Nanometer obere ụwa ihe, ike ọhụrụ na mgbanwe mmepụta ihe

Nanotechnology bụ mpaghara interdisciplinary ọhụrụ malitere nke nta nke nta na njedebe 1980s na mmalite 1990s. N'ihi na ọ nwere ikike dị ukwuu ịmepụta usoro mmepụta ọhụrụ, ihe ọhụrụ na ngwaahịa ọhụrụ, ọ ga-ewepụ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na narị afọ ọhụrụ. Ọkwa mmepe nke nanoscience na nanotechnology dị ugbu a yiri nke kọmputa na teknụzụ ozi na 1950. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwadoro na ngalaba a na-ebu amụma na mmepe nke nanotechnology ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na nke dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nkà na ụzụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na ọ nwere ihe ndị dị iche iche na arụmọrụ pụrụ iche, isi ihe mgbochi na-eduga na ihe ndị dị ịtụnanya nke ihe nano obere ụwa bụ mmetụta dị n'elu, obere mmetụta, mmetụta interface, mmetụta nghọta, mmetụta ọwara na macroscopic quantum mmetụta. Mmetụta ndị a na-eme ka ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke usoro nano dị iche na nke ihe ndị a na-emekarị na ìhè, ọkụ eletrik, okpomọkụ na magnetism, na-ewetakwa ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọhụrụ. N'ọdịnihu, e nwere isi ntụziaka atọ maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị iji nyochaa na ịzụlite nanotechnology: nkwadebe na ngwa. nke nanomaterials nwere ezigbo arụmọrụ; Chepụta ma kwadebe ngwaọrụ na akụrụngwa nano dị iche iche; Ịchọpụta na nyochaa njirimara nke mpaghara nano. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nano obere ụwa nwere ntụzịaka ngwa ndị a, yana mkpa ka emepewanye ngwa ya n'ọdịnihu.

Nanometer lanthanum oxide (La2O3)

A na-etinye Nanometer lanthanum oxide na ihe piezoelectric, ihe electrothermal, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ihe magnetoresistance, ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke (blue ntụ ntụ), ihe nchekwa nchekwa hydrogen, iko anya, ihe laser, ihe dị iche iche alloy, ihe na-emepụta maka ịkwadebe ngwaahịa kemịkal organic, na ihe na-akpali akpali maka neutralizing. iyuzucha ụgbọ ala, na ntụgharị ọkụ ọkụ, ihe nkiri ọrụ ugbo na-etinyekwa na nanometer lanthanum oxide.

Nanometer cerium oxide (CeO2)

Isi ojiji nke nano cerium oxide bụ ndị a: 1. Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye iko, nano cerium oxide nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ụzarị ultraviolet na ụzarị infrared, ma tinye ya na iko ụgbọ ala. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ nwere ike igbochi ụzarị ultraviolet, kamakwa belata okpomọkụ n'ime ụgbọ ala, si otú a na-azọpụta ọkụ eletrik maka ntụ oyi. 2. Ngwa nke nano cerium oxide n'ime ụgbọ ala iyuzucha ọcha nke na-eme ka ọ dị mma nwere ike igbochi nnukwu ikuku ikuku ikuku.3. Enwere ike iji Nano-cerium oxide mee ihe na pigmenti ka ọ na-acha plastik, a pụkwara iji ya na mkpuchi, ink na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ. 4. Ngwa nke nano cerium oxide n'ime ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke ka a ghọtara dị ka ihe dị elu nke chọrọ maka polishing silicon wafers na sapphire single crystal substrates.5. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụkwara itinye nano cerium oxide na ihe nchekwa hydrogen, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, nano cerium oxide tungsten electrodes, seramiiki capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, nano cerium oxide silicon carbide abrasives, mmanụ ọkụ cell akụrụngwa, mmanụ ụgbọala catalysts, ụfọdụ na-adịgide adịgide magnetik ihe. dị iche iche alloy steels na ndị na-abụghị ferrous ọla, wdg.

Nanometer praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11)

Isi ojiji nke nanometer praseodymium oxide bụ ndị a: 1. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ewu ụlọ na seramiki kwa ụbọchị. Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na seramiiki glaze iji mee glaze nwere agba, a pụkwara iji ya dị ka pigmenti n'okpuru glaze naanị. Achịcha a kwadebere bụ odo odo na ụda dị ọcha ma mara mma. 2. A na-eji ya na-emepụta ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide ma na-ejikarị ya na ngwa eletrik dị iche iche na moto. 3. A na-eji ya maka petroleum catalytic cracking. Enwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ, selectivity na nkwụsi ike nke catalysis. 4. Nano-praseodymium oxide nwekwara ike iji maka abrasive polishing. Na mgbakwunye, itinye nanometer praseodymium oxide n'ọhịa nke eriri anya na-abawanye ụba. Nanometer neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) Nanometer neodymium oxide aghọwo ebe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ahịa ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya pụrụ iche n'ọhịa nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe. A na-etinyekwa Nano-neodymium oxide na ihe ndị na-adịghị ferrous. Ịgbakwunye 1.5% ~ 2.5% nano neodymium oxide n'ime magnesium ma ọ bụ aluminum alloy nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ okpomọkụ dị elu, nkwụsị ikuku na nguzogide corrosion nke alloy, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka ikuku ikuku. ihe maka ụgbọ elu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nano yttrium aluminum garnet doped with nano neodymium oxide na-emepụta ihe mkpuchi laser dị mkpụmkpụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ịgbado ọkụ na ịcha ihe ndị dị mkpa na ọkpụrụkpụ n'okpuru 10mm na ụlọ ọrụ. N'akụkụ ahụike, a na-eji Nano-YAG laser doped with nano-Nd _ 2O_3 iji wepụ ọnya ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ọnya kama ịwa mma. A na-ejikwa Nanometer neodymium oxide maka agba agba na ihe seramiiki, ngwaahịa roba na ihe mgbakwunye.

Samarium oxide nanoparticles (Sm2O3)

Isi ojiji nke nano-sized samarium oxide bụ: nano-sized samarium oxide bụ ìhè edo edo, nke a na-etinye na seramiiki capacitors na catalysts. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nano-sized samarium oxide nwere ngwá agha nuklia, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe nhazi, ihe nchebe na ihe nchịkwa nke ihe na-eme ka atomiki ume, ka e wee nwee ike iji nnukwu ike nke nuklia na-emepụta n'enweghị nsogbu. A na-ejikarị Europium oxide nanoparticles (Eu2O3) eme ihe na phosphor.Eu3+ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ nke phosphor na-acha uhie uhie, na Eu2+ ka a na-eji dị ka phosphor na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Y0O3:Eu3 + bụ phosphor kachasị mma na arụmọrụ ọkụ, nkwụsi ike mkpuchi, ụgwọ mgbake, wdg, a na-ejikwa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi mmụba nke nrụpụta ọkụ na ọdịiche. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-ejikwa nano europium oxide dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali phosphor maka usoro nyocha ahụike X-ray ọhụrụ. Nano-europium oxide nwekwara ike iji mee ihe maka ịmepụta oghere agba na ihe nzacha anya, maka ngwaọrụ nchekwa afụ magnetik, ma nwee ike igosi talent ya na. ihe njikwa, ihe mkpuchi na ihe nhazi nke ihe nrụpụta atomic. A na-eji nano yttrium oxide (Y2O3) na nano europium oxide (Eu2O3) mee ihe dị mma nke gadolinium europium oxide (Y2O3: Eu3+) na-acha uhie uhie phosphor. Mgbe ị na-eji ya iji kwadebe obere ụwa tricolor phosphor, a chọpụtara na: (a) nwere ike jikọta ya nke ọma na ntụ ntụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; (b) Ọrụ mkpuchi dị mma; (c) N'ihi na urughuru nha nke uhie ntụ ntụ dị obere, kpọmkwem n'elu ebe na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke luminescent ahụ na-abawanye, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke red ntụ ntụ na obere ụwa tricolor phosphor nwere ike ibelata, butere ọnụ ala.

Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3)

Isi ihe eji eme ya bụ ndị a: 1. Paramagnetic complexes ya nwere ike ime ka mgbaàmà NMR dịkwuo mma nke ahụ mmadụ na ọgwụgwọ ahụike. 2. Isi sọlfọ oxide nwere ike iji dị ka matrix grid nke oscilloscope tube na X-ray ihuenyo na pụrụ iche nchapụta. 3. Nano-gadolinium oxide na nano-gadolinium gallium garnet bụ ezigbo otu mkpụrụ maka ebe nchekwa magnetik. 4. Mgbe enweghị njedebe okirikiri nke Camot, enwere ike iji ya dị ka igwe nju oyi siri ike. 5. A na-eji ya dị ka onye na-emechi ihe iji chịkwaa usoro mmeghachi omume nke ihe ọkụkụ nuklia iji hụ na nchekwa nke mmeghachi omume nuklia. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, iji nano-gadolinium oxide na nano-lanthanum oxide na-enyere aka ịgbanwe mpaghara vitrification ma melite nkwụsi ike nke iko. Nano gadolinium oxide nwekwara ike iji maka nrụpụta capacitors na X-ray na-emewanye ihuenyo. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụwa na-eme mgbalị dị ukwuu iji mepụta ngwa nke nano-gadolinium oxide na alloys na refrigeration magnet, ma nwee ọganihu ọganihu.

Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb4O7)

Ebe ndị bụ isi ngwa bụ ndị a: 1. A na-eji phosphors mee ihe dị ka activators nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ntụ ntụ na tricolor phosphor, dị ka phosphate matrix na-arụ ọrụ site na nano terbium oxide, silicate matrix na-arụ ọrụ site na nano terbium oxide na nano cerium oxide magnesium aluminate matrix na-arụ ọrụ site nano terbium. oxide, nke niile na-ebunye ìhè akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na steeti obi ụtọ. 2. Magneto-optical nchekwa ihe,Na-adịbeghị anya, nano-terbium oxide magneto-optical ihe e nyochara na mepụtara. A na-eji diski magneto-optical diski eme ihe nkiri Tb-Fe amorphous dị ka ihe nchekwa kọmputa, yana ikike nchekwa nwere ike ịbawanye ugboro 10 ~ 15. 3. Magneto-optical iko, Faraday optically arụ ọrụ iko nwere nanometer terbium oxide, bụ isi ihe maka ime rotators, isolators, annulators na ọtụtụ-eji na laser technology.Nanometer terbium oxide nanometer dysprosium oxide bụ tumadi ji sonar, na e n'ọtụtụ ebe. eji n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala injection usoro, mmiri mmiri valvụ akara, Micro-nokwa, n'ibu actuator, usoro na nku. onye na-achịkwa teliskop mbara ụgbọ elu. Isi ojiji nke Dy2O3 nano dysprosium oxide bụ:1. A na-eji Nano-dysprosium oxide dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ nke phosphor, na trivalent nano-dysprosium oxide bụ ion na-ekwe nkwa ịgbalite ihe tricolor luminescent nwere otu etiti luminescent. Ọ tumadi mejupụtara abụọ emission bandeji, otu bụ odo ìhè anwuru, nke ọzọ bụ blue ìhè anwuru, na luminescent ihe doped na nano-dysprosium oxide nwere ike iji dị ka tricolor phosphors.2. Nanometer dysprosium oxide bụ ihe dị mkpa ígwè akụrụngwa maka ịkwadebe Terfenol alloy na nnukwu magnetostrictive alloy nano-terbium oxide na nano-dysprosium oxide, nke nwere ike ịghọta ụfọdụ kpọmkwem ọrụ nke n'ibu ije. 3. Nanometer dysprosium oxide metal nwere ike iji dị ka magneto-optical nchekwa ihe na elu ndekọ ọsọ na ọgụgụ uche uche. 4. A na-eji maka nkwadebe nke nanometer dysprosium oxide lamp. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-eji nano dysprosium oxide oriọna bụ nano dysprosium oxide nano dysprosium oxide, nke nwere uru nke nchapụta dị elu, agba dị mma, okpomọkụ dị elu, obere nha na arc kwụsiri ike, ma bụrụkwa nke ọma. eji dị ka isi iyi ọkụ maka ihe nkiri na ibipụta. 5. Nanometer dysprosium oxide na-eji tụọ neutron ume ụdịdị dị iche iche ma ọ bụ dị ka neutron absorber na atomiki ike ụlọ ọrụ n'ihi na ya nnukwu neutron jide cross-section mpaghara.

Ho _2O_3 Nanometer

Isi ojiji nke nano-holmium oxide bụ ndị a: 1. Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nke metal halogen oriọna, metal halogen oriọna bụ ụdị gas na-agbapụta oriọna, nke a na-emepụta na ndabere nke elu-nrụgide mercury oriọna, na njirimara ya bụ. na bọlbụ jupụtara dị iche iche obere ụwa halides. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ejikarị iodide ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-ewepụta ahịrị dị iche iche mgbe gas na-agbapụta. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-nano-holmium oxide oriọna bụ nano-holmium oxide iodide, nke nwere ike nweta ụbara metal atom dị elu na mpaghara arc, ya mere. na-emeziwanye arụmọrụ radieshon nke ukwuu. 2. Nanometer holmium oxide nwere ike iji dị ka mgbakwunye nke ígwè yttrium ma ọ bụ yttrium aluminum garnet; 3. Nano-holmium oxide nwere ike iji dị ka yttrium ígwè aluminum garnet (Ho: YAG), nke nwere ike na-ebupụta 2μm laser, na absorption nke anụ ahụ mmadụ na 2μm laser dị elu. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iwu atọ dị elu karịa Hd: YAG0. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eji Ho: YAG laser maka ọrụ ahụike, ọ bụghị naanị imeziwanye arụmọrụ na izi ezi nke ọrụ, kamakwa ibelata ebe mmebi ọkụ na obere nha. Oghere efu nke kristal nano holmium oxide na-emepụta nwere ike iwepụ abụba n'ebughị oke ọkụ, si otú ahụ belata mmebi okpomọkụ nke anụ ahụ dị mma na-akpata. A na-akọ na ọgwụgwọ glaucoma na nanometer holmium oxide laser na United States nwere ike ibelata ihe mgbu. ịwa ahụ. 4. Na magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye obere nano-sized holmium oxide iji belata oghere dị n'èzí chọrọ maka saturation magnetization nke alloy.5. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji fiber optic doped na nano-holmium oxide mee ngwa ngwa nzikọrịta ozi dị ka laser fiber optical, optical fiber amplifiers, optical fiber sensọ, wdg. Ọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa karịa nzikọrịta ozi ngwa anya ngwa ngwa taa.

Nanometer yttrium oxide (Y2O3)

Isi ojiji nke nano yttrium oxide bụ ndị a: 1. Ihe mgbakwunye maka ígwè na alloys nonferrous. FeCr alloy na-enwekarị 0.5% ~ 4% nano yttrium oxide, nke nwere ike welie oxidation nguzogide na ductility nke igwe anaghị agba nchara Mgbe agbakwunyere kwesịrị ekwesị ego nke agwakọta obere ụwa ọgaranya nanometer yttrium oxide n'ime MB26 alloy, ihe zuru ezu Njirimara nke alloy doro anya. mma ụnyaahụ, Ọ nwere ike dochie ụfọdụ ọkara na ike aluminum alloys maka nrụgide components nke ụgbọ elu; Ịgbakwunye obere ego nke nano yttrium oxide obere ụwa n'ime Al-Zr alloy nwere ike imeziwanye conductivity nke alloy; Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ waya na China nakweere alloy ahụ. Agbakwunyere Nano-yttrium oxide n'ime ọla kọpa iji kwalite conductivity na ike igwe. 2. Silicon nitride seramiiki ihe nwere 6% nano yttrium oxide na 2% aluminum. Enwere ike iji ya mepụta akụkụ engine. 3. A na-eme mkpọtụ, ịkpụ, ịgbado ọkụ na nhazi ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu akụkụ site na iji nano neodymium oxide aluminum garnet beam laser na ike nke 400 watts. 4. Igwe microscope nke eletrọn nke mejupụtara Y-Al garnet single crystal nwere nchapụta ọkụ dị elu, obere absorption nke ìhè gbasasịrị agbasa, yana ezigbo nguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na nkwụsi ike n'ibu.5. Enwere ike itinye ihe nhazi nano yttrium oxide dị elu nwere 90% nano gadolinium oxide na ụgbọ elu na oge ndị ọzọ na-achọ njupụta dị ala na ebe mgbaze dị elu. 6. Ihe ndị na-eduzi proton dị elu nke nwere 90% nano yttrium oxide dị oke mkpa maka mmepụta mmanụ ọkụ, mkpụrụ ndụ electrolytic na gas sensọ chọrọ nnukwu hydrogen solubility. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa Nano-yttrium oxide dị ka ihe na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke mmanụ ọkụ, ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide na ụlọ ọrụ eletrik.

Na mgbakwunye na nke dị n'elu, a pụkwara iji nano obere ụwa oxides mee ihe na uwe maka nlekọta ahụike mmadụ na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi. Site na ngalaba nyocha ugbu a, ha niile nwere ntụzịaka ụfọdụ: radieshon mgbochi ultraviolet; Mmetọ ikuku na radieshon ultraviolet na-ebute ọrịa akpụkpọ na ọrịa kansa; Mgbochi mmetọ na-eme ka o siere ndị mmetọ ike ịrapara n'uwe; A na-amụkwa ya n'ụzọ nke nchekwa nchekwa ọkụ. Ebe ọ bụ na akpụkpọ anụ siri ike ma dị mfe ịka nká, ọ na-adịkarị mfe mildew n'ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo. Enwere ike ime ka akpụkpọ anụ ahụ dị nro site na ịcha nano rare earth cerium oxide, nke na-adịghị mfe ịka nká na mildew, ọ dịkwa mma iyi. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe mkpuchi nano-nano bụkwa ihe na-eme nchọpụta nano-materials, na isi nyocha na-elekwasị anya na mkpuchi ọrụ. Y2O3 na 80nm dị na United States nwere ike iji dị ka mkpuchi mkpuchi infrared. Ọrụ nke na-egosipụta okpomọkụ dị oke elu. CeO2 nwere ntụzịaka dị elu yana nkwụsi ike dị elu. Mgbe nano obere ụwa yttrium oxide, nano lanthanum oxide na nano cerium oxide ntụ ntụ na-agbakwunye na mkpuchi ahụ, mgbidi dị n'èzí nwere ike iguzogide ịka nká, n'ihi na mkpuchi mgbidi dị n'èzí dị mfe ịka nká ma daa n'ihi na agba na-ekpuchi ìhè anyanwụ na ụzarị ultraviolet. ruo ogologo oge, ọ nwere ike iguzogide ụzarị ultraviolet mgbe ọ gbakwụnyere cerium oxide na yttrium oxide. Ọzọkwa, urughuru ya dị nnọọ ukwuu. obere, na nano cerium oxide na-eji dị ka ultraviolet absorber, nke a na-atụ anya na a ga-eji gbochie ịka nká nke ngwaahịa plastik n'ihi ultraviolet irradiation, tankị, ụgbọala, ụgbọ mmiri, tankị nchekwa mmanụ, wdg, nke nwere ike ichebe nke ọma n'èzí nnukwu mpempe akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi. ma gbochie mildew, mmiri na mmetọ maka mkpuchi mgbidi dị n'ime. N'ihi ntakịrị urughuru ya, uzuzu adịghị mfe ịrapara na mgbidi ahụ. Enwere ike ịcha ya na mmiri. A ka nwere ọtụtụ ojiji nke nano obere ụwa oxides ga-emekwu nyocha na imepụta ya, anyị nwekwara olileanya na ọ ga-enwe ọdịnihu mara mma.