere ike iji ya chọpụta ngwa agha na ọgwụ nje site na nyochaa mkpokọta tryptophan.Ceriuma na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwa ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe nwerecerium.Dị ka polishing ntụ ntụ, hydrogen nchekwa ihe, thermoelectric ihe,ceriumtungsten electrodes, seramiiki capacitors, piezoelectric seramiiki,cerium silicon carbideabrasives, mmanụ ụgbọala akụrụngwa, mmanụ ụgbọala catalysts, ụfọdụ magnetik ihe na-adịgide adịgide, dị iche iche alloy steels na-abụghị ígwè ọla.
3
Praseodymium(PR)
(1)Praseodymiuma na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ịrụ ụlọ ceramik na ceramik eji eme ihe kwa ụbọchị. Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na seramiiki glaze iji mee ka agba na-egbuke egbuke, a pụkwara iji ya dị ka pigmenti n'okpuru glaze. Ụcha ahụ bụ odo odo na-acha ọcha na agba mara mma.
(2) A na-eji ya emepụta magnetik na-adịgide adịgide. Iji ọnụ alapraseodymiumnaneodymium metalkama ỌchaNeodymium metaliji mee ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, a na-emeziwanye ikuku oxygen na ihe eji arụ ọrụ, a pụkwara ịhazi ya n'ime magnet nke ụdị dị iche iche.
(3) Ejiri ya na petroleum catalytic cracking. Enwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ, nhọrọ na nkwụsi ike nke ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma site n'ịgbakwụnye ihe bara ụba.praseodymiumnaneodymiumn'ime Y zeolite molecular sieve iji kwadebe mmanụ ala cracking catalyst.China malitere itinye n'ọrụ mmepụta ihe na 1970s, na oriri na-abawanye.
(4)PraseodymiumEnwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka polishing abrasive. Na mgbakwunye,praseodymiumna ọtụtụ-eji na ngwa anya eriri ubi.
4
Neodymium(nd)
Kedu ihe kpatara enwere ike ibu ụzọ chọta tank M1? Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, nke nwere ike iru nso nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mita 4000 na ìhè ehihie (Map data)
Na ọmụmụ nkepraseodymium,neodymiumbịara dịrị. Ọbịbịa nke neodymium mere ka ọrụ ahụ rụọ ọrụobere ụwaubi, keere òkè dị mkpa n'ọhịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, ma na-emetụtaobere ụwaahịa.
Neodymiumaghọwo ebe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ahịa ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya pụrụ iche n'ọhịa nkeala na-adịghị ahụkebe.Ndị kasị ibu ọrụ nkeneodymium metalbụ NdFeB ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide. Ọbịbịa nke NdFeB ndọta na-adịgide adịgide agbanyela ume ọhụrụ n'ime ubi teknụzụ dị elu nke ụwa. NdFeB ndọta a na-akpọ "eze nke na-adịgide adịgide magnetik" n'ihi na ya elu magnetik ike product.It ọtụtụ-eji na ngwá electronic, ígwè na ndị ọzọ ọrụ maka ya magburu onwe arụmọrụ. Ọganihu mmepe nke Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer na-egosi na ihe ndọta nke ndọta NdFeB na China abanyela n'ọkwa ụwa.Neodymium is na-ejikwa na-abụghị ígwè ihe. Ịgbakwunye 1.5-2.5% neodymium n'ime magnesium ma ọ bụ aluminom alloy nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ dị elu dị elu, ikuku ikuku na nguzogide corrosion nke alloy.A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe ikuku. Na mgbakwunye, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminom garnet na-emepụta obere ọkụ laser dị mkpụmkpụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ịgbado ọkụ na ịkpụ ihe ndị dị mkpa na ọkpụrụkpụ n'okpuru 10mm na ụlọ ọrụ. N'ọgwụgwọ ahụike, Nd: YAG laser na-eji wepụ ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ọnya kama ikpochapụ.Neodymiuma na-ejikwa iko agba na ihe seramiiki na ihe mgbakwunye maka ngwaahịa roba.
5
Promethium (Pm)
Promethium bụ ihe arụrụ arụ arụrụ arụ arụrụ arụ nke ndị nrụpụta nuklia mepụtara (maapụ data)
(1) Enwere ike iji dị ka isi iyi ọkụ. Nye ike inyeaka maka nchọpụta oghere na satịlaịtị artificial.
(2) Pm147 na-ewepụta ọkụ β-ray dị ala, nke enwere ike iji rụọ batrị cymbal. Dị ka ike ọkọnọ nke ngwa agha nduzi ngwá na clocks. Ụdị batrị a pere mpe ma nwee ike iji ya na-aga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa promethium na ngwa X-ray enwere ike, nkwadebe nke phosphor, nha nha na oriọna mgbama.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Metal samarium(maapụ data)
Smbụ ìhè edo edo, ọ bụkwa akụrụngwa nke Sm-Co magnet na-adịgide adịgide, na Sm-Co magnet bụ magnet mbụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe ejiri na ụlọ ọrụ. E nwere ụdị abụọ nke magnetik na-adịgide adịgide: SmCo5 usoro na Sm2Co17 usoro. Na mmalite 1970s, e mepụtara usoro SmCo5, na usoro Sm2Co17 ka emepụtara na oge ikpeazụ. Ugbu a, a na-ebute ihe ndị a na-achọrọ nke ikpeazụ. Ịdị ọcha nkesamarium oxideeji nasamariummagnetik cobalt ekwesịghị ịdị elu. N'ịtụle na-eri, tumadi iji banyere 95% nke ngwaahịa. Na mgbakwunye,samarium oxidea na-ejikwa seramiiki capacitors na ihe ndị na-eme ihe. Na mgbakwunye,samariumnwere akụrụngwa nuklia, nke enwere ike iji dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ihe mkpuchi na ihe njikwa maka ndị na-ahụ maka ike ikuku, ka enwere ike iji nnukwu ike sitere na fission nuklia mee ihe n'enweghị nsogbu.
7
Europium(Eu)
Europium oxidentụ ntụ (maapụ data)
Europium oxideA na-ejikarị phosphor (maapụ data)
Na 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay chọpụtara ihe ọhụrụ si "samarium", aha yaEuropium. A na-akpọ nke a n'aha okwu Europe.Europium oxidea na-ejikarị eme ntụ ntụ fluorescent. A na-eji Eu3+ dị ka onye na-eme ka phosphor na-acha uhie uhie rụọ ọrụ, a na-ejikwa Eu2+ dị ka phosphor na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ugbu a Y2O2S:Eu3 + bụ phosphor kacha mma na arụmọrụ ọkụ, mkpuchi mkpuchi na ọnụ ahịa eji emegharị ihe. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ihi mmụba nke teknụzụ dị ka imeziwanye arụmọrụ ọkụ na ọdịiche.Europium oxideejikwara ya dị ka phosphor emission kpaliri maka usoro nyocha ahụike X-ray ọhụrụ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.Europium oxideA pụkwara iji ya mee ihe maka imepụta anya anya acha na ihe nzacha anya, maka ngwaọrụ nchekwa afụ magnetik, ọ nwekwara ike igosi talent ya na ihe njikwa, ihe mkpuchi na ihe nhazi nke ndị na-emepụta ihe.
8
Gadolinium(Gd)
Gadoliniumna isotopes ya bụ ndị na-amịpụta neutron kacha dị irè ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ndị na-egbochi ndị na-emepụta ngwá agha nuklia. (maapụ data)
(1) Ihe mgbagwoju paramagnetic nke nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị mma nwere ike melite akara ngosi NMR nke ahụ mmadụ na ọgwụgwọ ahụike.
(2) Enwere ike iji sọlfọ oxide ya dị ka grid matrix nke tube oscilloscope na ihuenyo X-ray nwere nchapụta pụrụ iche.
(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumGallium Garnet bụ ezigbo otu mkpụrụ maka ebe nchekwa afụ.
(4) Enwere ike iji ya dị ka igwe nju oyi magnetik siri ike na-enweghị mmachi okirikiri Camot.
(5) A na-eji ya dị ka onye na-egbochi ya iji chịkwaa usoro mmeghachi omume nke ihe ọkụkụ nuklia iji hụ na nchekwa nke mmeghachi omume nuklia.
(6) A na-eji ya dị ka mgbakwunye nkesamariumcobalt magnet iji hụ na arụmọrụ anaghị agbanwe na okpomọkụ.
9
Terbium(Tb)
Terbium oxidentụ ntụ (maapụ data)
Ngwa nketerbiumna-agụnyekarị mpaghara nkà na ụzụ dị elu, nke bụ ọrụ dị egwu nke nwere nkà na ụzụ na nkà na ụzụ dị ukwuu, yana ọrụ nwere uru akụ na ụba dị ịrịba ama, na-enwe atụmanya mmepe mara mma.
(1) A na-eji phosphors mee ihe dị ka ndị na-eme ka ntụ ntụ ndụ ndụ na tricolor phosphor, dị ka terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix naterbium-arụ ọrụ cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, nke niile na-ebunye ọkụ ndụ ndụ na steeti obi ụtọ.
(2) Magneto-optical ihe nchekwa ihe. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, terbium magneto-optical material erutela ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta ihe. A na-eji diski Magneto-optical discs mere nke ihe nkiri amorphous Tb-Fe dị ka ihe nchekwa kọmputa, na ikike nchekwa na-abawanye site na 10 ~ 15 ugboro.
(3) Magneto-optical iko,terbium-nwere Faraday rotatory iko bụ isi ihe maka n'ichepụta rotators, isolators na annulators nke a na-ejikarị na teknụzụ laser. Karịsịa, mmepe nke TerFenol emeghewo ngwa ọhụrụ nke Terfenol, nke bụ ihe ọhụrụ a chọpụtara na 1970. Ọkara nke alloy a mejupụtaraterbiumnadysprosium, mgbe ụfọdụ naholmiumna nke ọzọ bụ ígwè. Ames Laboratory bụ nke mbụ mepụtara alloy na Iowa, USA. Mgbe a na-etinye Terfenol n'ime oghere magnetik, nha ya na-agbanwe karịa nke ihe ndọta nkịtị, nke nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ mmegharị ahụ ziri ezi. Terbium dysprosium ígwè bụ tumadi eji sonar na mbụ, na ọtụtụ ebe na-eji n'ọtụtụ ubi na now.From mmanụ ụgbọala injection usoro, mmiri mmiri valvụ akara, Micro-ọkwa, na n'ibu actuators, usoro na nku regulators maka ụgbọelu ohere teliskop.
10
Dysprosium(Dị)
Metal dysprosium(maapụ data)
(1) Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nke NdFeB magnetik na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbakwunye ihe dịka 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumna magnetik a nwere ike melite ike mmanye ya. N'oge gara aga, ọchịchọ makadysprosiumabụghị nnukwu, ma na-abawanye ụba nke NdFeB magnetik, ọ ghọrọ ihe mgbakwunye dị mkpa, na ọkwa ga-abụ ihe dịka 95 ~ 99.9%, na ọchịchọ ahụ mụbakwara ngwa ngwa.
(2)DysprosiumA na-eji ya dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ nke phosphor. Trivalentdysprosiumbụ ion na-ekwe nkwa ịgbalite ihe tricolor luminescent nwere otu etiti luminescent. Ọ tumadi mejupụtara abụọ emission bandeji, otu bụ odo ìhè emission, nke ọzọ bụ blue ìhè anwuru. Ihe luminescent ejiri mee yadysprosiumEnwere ike iji ya dị ka tricolor phosphor.
(3)Dysprosiumbụ ihe dị mkpa ígwè akụrụngwa maka ịkwadebe Terfenol alloy na magnetostrictive alloy, nke nwere ike ịghọta ụfọdụ kpọmkwem omume nke n'ibu ije.
(4)Dysprosium metalenwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe nchekwa magneto-optical nwere nnukwu ndekọ ọsọ yana ọgụgụ ọgụgụ isi.
(5) Eji na nkwadebe nkedysprosiumoriọna, ihe na-arụ ọrụ eji eme ihedysprosiumoriọna bụ dysprosium iodide, nke nwere uru nke nchapụta dị elu, ezigbo agba, okpomọkụ dị elu, obere nha, arc kwụsiri ike na ihe ndị ọzọ, ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka ọkụ ọkụ maka ihe nkiri na ibipụta.
(6)Dysprosiuma na-eji atụta neutron ume ụdịdị dị iche iche ma ọ bụ dị ka neutron absorber na atomiki ume ụlọ ọrụ n'ihi na ya nnukwu neutron jide cross-section mpaghara.
(7)Dy3Al5O12 nwekwara ike iji dị ka magnetik arụ ọrụ ihe maka magnetik refrigeration. Na mmepe nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, ngwa ubi nkedysprosiuma ga-aga n'ihu na-agbasawanye ma gbasaa.
11
Holmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy(maapụ data)
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-emewanye mpaghara ngwa ngwa nke ígwè, na oriri adịghị oke ibu. Na nso nso a, naỤwa dị ụkọResearch Institute of Baotou Steel nakweere elu okpomọkụ na elu agụụ distillation technology, na mepụtara elu ịdị ọcha metal Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% na ala ọdịnaya nke na-abụghị-obere ụwaadịghị ọcha.
Ugbu a, isi ihe eji akpọchi bụ:
(1) Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nke oriọna halogen metal, oriọna halogen metal bụ ụdị oriọna na-agbapụta gas, nke a na-eme na-adabere na oriọna mercury dị elu, na njirimara ya bụ na bọlbụ ahụ jupụtara n'ụdị dị iche iche.obere ụwah halides. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ejikarị iodide ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-ewepụta ahịrị dị iche iche mgbe gas na-agbapụta. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ a na-eji na oriọna ígwè bụ qiniodide, enwere ike nweta ntinye uche dị elu nke atom metal na mpaghara arc, si otú a na-eme ka arụmọrụ radieshon dịkwuo mma.
(2) Enwere ike iji ígwè dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ịdekọ ígwè ma ọ bụ ijeri aluminom garnet
(3) Khin-doped aluminum garnet (Ho: YAG) nwere ike ịpụta 2um laser, na ntinye nke 2um laser site na anụ ahụ mmadụ dị elu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iwu atọ dị elu karịa nke Hd: YAG. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eji Ho: YAG laser maka ọrụ ahụike, ọ bụghị naanị imeziwanye arụmọrụ na izi ezi nke ọrụ, kamakwa ibelata ebe mmebi ọkụ na obere nha. Oghere efu na-emepụta site na kristal mkpọchi nwere ike iwepụ abụba n'ebughị oke ọkụ, Iji belata mmebi ọkụ nke anụ ahụ dị mma, a na-akọ na ọgwụgwọ w-laser nke glaucoma na United States nwere ike ibelata mgbu nke ịwa ahụ. nke 2um laser crystal na China eruola ọkwa mba ụwa, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite na ịmepụta ụdị kristal laser.
(4) Enwere ike ịgbakwunye obere Cr na magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D iji belata mpaghara mpụga achọrọ maka magnetization saturation.
(5) Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enwere ike iji ígwè doped fiber mee fiber laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor na ngwaọrụ nkwurịta okwu ngwa anya ndị ọzọ, nke ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nkwurịta okwu ngwa ngwa ngwa anya nke taa.
12
Erbium(ER)
Erbium oxidentụ ntụ (akara ozi)
(1) Mgbapụta ọkụ nke Er3 + na 1550nm dị mkpa pụrụ iche, n'ihi na ogologo ogologo nke a dị na mfu kacha ala nke eriri anya na nkwurịta okwu eriri anya. Mgbe obi ụtọ 980nm na 1480nm ìhè, bait ion (Er3 +) transits si ala ala 4115/2 na elu-energy steeti 4I13 / 2. Mgbe Er3 + na elu-ike steeti mgbanwe azụ ala ala, ọ na-ebunye ọkụ 1550nm. Quartz eriri nwere ike ibunye ìhè nke dị iche iche wavelengths, Otú ọ dị, ngwa anya attenuation ọnụego nke 1550nm band bụ kasị ala (0.15 dB / km), nke fọrọ nke nta ka ala ịgba attenuation rate.Ya mere, ngwa anya ọnwụ nke ngwa anya eriri nkwurịta okwu bụ kacha nta mgbe. a na-eji ya dị ka ìhè mgbaàmà na 1550 nm. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọ bụrụ na a na-agwakọta ịta ahụhụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'ime matriks kwesịrị ekwesị, amplifier nwere ike kwụọ ụgwọ mfu na usoro nkwurịta okwu dịka ụkpụrụ laser si dị, Ya mere, na netwọk mgbasa ozi nke telecommunication. kwesịrị ịkwalite mgbama ngwa anya 1550nm, bait doped fiber amplifier bụ ngwaọrụ ngwa anya dị mkpa. Ugbu a, bait doped silica fiber amplifier e commercialized.Ọ na-akọ na iji zere absorption na-abaghị uru, na doped ego na ngwa anya eriri bụ iri puku kwuru iri na otu narị ppm.The ngwa ngwa mmepe nke ngwa anya fiber nkwurịta okwu ga-emeghe ọhụrụ ngwa ubi. .
(2) (2) Na mgbakwunye, bait doped laser crystal na mmepụta 1730nm laser na laser 1550nm dị mma maka anya mmadụ, arụmọrụ ikuku dị mma, ikike ịbanye na anwụrụ ọkụ n'ọgbọ agha, nchekwa dị mma, ọ dịghị mfe ịchọpụta ya. onye iro, na ọdịiche nke radieshon nke ebumnuche ndị agha buru ibu. Emere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-achọpụta ihe na-ebugharị laser nke dị mma maka anya mmadụ na iji agha.
(3) (3) Enwere ike itinye Er3 + n'ime iko iji mee ihe laser iko ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke bụ ihe laser siri ike nke nwere ike nrụpụta kacha ukwuu na ike nrụpụta kacha elu.
(4) Er3 + nwekwara ike iji dị ka ion nọ n'ọrụobere ụwaupconversion laser ihe.
(5) (5) Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụkwara iji bait mee ihe maka ịchacha na agba nke iko iko na kristal kristal.
13
Thulium(TM)
Mgbe a gbasasịrị ya na igwe ihe nrụpụta nuklia.thuliumna-emepụta isotope nke nwere ike ibunye X-ray, nke enwere ike iji dị ka isi iyi X-ray nwere ike ibugharị (Mapụ data)
(1)Thuliuma na-eji dị ka isi iyi nke igwe X-ray nwere ike ibugharị. Mgbe a gbasasịrị ya na reactor nuklia, TM na-emepụta ụdị isotope nke nwere ike ibunye X-ray, nke enwere ike iji mee ikuku irradiator. Ụdị rediometer a nwere ike ịgbanwe yu-169 ka ọ bụrụ TM-170 n'okpuru ọrụ nke elu na nke etiti, na-amụba X-ray iji mee ka ọbara gbasaa ma belata mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha. Ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha ndị a na-eme ka a ghara ịmịnye akụkụ ahụ, ka o wee belata njụ mbụ nke akụkụ ahụ.
(2) (2)ThuliumEnwere ike iji ya mee ihe na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa tumor n'ihi oke mmekọrịta ya maka anụ ahụ tumor, ụwa dị arọ na-adịghị ahụkebe na-adaba adaba karịa ìhè.obere ụwa, karịsịa mmekọrita nke Yu bụ nke kasị ukwuu.
(3) (3) X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na-eji dị ka activator na phosphor nke X-ray sensitization ihuenyo iji welie anya uche, si otú ibelata ikpughe na mmebi nke X-ray ụmụ mmadụ × Usoro ọgwụgwọ radieshon bụ 50%, nke nwere uru bara uru na ngwa ahụike.
(4) (4) Enwere ike iji oriọna halide metal dị ka mgbakwunye na isi iyi ọkụ ọhụrụ.
(5) (5) Tm3 + nwere ike tinye ya n'ime iko iji mee ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa iko laser ihe onwunwe, nke bụ ihe siri ike-ala laser ihe na kasị mmepụta usu na kasị elu mmepụta ike.Tm3 + nwekwara ike-eji dị ka ebighị ion. nke obere ụwa upconversion laser ihe.
14
Ytterbium(Yb)
Ytterbium metal(maapụ data)
(1) Dị ka thermal ikpuchi mkpuchi ihe. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mirror nwere ike melite corrosion iguzogide nke electrodeposited zinc mkpuchi doro anya, na ọka size nke mkpuchi na mirror bụ obere karịa nke mkpuchi na-enweghị mirror.
(2) Dị ka ihe magnetostrictive. Nke a ihe onwunwe nwere àgwà nke nnukwu magnetostriction, ya bụ, mgbasawanye na magnetik field. The alloy bụ tumadi esịnede mirror / ferrite alloy na dysprosium / ferrite alloy, na a ụfọdụ nkezi nke manganese na-agbakwunyere na-emepụta. nnukwu magnetostriction.
(3) Ihe enyo ejiri mee nha nrụgide. Nnwale na-egosi na mmetụta uche nke ihe enyo dị elu na oke nrụgide calibrated, nke na-emepe ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ntinye nke enyo na nha nrụgide.
(4) Ndochi dabere na resin maka oghere nke molars iji dochie amalgam ọlaọcha a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'oge gara aga.
(5) Ndị ọkà mmụta Japan emechaala nke ọma nkwadebe nke enyo-doped vanadium baht garnet agbakwunyere akara waveguide laser, nke dị oke mkpa maka mmepe teknụzụ laser ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa enyo ahụ maka fluorescent powder activator, ceramics redio, ihe nchekwa kọmputa kọmputa (magnetic afụ) mgbakwunye, eriri eriri iko na mgbakwunye enyo anya, wdg.
15
Lutetium(Lu)
Lutetium oxidentụ ntụ (maapụ data)
Yttrium lutium silicate crystal (maapụ data)
(1) mee ụfọdụ alloys pụrụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji lutium aluminom alloy mee ihe maka nyocha ọrụ neutron.
(2) kwụsiri ikelutiumnuclides na-arụ ọrụ catalytic na mgbawa mmanụ ala, alkylation, hydrogenation na polymerization.
(3) Mgbakwunye nke yttrium ígwè ma ọ bụ yttrium aluminum garnet nwere ike imeziwanye ihe ụfọdụ.
(4) Raw ihe nke magnetik afụ nchekwa.
(5) kristal na-arụ ọrụ mejupụtara, lutium-doped aluminum yttrium neodymium tetraborate, bụ nke teknụzụ teknụzụ nke ngwọta nnu na-eme ka uto kristal dị jụụ. Nlele na-egosi na lutium-doped NYAB crystal dị elu karịa NYAB kristal n'ịdị n'otu anya na ịrụ ọrụ laser.
(6) A chọpụtala nalutiumnwere ngwa nwere ike na ngosipụta electrochromic na obere akụkụ molekul semiconductor. Na mgbakwunye,lutiuma na-ejikwa teknụzụ batrị ike yana onye na-eme phosphor.
16
Yttrium(y)
YttriumA na-ejikarị ya eme ihe, yttrium aluminum garnet nwere ike iji dị ka ihe laser, yttrium iron garnet na-eji maka nkà na ụzụ microwave na acoustic energy transfer, na europium-doped yttrium vanadate na europium-doped.yttrium oxidena-eji dị ka phosphor maka agba TV set. (maapụ data)
(1) Ihe mgbakwunye maka ígwè na ihe ndị na-abụghị ígwè. FeCr alloy na-enwekarị 0.5-4%yttrium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite nguzogide oxidation na ductility nke igwe anaghị agba nchara; Ngwongwo zuru oke nke MB26 alloy na-akawanye mma site n'ịgbakwụnye yttrium bara ụba nke ọma.obere ụwa, nke nwere ike dochie ụfọdụ alloys aluminom siri ike ma jiri ya mee ihe na-akpata nrụgide nke ụgbọ elu. Na-agbakwụnye obere ego nke yttrium-ọgaranyaobere ụwan'ime Al-Zr alloy, The conductivity nke alloy nwere ike imeziwanye; Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ waya na China nakweere alloy ahụ. Ịtinye yttrium n'ime ọla kọpa na-eme ka conductivity na ike arụ ọrụ.
(2) Silicon nitride seramiiki ihe nwere 6%yttriumna 2% aluminum nwere ike iji mepụta akụkụ engine.
(3) The Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser beam na ike nke 400 watts na-eji egwu egwu, bee na weld nnukwu components.
(4) Igwe microscope nke eletrọn nke mejupụtara Y-Al garnet otu kristal nwere nchapụta ọkụ dị elu, nnabata dị ala nke ọkụ gbasasịrị, yana ezigbo nguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na nguzogide igwe.
(5) EluyttriumEnwere ike iji alloy arụ ọrụ nwere 90% yttrium na ụgbọ elu na ebe ndị ọzọ chọrọ njupụta dị ala na ebe mgbaze dị elu.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 ihe na-eduzi proton dị elu, nke na-adọta mmasị dị ukwuu ugbu a, dị oke mkpa maka mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ, mkpụrụ ndụ electrolytic na gas sensọ chọrọ nnukwu hydrogen solubility. Na mgbakwunye,yttriuma na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-efesa okpomọkụ dị elu, ihe na-eme ka mmanụ ọkụ na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, ihe mgbakwunye maka ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, na onye na-abanye na ụlọ ọrụ eletrik.
17
Scandium(Sc)
Metal scandium(maapụ data)
E jiri ya tụnyere yttrium na lanthanide ọcha, scandium nwere obere radius ionic na obere alkalinity nke hydroxide na-adịghị ike. Ya mere, mgbescandiumna ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa na-agwakọta ọnụ.scandiumga-ebu ụzọ mee ihe mgbe a na-agwọ ya na amonia (ma ọ bụ alkali dilute), n'ihi ya, enwere ike ikewa ya ngwa ngwa.obere ụwaihe site na usoro nke "oke mmiri ozuzo". Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iji polarization decomposition nke nitrate maka nkewa. Scandium nitrate bụ ihe kacha mfe ire ere, si otú a na-enweta nzube nke nkewa.
Enwere ike nweta Sc site na electrolysis.Scl3, KCl na LiCl na-agbaze n'oge nyocha nke scandium, na zinc a wụrụ awụ na-eji dị ka cathode maka electrolysis, nke mere nascandiumna-ebuli elu na zinc electrode, mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpochapụ zinc iji nwetascandium. Na mgbakwunye,scandiumna-enweta ngwa ngwa mgbe a na-edozi ore iji mepụta uranium, thorium na lanthanide. Mgbake zuru oke nke metụtarascandiumsi tungsten na tin ore bụkwa otu n'ime isi mmalite nkescandium.Scandiumbụ tumadi na trivalent steeti na ogige, nke na-adị mfe oxidized n'imeSc2O3n'ikuku wee tụfuo ncha ọla ya wee ghọọ isi awọ gbara ọchịchịrị.
Isi ojiji nkescandiumbụ:
(1)Scandiumnwere ike meghachi omume na mmiri ọkụ na-ahapụ hydrogen, ma soluble na acid, ya mere ọ bụ ihe na-ebelata ike.
(2)Scandium oxidena hydroxide bụ naanị alkaline, mana ntụ nnu ya enweghị ike ịmegharị ya. Scandium chloride bụ kristal na-acha ọcha, na-agbaze n'ime mmiri ma na-asọ oyi na ikuku.
(3) Na ụlọ ọrụ metallurgical,scandiuma na-ejikarị eme ihe na-emepụta ihe (ihe mgbakwunye nke alloys) iji meziwanye ike, ike, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide na arụmọrụ nke alloys. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-agbakwunye obere ego nkescandiumiji gbazee ígwè nwere ike imeziwanye njirimara nke ígwè nkedo, ebe ị na-agbakwunye obere egoscandiumka aluminom nwere ike imeziwanye ike ya na nguzogide okpomọkụ.
(4) Na ụlọ ọrụ eletrọnịkị,scandiumenwere ike iji dị ka ngwaọrụ semiconductor dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ntinye nke scandium sulfite na semiconductor adọtala uche n'ụlọ na mba ọzọ, yana ferrite nwere.scandiumna-ekwekwa nkwa na kọmpụta magnetik cores.
(5) Na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ,scandiumA na-eji ogige eme ihe dị ka mmanya na-egbu mmiri na mmiri mmiri, nke bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka mmepụta nke ethylene na chlorine site na mkpofu hydrochloric acid.
(6) Na ụlọ ọrụ iko, iko pụrụ iche nwerescandiumenwere ike imepụta ya.
(7) N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik,scandiumna oriọna sodium mere nkescandiumna sodium nwere uru nke arụmọrụ dị elu na agba ọkụ dị mma.
(8)Scandiumdị n'ụdị 45Sc n'okike. Na mgbakwunye, enwere isotopes redioaktivu itoolu nkeScandium, ya bụ 40~44Sc na 46~49Sc. N'ime ha, 46Sc, dị ka tracer, ejirila na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, metallurgy na oceanography. Na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, e nwere ndị mba ọzọ na-amụ iji 46Sc na-agwọ ọrịa cancer.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-09-2021