Nanotechnology bụ ngalaba nkuzi na-apụta nke ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite na ngwụcha 1980 na mmalite 1990s. N'ihi nnukwu ikike ya ịmepụta usoro mmepụta, ihe na ngwaahịa ọhụrụ, ọ ga-akpalite mgbanwe mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na narị afọ ọhụrụ. Ọkwa mmepe nke nanoscience na nanotechnology dị ugbu a yiri nke kọmputa na teknụzụ ozi na 1950s. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwadoro na ngalaba a na-atụ anya na mmepe nke nanotechnology ga-enwe mmetụta sara mbara ma dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nkà na ụzụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na ọ nwere ihe ndị dị iche iche na ihe ndị pụrụ iche, yana mmetụta ndị na-egbochi ya na-eduga na ihe ndị dị iche iche nke nano.obere ụwaihe na-agụnye mmetụta dị n'elu kpọmkwem, mmetụta obere nha, mmetụta interface, mmetụta nghọta, mmetụta tunneling, na macroscopic quantum mmetụta. Mmetụta ndị a na-eme ka ihe anụ ahụ nke sistem nano dị iche na ihe ndị a na-emekarị, dị ka ọkụ, ọkụ eletrik, okpomọkụ na magnetism, na-ebute ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọhụrụ. Enwere isi ntụziaka atọ maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ọdịnihu iji nyochaa na ịzụlite nanotechnology: nkwadebe na ntinye nke nanomaterials dị elu; Chepụta ma kwadebe ngwaọrụ na akụrụngwa nano dị iche iche; Chọpụta ma nyochaa njirimara nke mpaghara nano. Ugbu a, enwere ụfọdụ ntụzịaka ngwa maka nanoobere ụwas, na ọdịnihu ojiji nke nanoala na-adịghị ahụkebeọ dị mkpa ka a zụlitekwuo ya.
Nano lanthanum oxidea na-etinye ya na ihe piezoelectric, ihe electrothermal, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ihe magnetoresistive, ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke (blue powder) ihe nchekwa nchekwa hydrogen, iko anya, ihe laser, ihe dị iche iche alloy, ihe na-eme ka ịkwado ngwaahịa kemịkalụ organic, na ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ ụgbọala. A na-etinyekwa ihe nkiri ọrụ ugbo ngbanwe ọkụnano lanthanum oxide.
Isi ojiji nkenano ceriagụnyere: 1. Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye iko,nano cerianwere ike ịmịkọrọ ultraviolet na ụzarị infrared ma tinye ya na iko akpaaka. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ nwere ike igbochi radieshon ultraviolet, ma ọ nwekwara ike ibelata okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụgbọ ala, si otú a na-echekwa ọkụ eletrik maka ntụ oyi. 2. Ngwa nkenano cerium oxideN'ime akpaka ikuku iyuzucha ọcha, ihe na-akpali akpali nwere ike igbochi nnukwu ikuku ikuku ikuku n'ikuku. 3.Nano cerium oxideenwere ike itinye ya na pigmenti ka ọ bụrụ plastik agba, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe na ụlọ ọrụ dịka mkpuchi, ink, na akwụkwọ. 4. Ngwa nkenano ceriaA na-amata na ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke dị ka ihe achọrọ dị elu maka ihicha silicon wafers na sapphire otu mkpụrụ kristal. 5. Ọzọkwa,nano cerianwekwara ike itinye ya na ihe nchekwa hydrogen, ihe ọkụ ọkụ,nano ceriatungsten electrodes, seramiiki capacitors, piezoelectric seramiiki,nano ceria silicon carbideabrasives, mmanụ ụgbọala akụrụngwa, mmanụ ụgbọala catalysts, ụfọdụ magnetik ihe na-adịgide adịgide, dị iche iche alloy steels, na ndị na-abụghị ígwè ọla.
NanometerPraseodymium oxide (Pr6O11)
Isi ojiji nkenano praseodymium oxidegụnyere: 1. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụlọ ceramics na ceramics kwa ụbọchị. Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na seramiiki glaze iji mee ka agba glaze, ma ọ bụ enwere ike iji ya dị ka pigmenti n'okpuru glaze naanị. Nri a na-emepụta bụ odo odo, nwere ụda agba dị ọcha ma mara mma. 2. A na-eji maka imepụta ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-ejikarị na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị dị iche iche na moto. 3. A na-eji maka petroleum catalytic cracking, ọ nwere ike melite ọrụ catalytic, selectivity, na nkwụsi ike. 4.Nano praseodymium oxideenwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka polishing abrasive. Ke adianade do, ojiji nkenano praseodymium oxidena ngalaba nke ngwa anya emep uta eri na-aghọwanye ebe nile.
Nanometer neodymium oxide (Nd2O3)
Nanometer neodymium oxidemmewere aghọwo isiokwu na-ekpo ọkụ nke ahịa anya ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya pụrụ iche naobere ụwaubi.Nanometer neodymium oxidea na-etinyekwa ya na ihe igwe anaghị agba nchara. Na-agbakwụnye 1.5% ruo 2.5%nano neodymium oxidena magnesium ma ọ bụ aluminom alloys nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ okpomọkụ dị elu, ikuku ikuku, na nguzogide corrosion nke alloy, ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe ikuku. Na mgbakwunye, nano yttrium aluminum garnet doped withnano neodymium oxidee site na obere ebili mmiri laser, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịgbado ọkụ na ịcha ihe ndị dị mkpa na ọkpụrụkpụ nke na-erughị 10mm. Na omume ahụike, nanoyttrium aluminumGarnet lasers ejiri ya mee ihenano neodymium oxidea na-eji kama mma ịwa ahụ iji wepụ ọnya ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ọnya.Nano neodymium oxidea na-ejikwa iko agba na ihe seramiiki, yana maka ngwaahịa roba na ihe mgbakwunye.
Isi ojiji nkenanoscale samarium oxidena-agụnye agba edo edo ya dị ọkụ, nke a na-eji na seramiiki capacitors na ihe ndị na-akpali akpali. Na mgbakwunye,nano samarium oxidenwekwara ikike nuklia na enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ihe mkpuchi, na ihe njikwa maka ndị na-emepụta ihe, na-eme ka ojiji dị mma nke nnukwu ike nuklia na-emepụta.
Nanoscaleeuropium oxide (Eu2O3)
Nanoscale europium oxidea na-ejikarị na fluorescent powders. A na-eji Eu3+ mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka phosphor na-acha uhie uhie, na Eu2+ na-eji phosphor na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. N'oge a, Y0O3: Eu3+ bụ phosphor kacha mma maka ịrụ ọrụ ọkụ, nkwụsi ike mkpuchi, yana mgbake ọnụ ahịa. Na mgbakwunye, na nkwalite na teknụzụ dị ka imeziwanye arụmọrụ luminescence na ọdịiche, a na-eji ya eme ihe. Na nso nso a,nano europium oxideEjikwala ya dị ka phosphor na-akpali akpali n'ime usoro nyocha ahụike X-ray ọhụrụ. Enwere ike iji Nano europium oxide rụpụta lenses nwere agba na ihe nzacha anya, maka ngwaọrụ nchekwa afụ magnetik, yana n'ihe njikwa, ihe mkpuchi, na ihe arụrụ arụ nke ihe nrụpụta atọm. Ezi urughuru gadolinium europium oxide (Y2O3Eu3+) na-acha uhie uhie fluorescent ntụ ntụ kwadebere site na iji.nano yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanano europium oxide (Eu2O3) dị ka akụrụngwa. Mgbe ị na-akwadebeobere ụwatricolor fluorescent ntụ ntụ, a chọpụtara na: (a) ọ nwere ike jikọta nke ọma na ntụ ntụ ndụ ndụ na ntụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; (b) Ọrụ mkpuchi dị mma; (c) N'ihi obere akụkụ nke ntụ ntụ uhie, ebe a kapịrị ọnụ na-abawanye, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke luminescent na-abawanye, nke nwere ike ibelata oke ntụ ntụ uhie na-eji.obere ụwatricolor phosphor, na-ebute mbelata ọnụ ahịa.
Isi ihe eji eme ya gụnyere: 1. Ihe mgbagwoju anya paramagnetic nke nwere ike ime ka ihe ngosi magnetik (NMR) dịkwuo mma nke ahụ mmadụ na ngwa ahụike. 2. Enwere ike iji sulfur oxides base dị ka grids matrix maka tubes oscilloscope na-egbuke egbuke pụrụ iche na ihuenyo X-ray fluorescence. 3. Nkenano gadolinium oxide in nano gadolinium oxidegallium garnet bụ ezigbo otu mkpụrụ maka ebe nchekwa ebe nchekwa magnetik. 4. Mgbe enweghị njedebe okirikiri nke Camot, enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ magnetik siri ike. 5. Ejiri ya dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ịchịkwa usoro mmeghachi omume nke usoro ihe ọkụkụ nuklia iji hụ na nchekwa nke mmeghachi omume nuklia. Ke adianade do, ojiji nkenano gadolinium oxidena nano lanthanum oxide ọnụ na-enyere aka ịgbanwe mpaghara mgbanwe iko ma melite nkwụsi ike nke iko.Nano gadolinium oxidenwekwara ike iji maka nrụpụta capacitors na X-ray na-amụba ihuenyo. A na-eme mgbalị ugbu a n'ụwa niile iji mepụta ngwa nkenano gadolinium oxidena alloys ya na magnetik jụrụ, na ọganihu e mere.
Nanometerterbium oxide (Tb4O7)
Ebe isi ngwa gụnyere: 1. Fluorescent ntụ ntụ na-eji dị ka activator maka green ntụ ntụ na atọ isi agba fluorescent powders, dị ka phosphate matrix na-arụ ọrụ site na.nano terbium oxide, silicate matrix na-arụ ọrụnano terbium oxide, na nano cerium magnesium aluminate matrix na-arụ ọrụnano terbium oxide, ihe niile na-enwupụta ọkụ ndụ ndụ na steeti obi ụtọ. 2. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eme nchọpụta na mmepe nanano terbium oxidedabere magneto-optical ihe maka nchekwa magneto-optical. Igwe ihe nkiri magneto-optical emepụtara site na iji Tb-Fe amorphous thin film dị ka ihe nchekwa kọmputa nwere ike ịbawanye ikike nchekwa site na ugboro 10-15. 3. Magneto ngwa anya iko, Faraday rotatory iko nwerenano terbium oxide, bụ isi ihe eji emepụta rotators, isolators, na ringers nke a na-ejikarị na teknụzụ laser.Nano terbium oxidena nano dysprosium iron oxide ka ejirila sonar ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, site na sistemu ịgba mmanụ mmanụ, njikwa valvụ mmiri mmiri, ọnọdụ micro na ndị na-arụ ọrụ, usoro, na ndị na-ahụ maka nku maka ụgbọ elu na teliskop oghere.
Isi ojiji nkenano dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) nano dysprosium oxidebụ: 1.Nano dysprosium oxidea na-eji dị ka fluorescent ntụ ntụ activator, na trivalentnano dysprosium oxidebụ ihe na-ekwe nkwa ịgbalite ion maka otu luminescent center atọ isi agba luminescent ihe. Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ ụgbụgbọ ikuku abụọ, otu bụ ọkụ na-acha odo odo, nke ọzọ bụ ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. The luminescent ihe doped nanano dysprosium oxideenwere ike iji ya dị ka ntụ ntụ fluorescent agba atọ. 2.Nano dysprosium oxidebụ ihe dị mkpa ígwè akụrụngwa maka ịkwadebe nnukwu magnetostrictive alloynano terbium oxidenano dysprosium iron oxide (Terfenol) alloy, nke nwere ike ime ka e nwee ụfọdụ mmegharị arụ ọrụ ziri ezi. 3.Nano dysprosium oxideenwere ike iji metal dị ka ihe nchekwa magneto-optical nwere nnukwu ndekọ ọsọ na ọgụgụ isi. 4. Eji maka nkwadebe nkenano dysprosium oxideoriọna, ihe na-arụ ọrụ eji eme ihenano dysprosium oxideoriọna bụnano dysprosium oxide. Ụdị oriọna a nwere uru dị ka nchapụta dị elu, ezigbo agba, oke agba agba, obere nha, na arc kwụsiri ike. Ejirila ya dị ka isi iyi ọkụ maka ihe nkiri, mbipụta na ngwa ọkụ ndị ọzọ. 5. N'ihi nnukwu neutron weghara cross-section ebe nkenano dysprosium oxide, a na-eji ya na ụlọ ọrụ ike atọm iji tụọ spectra neutron ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe na-etinye neutron.
Isi ojiji nkenano holium oxidegụnyere: 1. dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka metal halide oriọna. oriọna halide metal bụ ụdị oriọna na-agbapụta gas nke emepụtara na-adabere na oriọna mercury nwere nrụgide dị elu, nke e ji ejupụta bọlbụ ahụ n'ụdị dị iche iche.obere ụwahalides. Ugbu a, isi ihe eji eme ihe bụobere ụwaiodide, nke na-ewepụta agba dị iche iche dị iche iche n'oge mkpofu gas. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ eji eme ihenano holium oxideoriọna bụ iodizednano holium oxide, nke nwere ike nweta ọkwa dị elu nke atom metal na mpaghara arc, na-eme ka arụmọrụ radieshon dịkwuo mma. 2.Nano holium oxideenwere ike iji dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ígwè yttrium ma ọ bụyttrium aluminumgarnet; 3.Nano holium oxideenwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka yttrium iron aluminum garnet (Ho: YAG) iji mee ka 2 μ M laser, anụ ahụ mmadụ na 2 μ Ọnụ ọgụgụ absorption nke m laser dị elu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iwu atọ dị elu karịa nke Hd: YAG0. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eji Ho: YAG laser maka ịwa ahụ ahụike, ọ bụghị nanị na a ga-eme ka arụmọrụ na izi ezi nke ịwa ahụ dịkwuo mma, kamakwa ebe mmebi okpomọkụ nwere ike belata ka ọ dị ntakịrị. Oghere efu na-emepụta site nanano holium oxidekristal nwere ike iwepụ abụba na-enweghị iwepụta oke okpomọkụ, si otú ahụ belata mmebi ọkụ na anụ ahụ dị mma. A na-akọ na ijinano holium oxidelasers na United States iji gwọọ glaucoma nwere ike ibelata ihe mgbu nke ndị ọrịa na-awa ahụ. 4. Na magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, obere ego nkenano holium oxidenwekwara ike ịgbakwunye iji belata mpụga ubi chọrọ maka saturation magnetization nke alloy. 5. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ngwaọrụ nkwurịta okwu anya dị ka fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, na fiber sensọ nwere ike iji eriri doped na.nano holium oxide, nke ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa karị na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke nkwurịta okwu fiber optic taa.
Isi ojiji nkenano erbium oxidegụnyere: 1. The ìhè emission nke Er3 + na 1550nm nwere pụrụ iche pụtara, dị ka nke a wavelength bụ kpomkwem dị na kasị ala ọnwụ nke ngwa anya emep uta eri na fiber optic nkwurịta okwu. Mgbe ọkụ nwesịrị obi ụtọ na ebili mmiri nke 980nm1480nm,nano erbium oxideions (Er3 +) mgbanwe site na ala ala 4115/2 gaa na steeti ike dị elu 4113/2, na-ebunye ọkụ ọkụ nke 1550nm mgbe Er3 + na steeti ike dị elu na-atụgharị azụ na steeti ala, Quartz ngwa anya fibers nwere ike ibunye dị iche iche wavelengths nke ìhè. , mana ọnụego attenuation ngwa anya dịgasị iche. Igwe ọkụ ugboro 1550nm nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nlele anya kacha ala (0.15 decibel kwa kilometa) na nnyefe nke eriri ngwa anya quartz, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ njedebe dị ala nke ọnụego attenuation. Ya mere, mgbe a na-eji nkwurịta okwu fiber optic mee ihe dị ka ìhè mgbaàmà na 1550nm, a na-ebelata ọkụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọ bụrụ na ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ịta nkenano erbium oxidena-doped n'ime a kwesịrị ekwesị matriks, amplifier nwere ike kwụọ ụgwọ maka mfu na usoro nkwukọrịta dabere na ụkpụrụ nke laser. Ya mere, na netwọk mgbasa ozi nke chọrọ mmụba nke akara ngosi anya 1550nm,nano erbium oxidedoped fiber amplifiers bụ ngwaọrụ ngwa anya dị mkpa. Ugbu a,nano erbium oxideAzụọla ihe nrịbama silica fiber doped a na-ere ahịa. Dị ka akụkọ si kwuo, iji zere mmịnye na-abaghị uru, ọnụọgụ nano erbium oxide na-edozi n'ime eriri anya sitere na iri puku kwuru iri ruo narị ppm. The ngwa ngwa mmepe nke eriri optic nkwurịta okwu ga-emeghe ọhụrụ ubi maka ngwa nkenano erbium oxide. 2. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, kristal laser doped nanano erbium oxidena mmepụta 1730nm na 1550nm lasers dị mma maka anya mmadụ, na-arụ ọrụ nnyefe ikuku dị mma, ike ịbanye maka anwụrụ ọkụ agha, ezigbo nzuzo, na ndị iro anaghị achọpụta ngwa ngwa. Ọdịiche nke irradiation na ebumnobi ndị agha buru ibu, na e mepụtala ihe nchekwa laser maka nchekwa anya mmadụ maka iji agha. 3. Er3 + nwere ike ịgbakwunye na iko iji meeobere ụwaGlass laser ihe, nke bụ ugbu a siri ike-ala laser ihe na kasị elu mmepụta usu ume na mmepụta ike. 4. Er3 + nwekwara ike-eji dị ka ebighị ion maka obere ụwa upconversion laser ihe. 5. Ọzọkwa,nano erbium oxidenwekwara ike iji maka decolorization na agba nke anya ugo anya anya m na crystalline iko.
Nanometer yttrium oxide (Y2O3)
Isi ojiji nkenano yttrium oxidegụnyere: 1. mgbakwunye maka ígwè na ndị na-abụghị ígwè alloys. FeCr alloys na-enwekarị 0.5% ruo 4%nano yttrium oxide, nke nwere ike ịkwalite nguzogide oxidation na ductility nke igwe anaghị agba nchara; Mgbe gbakwunyere ego kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọgaranyanano yttrium oxideagwakọtaobere ụwana MB26 alloy, arụmọrụ zuru oke nke alloy emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma, ọ nwekwara ike dochie ụfọdụ alloy aluminom dị ala maka ihe ndị na-ebu ụgbọ elu; Na-agbakwụnye obere ego nke nano yttriumobere ụwa oxideka Al Zr alloy nwere ike melite conductivity nke alloy; Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ waya anabatala alloy a; Na-agbakwụnyenano yttrium oxidena ọla kọpa alloys mma conductivity na n'ibu ike. 2. Nwere 6%nano yttrium oxidena aluminom 2% silicon nitride seramiiki ihe nwere ike iji mepụta akụrụngwa engine. 3. Jiri 400 wattnano neodymium oxidealuminum Garnet laser doo na-arụ ọrụ nhazi dị ka mkpọpu ala, ịcha, na ịgbado ọkụ na nnukwu components. 4. Igwe microscope nke eletrọn nke eletrọnịkị nke mejupụtara Y-Al garnet otu kristal wafers nwere nchapụta ọkụ dị elu, obere absorption nke ìhè gbasasịrị, ezigbo iguzogide oke okpomọkụ na ihe eji arụ ọrụ. 5. elunano yttrium oxidealloys ahaziri nke nwere ihe ruru 90%nano gadolinium oxideenwere ike iji ụgbọ elu na ngwa ndị ọzọ chọrọ njupụta dị ala na ebe mgbaze dị elu. 6. Proton dị elu na-eduzi ihe nwere ihe ruru 90%nano yttrium oxidebụ ihe dị oke mkpa maka mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ ọkụ, mkpụrụ ndụ electrolytic, na ihe ndị na-ahụ maka gas na-achọ nnukwu ike hydrogen solubility. Na mgbakwunye,nano yttrium oxidea na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe na-eme ka mmanụ ọkụ atomiki, ihe mgbakwunye maka ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, na dị ka onye na-abanye na ụlọ ọrụ eletrọnịkị.
Na mgbakwunye na nke dị n'elu, nanoobere ụwa oxidesnwekwara ike iji ihe eji akwa akwa na ahụike mmadụ na arụmọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Site na ngalaba nyocha ugbu a, ha niile nwere ntụzịaka ụfọdụ: iguzogide radieshon ultraviolet; Mmetọ ikuku na radieshon ultraviolet na-ebute ọrịa akpụkpọ na ọrịa kansa; Igbochi mmetọ na-eme ka o siere ndị mmetọ ike ịrapara n'uwe; A na-emekwa nyocha n'ihe gbasara ikpo ọkụ ọkụ. N'ihi ike na mfe ịka nká nke akpụkpọ anụ, ọ na-adịkarị mfe ịkpụ ntụpọ n'ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo. Na-eji nano banyecerium oxide na-adịghị ahụkebenwere ike ime ka akpụkpọ anụ dị nro, na-adịchaghị mfe ịka nká na ebu, ma dịkwa mma nke ukwuu iyi. Ihe nanocoating bụkwa isiokwu na-ekpo ọkụ na nyocha nanomaterial n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, na-elekwasị anya na mkpuchi ọrụ. United States na-eji 80nmY2O3dị ka mkpuchi mkpuchi infrared, nke nwere oke arụmọrụ na-egosipụta okpomọkụ.CeO2nwere nnukwu refractive index na elu kwụsie ike. Mgbe olenano obere ụwa yttrium oxide, nano lanthanum oxide nanano cerium oxideA na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ na mkpuchi, mgbidi dị n'èzí nwere ike iguzogide ịka nká. N'ihi na mkpuchi mgbidi dị n'èzí na-adịkarị mfe ịka nká ma daa n'ihi na agba a na-ekpuchi ya na ụzarị ultraviolet nke anyanwụ na ogologo oge ifufe na ikpughe anyanwụ, mgbakwunye nkecerium oxidenayttrium oxidenwere ike iguzogide radieshon ultraviolet, na nha nha ya dị obere.Nano cerium oxidea na-eji ya dị ka onye na-ekpuchi ultraviolet, A na-atụ anya na a ga-eji gbochie ịka nká nke ngwaahịa plastik n'ihi radieshon ultraviolet, yana ịka nká nke tankị, ụgbọ ala, ụgbọ mmiri, tankị nchekwa mmanụ, wdg, na-arụkwa ọrụ. n'èzí nnukwu bọọdụ mgbasa ozi
Ihe nchebe kachasị mma bụ maka mkpuchi mgbidi dị n'ime ime iji gbochie ebu, mmiri, na mmetọ, n'ihi na nha nha ya dị ntakịrị, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ájá na-arapara n'ahụ mgbidi ahụ ma nwee ike ihicha ya na mmiri. A ka nwere ọtụtụ ojiji maka nanoobere ụwa oxidesnke chọrọ nyocha na mmepe ọzọ, anyị na-atụkwa anya n'ezie na ọ ga-enwe ọmarịcha echi.
Oge nzipu: Nov-03-2023