Ihe ndị agha ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe - obere ụwa terbium

Ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwadị mkpa maka mmepe nke teknụzụ dị elu dị ka ume ọhụrụ na ihe, ma nwee uru ngwa dị ukwuu na mpaghara dị ka ikuku ikuku, nchekwa mba, na ụlọ ọrụ agha. Nsonaazụ nke agha ọgbara ọhụrụ na-egosi na ngwá agha ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na-achị n'ọgbọ agha, uru nkà na ụzụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na-anọchi anya uru nkà na ụzụ agha, na inwe ihe onwunwe na-ekwe nkwa. Ya mere, ụwa ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe aghọkwala akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke nnukwu akụ na ụba ụwa na-asọ mpi maka, yana atụmatụ akụrụngwa akụrụngwa dị ka ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na-ebutekarị atụmatụ mba. Europe, Japan, United States na obodo na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-eleba anya na ihe ndị bụ isi dị ka ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe. N'afọ 2008, Ngalaba Ike nke United States depụtara ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa dị ka "atụmatụ ihe ndị bụ isi"; Ná mmalite nke 2010, European Union kwupụtara nguzobe usoro nchekwa nke ụwa dị ụkọ; Na 2007, Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology, yana Ministry of Economy, Industry and Technology, ewepụtalarị atụmatụ "Element Strategy Plan" na "Rare Metal Alternative Materials". Ha emeela usoro na atumatu na-aga n'ihu na nchekwa akụ, ọganihu teknụzụ, inweta akụrụngwa, na ịchọ ihe ndị ọzọ. Malite n'akụkọ a, onye nchịkọta akụkọ ga-ewebata n'ụzọ zuru ezu ọrụ mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa na ọbụna dị mkpa na ọrụ nke ihe ndị a dị ụkọ n'ụwa.

Terbium so na udi nke ala dị oke ụkọ, nke nwere oke dị ala na eriri ụwa na naanị 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxidebụ ihe na-erughị 0.01% nke ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọbụlagodi na ụdị yttrium ion dị elu nke nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke terbium, ọdịnaya terbium bụ naanị 1.1-1.2% nke ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-egosi na ọ bụ n'ụdị “mara mma” nke ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa. Terbium bụ ọla ọcha na-acha ntụ ntụ nke nwere ductility na udidi dị nro, nke enwere ike iji mma meghee; Ebe mgbaze 1360 ℃, esi esi 3123 ℃, njupụta 8229 4kg/m3. Ruo ihe karịrị 100 afọ kemgbe achọpụtara terbium na 1843, ụkọ ya na uru ya egbochila itinye ya n'ọrụ ruo ogologo oge. Ọ bụ naanị n'ime afọ 30 gara aga ka terbium gosipụtara talent ya pụrụ iche.

Nchọpụta nke Terbium

N'otu oge ahụ mgbelanthanumachọpụtara, Karl G. Mosander nke Sweden tụlere ihe a chọpụtara na mbụyttriumma bipụta akụkọ n'afọ 1842, na-akọwapụta na ụwa yttrium nke a chọtara na mbụ abụghị otu elemental oxide, kama ọ bụ oxide nke ihe atọ. N'afọ 1843, Mossander chọtara terbium element site na nyocha ya na ụwa yttrium. Ọ ka kpọkwara otu n’ime ha yttrium ụwa na otu n’ime haerbium oxide. Ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1877 ka a na-akpọ ya terbium, nke nwere akara mmewere Tb. Aha ya sitere n'otu ebe ahụ dị ka yttrium, sitere na obodo nta Ytterby dị nso na Stockholm, Sweden, bụ ebe a chọtara yttrium ore mbụ. Nchọpụta nke terbium na ihe abụọ ọzọ, lanthanum na erbium, meghere ụzọ nke abụọ maka nchọpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-akara ọkwa nke abụọ nke nchọpụta ha. G. Urban mere ya nke mbụ na 1905.

Mossander

Ngwa nke terbium

Ngwa nketerbiumukwuu n'ime na-agụnye elu-tech ubi, nke bụ nkà na ụzụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na ihe ọmụma kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ọnwụ-ọnụ oru ngo, nakwa dị ka oru ngo nwere ịrịba uru akụ na ụba, na-adọrọ mmasị mmepe atụmanya. Mpaghara ngwa ngwa gụnyere: (1) ejiri ya n'ụdị ụwa agwakọta obere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ya dị ka fatịlaịza ngwakọta ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ntinye nri maka ọrụ ugbo. (2) Activator maka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ntụ ntụ na atọ isi fluorescent powders. Ngwa ngwa optoelectronic nke oge a chọrọ iji agba atọ bụ isi nke phosphor, ya bụ ọbara ọbara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke enwere ike iji mepụta agba dị iche iche. Na terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu. (3) Ejiri ya dị ka ihe nchekwa ihe anya magneto. Amorphous metal terbium mgbanwe metal alloy mkpa ihe nkiri ejirila rụpụta diski magneto ngwa anya dị elu. (4) Imepụta magneto optical glass. Iko ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Faraday nwere terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa maka imepụta rotators, ndị na-ekewapụta, na ndị na-ekesa na teknụzụ laser. (5) Mmepe na mmepe nke terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) emeghewo ngwa ọhụrụ maka terbium.

 Maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụmanụ

Obere ụwa terbiumnwere ike imeziwanye ogo nke ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnụọgụ photosynthesis dịkwuo elu n'ime oke ịta ahụhụ. Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke terbium nwere nnukwu ọrụ ndu, yana ogige ternary nke terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, nwere ezigbo antibacterial na bactericidal mmetụta na Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, na Escherichia coli, nwere nnukwu nje bacteria. Njirimara. Ọmụmụ nke ogige ndị a na-enye ntụzịaka nyocha ọhụrụ maka ọgwụ nje nje nke ọgbara ọhụrụ.

Ejiri ya n'ọhịa nke luminescence

Ngwa ngwa optoelectronic nke oge a chọrọ iji agba atọ bụ isi nke phosphor, ya bụ ọbara ọbara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke enwere ike iji mepụta agba dị iche iche. Na terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na ọmụmụ nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe TV na-acha uhie uhie fluorescent ntụ ntụ kpalitere ọchịchọ yttrium na europium, mgbe ahụ ngwa na mmepe nke terbium akwalitewo ngwa na mmepe nke terbium site na obere ụwa atọ bụ isi agba green fluorescent ntụ ntụ maka oriọna. Na mbido 1980s, Philips chepụtara oriọna fluorescent mbụ kọmpat na-azọpụta ike ma kwalite ya ngwa ngwa n'ụwa niile. Tb3+ ions nwere ike na-ebunye ọkụ ndụ ndụ na ogologo 545nm, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ fluorescent powders na-eji terbium dị ka onye na-eme ihe.

The green fluorescent ntụ ntụ na-eji maka agba TV cathode ray tubes (CRTs) na-abụkarị dabere na ọnụ ala zinc sulfide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, mana terbium ntụ ntụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ntụ ntụ ntụ ntụ ntụ TV, dị ka Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, na LaOBr: Tb3+. Site na mmepe nke nnukwu onyonyo onyonyo dị elu (HDTV), a na-emepụtakwa ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu maka CRT. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e mepụtala ngwakọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ fluorescent ntụ ntụ na mba ofesi, nke gụnyere Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, na Y2SiO5: Tb3+, nke nwere ezigbo luminescence arụmọrụ na njupụta dị ugbu a.

Uzuzu fluorescent X-ray ọdịnala bụ calcium tungstate. N'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, e mepụtara ntụ ntụ fluorescent ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ihuenyo mmetụ, dị ka terbium activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (maka ihuenyo akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), na terbium na-arụ ọrụ yttrium sulfide oxide. E jiri ya tụnyere calcium tungstate, obere fluorescent ntụ ntụ nwere ike ibelata oge X-ray irradiation maka ndị ọrịa site na 80%, meziwanye mkpebi nke ihe nkiri X-ray, gbasaa ndụ nke tubes X-ray, ma belata oriri ume. A na-ejikwa Terbium dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ntụ ntụ fluorescent maka ihuenyo nkwalite X-ray ahụike, nke nwere ike imeziwanye nghọta nke ntụgharị X-ray n'ime ihe oyiyi anya, na-eme ka ihe nkiri X-ray pụta ìhè, ma na-ebelata ikpughe nke X-ray. ụzarị ọkụ na ahụ mmadụ (karịa 50%).

Terbiuma na-ejikwa ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe na-acha ọcha LED phosphor nwere obi ụtọ site na ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ọkụ ọkụ semiconductor ọhụrụ. Enwere ike iji ya na-emepụta terbium aluminum magneto optical crystal phosphor, na-eji diodes na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egbuke egbuke dị ka ihe ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta na-ejikọta ya na ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta ọkụ dị ọcha.

Ihe electroluminescent nke sitere na terbium gụnyere zinc sulfide green fluorescent ntụ ntụ na terbium dị ka activator. N'okpuru ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes nke terbium nwere ike na-ekupụta ike green fluorescence na ike ga-eji dị ka mkpa film electroluminescent ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri na-adịghị ahụkebe organic mgbagwoju anya electroluminescent mkpa fim, a ka nwere ọdịiche ụfọdụ site na ịdị irè, na nyocha na ụwa organic mgbagwoju anya electroluminescent mkpa fim na ngwaọrụ ka na omimi.

A na-ejikwa njirimara fluorescence nke terbium mee ihe dị ka nyocha fluorescence. A mụrụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex na deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) site na iji fluorescence na absorption spectra, dị ka nyocha nke fluorescence nke ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Nsonaazụ gosiri na nke ofloxacin Tb3+ probe nwere ike ịmepụta oghere na-ejikọta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ DNA, na deoxyribonucleic acid nwere ike ịkwalite fluorescence nke usoro ofloxacin Tb3+. Dabere na mgbanwe a, deoxyribonucleic acid nwere ike ikpebi.

Maka ngwa anya magneto

Ihe ndị nwere mmetụta Faraday, nke a makwaara dị ka ihe magneto-optical, na-ejikarị na lasers na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ anya. E nwere ụdị ihe abụọ a na-ahụkarị nke magneto: magneto optical crystals na magneto optical glass. N'ime ha, kristal magneto-optical (dị ka yttrium iron garnet na terbium gallium garnet) nwere uru nke oge ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na nkwụsi ike dị elu, ma ha dị oke ọnụ ma sie ike ịmepụta. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ kristal magneto-optical nwere akụkụ ntụgharị Faraday dị elu nwere nnabata dị elu na oke ebili mmiri dị mkpụmkpụ, nke na-egbochi ojiji ha. E jiri ya tụnyere magneto optical crystals, magneto optical glass nwere uru nke nnyefe dị elu ma dị mfe ịme ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ngọngọ ma ọ bụ eriri. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, iko magneto-optical nwere mmetụta Faraday dị elu bụ enyo enyo doped ion na-adịghị ahụkebe.

A na-eji maka ihe nchekwa anya magneto

N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na akpaaka ụlọ ọrụ, ọchịchọ maka diski ike magnetik ọhụrụ na-abawanye. Amorphous metal terbium mgbanwe metal alloy mkpa ihe nkiri ejirila rụpụta diski magneto ngwa anya dị elu. N'ime ha, ihe nkiri TbFeCo alloy thin film nwere arụmọrụ kacha mma. Terbium dabeere na magneto-optical ihe na-emepụta na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ, na magneto-optical discs mere na ha na-eji dị ka ihe nchekwa kọmputa, na ike nchekwa na-abawanye site 10-15 ugboro. Ha nwere uru nke nnukwu ikike na ngwa ngwa ịnweta ọsọ ọsọ, a pụkwara ihichapụ ma kpuchie ọtụtụ iri puku ugboro mgbe ejiri ya maka diski ngwa anya dị elu. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na teknụzụ nchekwa ozi eletrọnịkị. Ihe magneto-optical a na-ejikarị eme ihe na eriri infrared a na-ahụ anya na nso nso bụ Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) otu kristal, nke bụ ihe kacha mma magneto-optical maka ịme Faraday rotators na isolators.

Maka enyo anya magneto

Faraday magneto optical glass nwere ezigbo nghọta na isotropy na mpaghara a na-ahụ anya na infrared, ma nwee ike ịmepụta ụdị mgbagwoju anya dị iche iche. Ọ dị mfe ịmepụta ngwaahịa buru ibu ma nwee ike ịdọrọ ya n'ime eriri anya. Ya mere, ọ nwere atụmanya ngwa sara mbara na ngwaọrụ magneto ngwa anya dị ka magneto optical isolators, magneto optical modulators, na eriri optic ugbu a sensọ. N'ihi nnukwu oge magnetik ya na obere ọnụọgụ nnabata na nso a na-ahụ anya na infrared, Tb3+ion aghọwo ion ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na enyo anya magneto.

Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy

Na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 20, na mmụba nke teknụzụ ụwa na-aga n'ihu, ihe ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na-apụta ngwa ngwa. N'afọ 1984, Mahadum Iowa State, Ames Laboratory nke Ngalaba Ike US, na US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (nke ndị isi ọrụ nke Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) mechara bịa) jikọrọ aka mepụta ọhụụ ọhụrụ. ihe nwere ọgụgụ isi ụwa, ya bụ terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive ihe. Ihe ọhụrụ a nwere ọgụgụ isi nwere àgwà magburu onwe ya nke na-agbanwe ike eletrik ngwa ngwa n'ime ike ígwè ọrụ. A na-ahazi ndị transducers nke dị n'okpuru mmiri na electro-acoustic nke nnukwu ihe magnetostrictive a na-eme nke ọma na ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị na-ekwu okwu ọma nke mmanụ, ụzụ na usoro njikwa mkpọtụ, na nchọpụta oké osimiri na usoro nkwurịta okwu n'okpuru ala. Ya mere, ozugbo amuru terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu ihe magnetostrictive, ọ nwetara nlebara anya zuru oke site na mba ndị mepere emepe gburugburu ụwa. Edge Teknụzụ dị na United States malitere imepụta terbium dysprosium iron ibu magnetostrictive ihe na 1989 wee kpọọ ha Terfenol D. E mesịa, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, na Australia mekwara terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu magnetostrictive ihe.

Site n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke ihe a na United States, ma mmepụta nke ihe na ngwa ngwa monopolistic mbụ ya metụtara ụlọ ọrụ agha (dị ka ndị agha mmiri). Ọ bụ ezie na ndị agha China na ngalaba nchekwa na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewusi nghọta ha banyere ihe a. Agbanyeghị, site na mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ike mba China zuru oke, ọchịchọ maka inweta atụmatụ asọmpi ndị agha narị afọ nke 21 na ịkwalite ọkwa akụrụngwa ga-adị ngwa ngwa. Ya mere, ojiji nke terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu magnetostrictive ihe ndị agha na ngalaba nchekwa mba ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Na nkenke, ọtụtụ ndị magburu onwe Njirimara nketerbiummee ka ọ bụrụ onye dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ yana ọnọdụ na-enweghị atụ na mpaghara ngwa ụfọdụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa terbium dị elu, ndị mmadụ na-amụ otú ha ga-esi zere na ibelata ojiji nke terbium iji belata ụgwọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe magneto-optical nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe kwesịkwara iji dysprosium iron cobalt ma ọ bụ gadolinium terbium cobalt dị ọnụ ala dị ka o kwere mee; Gbalịa ibelata ọdịnaya nke terbium na ntụ ntụ fluorescent ndụ ndụ nke a ga-ejirịrị. Ọnụ ahịa aghọwo ihe dị mkpa na-egbochi iji terbium eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ma ọtụtụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ enweghị ike ime na-enweghị ya, ya mere, anyị ga-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke "iji ezigbo ígwè na agụba" ma gbalịa ịchekwa iji terbium dị ka o kwere mee.