Hafnium, icyuma Hf, nomero ya atome 72, uburemere bwa atome 178.49, nicyuma kibengerana cyijimye.
Hafnium ifite isotopi esheshatu zisanzwe zihamye: hafnium 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, na 180. Hafnium ntabwo ikora hamwe na acide hydrochloric acide, acide acide sulfurike, hamwe n ibisubizo bikomeye bya alkaline, ariko irashonga muri acide hydrofluoric na aqua regia.Izina ryibintu riva mwizina ryikilatini ryumujyi wa Copenhagen.
Mu 1925, umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Suwede Hervey hamwe n’umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Ubuholandi Koster babonye umunyu wa hafnium ukoresheje korohereza uduce duto tw’imyunyu ngugu ya fluor, hanyuma tuyigabanya na sodium metallic kugirango tubone hafnium yicyuma.Hafnium irimo 0.00045% yubutaka bwisi kandi akenshi iba ifitanye isano na zirconium muri kamere.
Izina ryibicuruzwa: hafnium
Ikimenyetso cy'ibanze: Hf
Uburemere bwa atome: 178.49
Ubwoko bwibintu: ibintu byuma
Imiterere yumubiri:
Hafniumni icyuma cyijimye cyifeza gifite icyuma cyiza;Hariho ibintu bibiri bya hafnium yicyuma: α Hafnium ni impande esheshatu zegeranye zegeranye (1750 ℃) hamwe nubushyuhe bwo guhinduka burenze zirconium.Metal hafnium ifite allotrope ihindagurika kubushyuhe bwinshi.Hafnium yicyuma ifite neutron nyinshi yo kwinjiza ibice kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bigenzura reaction.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwububiko bwa kirisiti: gupakira impande esheshatu zubushyuhe buri munsi ya 1300 ℃ （α- Ikigereranyo);Ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1300 ℃, ni umubiri ushingiye kubic （β- Ikigereranyo).Icyuma gifite plastike ikomera kandi igacika intege imbere yumwanda.Ihagaze mu kirere, gusa yijimye hejuru iyo yatwitse.Filaments irashobora gutwikwa numuriro wumukino.Ibyiza bisa na zirconium.Ntabwo ikora n'amazi, acide acide, cyangwa ibishingwe bikomeye, ariko irashobora gushonga byoroshye muri aqua regia na aside hydrofluoric.Ahanini mubice hamwe na + 4 valence.Hafnium alloy (Ta4HfC5) izwiho kugira aho ishonga cyane (hafi 4215 ℃).
Imiterere ya Crystal: Akagari ka kristu ni impande esheshatu
Numero ya CAS: 7440-58-6
Ingingo yo gushonga: 2227 ℃
Ingingo yo guteka: 4602 ℃
Ibikoresho bya shimi:
Imiterere yimiti ya hafnium isa cyane niya zirconium, kandi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa kandi ntishobora kwangirika byoroshye na acide rusange ya alkali yo mumazi;Byoroshye gushonga muri acide hydrofluoric kugirango ibe fluorine.Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, hafnium irashobora kandi guhuza byimazeyo na gaze nka ogisijeni na azote kugirango ibe oxyde na nitide.
Hafnium ikunze kugira + 4 valence.Urwego nyamukuru nihafniumHfO2.Hariho ibintu bitatu bitandukanye bya okiside ya hafnium:hafniumbyabonetse mugukomeza kubara hafnium sulfate na oxyde ya chloride ni monoclinic variant;Okiside ya hafnium yabonetse mugushyushya hydroxide ya hafnium hafi 400 ℃ ni tetragonal variant;Niba ubaze hejuru ya 1000 ℃, kubic variant irashobora kuboneka.Urundi ruganda nihafnium tetrachloride, nicyo kintu kibisi cyo gutegura hafnium yicyuma kandi gishobora gutegurwa mugukora gaze ya chlorine ivanze na oxyde ya hafnium na karubone.Hafnium tetrachloride ihura namazi hanyuma ihita hydrolyzes ihinduka HfO (4H2O) 2 + ion.HfO2 + ion ibaho mubice byinshi bya hafnium, kandi irashobora gutondekanya urushinge rufite urushinge rufite hydrated hafnium oxychloride HfOCl2 · 8H2O kristal muri acide hydrochloric acide acide hafnium tetrachloride.
4-valent hafnium nayo ikunda gukora inganda zifite fluoride, igizwe na K2HfF6, K3HfF7, (NH4) 2HfF6, na (NH4) 3HfF7.Izi nganda zagiye zikoreshwa mu gutandukanya zirconium na hafnium.
Ibintu rusange:
Dioxyde ya Hafnium: izina Hafnium dioxyde;Dioxyde de Hafnium;Inzira ya molekulari: HfO2 [4];Umutungo: Ifu yera ifite ibintu bitatu bya kristu: monoclinic, tetragonal, na cubic.Ubucucike ni 10.3, 10.1, na 10.43g / cm3.Gushonga ingingo 2780-2920K.Ingingo yo guteka 5400K.Coefficient yo kwagura ubushyuhe 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃.Kudashonga mumazi, aside hydrochloric, na acide ya nitric, ariko bigashonga muri acide sulfurike yibanze hamwe na aside hydrofluoric.Byakozwe na decomposition yumuriro cyangwa hydrolysis yibintu nka hafnium sulfate na hafnium oxychloride.Ibikoresho bito byo gukora ibyuma bya hafnium na hafnium.Ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byangiritse, anti radioactive coatings, na catalizator.Urwego rwingufu za Atome HfO nigicuruzwa cyabonetse icyarimwe mugihe gikora ingufu za atome ZrO.Guhera kuri chlorine ya kabiri, inzira yo kwezwa, kugabanuka, no gutandukanya vacuum bisa nkibya zirconium.
Hafnium tetrachloride: Hafnium (IV) chloride, Hafnium tetrachloride Amata ya molekuline HfCl4 Uburemere bwa molekuline 320.30 Imiterere: Inzira ya kirisiti yera.Yumva neza.Gukemura muri acetone na methanol.Hydrolyze mumazi kugirango itange hafnium oxychloride (HfOCl2).Shyushya kuri 250 ℃ hanyuma ushire.Kurakaza amaso, sisitemu yubuhumekero, nuruhu.
Hydroxide ya Hafnium: Hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4), ubusanzwe igaragara nka oxyde hydrated HfO2 · nH2O, ntishobora gushonga mumazi, irashobora gushonga byoroshye muri acide organic organique, idashobora gushonga muri amoniya, kandi gake ikabura muri hydroxide ya sodium.Shyushya kugeza 100 ℃ kubyara hafnium hydroxide HfO (OH) 2. Imvura ya hydroxide ya hafnium yera irashobora kuboneka mugukoresha umunyu wa hafnium (IV) n'amazi ya amoniya.Irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibindi bikoresho bya hafnium.
Amateka y'Ubushakashatsi
Amateka yo kuvumbura:
Mu 1923, umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Suwede Hervey hamwe n’umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Ubuholandi D. Koster bavumbuye hafnium muri zircon ikorerwa muri Noruveje na Greenland, maze bayita hafnium, ikomoka ku izina ry’ikilatini Hafnia rya Copenhagen.Mu 1925, Hervey na Coster batandukanije zirconium na titanium bakoresheje uburyo bwo gutandukanya uduce duto duto twa florine kugirango tubone umunyu wa hafnium;Mugabanye umunyu wa hafnium hamwe na sodium ya metallic kugirango ubone hafnium yicyuma.Hervey yateguye icyitegererezo cya miligarama nyinshi za hafnium.
Ubushakashatsi bwa chimique kuri zirconium na hafnium:
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Porofeseri Carl Collins muri kaminuza ya Texas mu 1998, havuzwe ko gamma iradiya hafnium 178m2 (isomer hafnium-178m2 [7]) ishobora kurekura ingufu nini, zikaba ari amategeko atanu y’ubunini burenze imiti y’imiti ariko amategeko atatu yubunini buri munsi yibikorwa bya kirimbuzi.[8] Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) ifite igihe kirekire cyo kubaho muri isotopi imara igihe kirekire: Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) ifite kimwe cya kabiri cyubuzima bwimyaka 31, bikavamo radiyo isanzwe ya miriyoni 1,6 ya Becquerels.Raporo ya Collins ivuga ko garama imwe ya Hf178m2 yera (hafnium 178m2) irimo megajoules zigera kuri 1330, ibyo bikaba bihwanye n'ingufu zarekuwe no guturika ibiro 300 by'ibisasu bya TNT.Raporo ya Collins yerekana ko imbaraga zose ziri muri iki gisubizo zisohoka mu buryo bwa X-imirasire cyangwa imirasire ya gamma, irekura ingufu ku buryo bwihuse cyane, kandi Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) irashobora kubyitwaramo cyane.[9] Pentagon yatanze amafaranga yo gukora ubushakashatsi.Muri ubwo bushakashatsi, igipimo cy’amajwi n’urusaku cyari gito cyane (hamwe n’amakosa akomeye), kandi kuva icyo gihe, nubwo ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe n’abahanga bo mu mashyirahamwe menshi arimo Minisiteri y’ingabo y’Amerika ishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku mishinga y’ubushakashatsi (DARPA) hamwe n’ubujyanama bwa JASON; Itsinda [13], nta muhanga washoboye kugera kuri iki gisubizo mu bihe byavuzwe na Collins, kandi Collins ntabwo yatanze ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko iyi myitwarire yabayeho, Collins yatanze uburyo bwo gukoresha imyuka yangiza ya gamma kugirango irekure ingufu ziva Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) [15], ariko abandi bahanga mu bya siyansi bagaragaje ko iyi myitwarire idashobora kugerwaho.[16] Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) abantu benshi bizera mumashuri yigisha ko atari isoko yingufu
Umwanya wo gusaba:
Hafnium ni ingirakamaro cyane kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo gusohora electron, nkibikoreshwa nka filament mumatara yaka.Ikoreshwa nka cathode kubituba X-ray, hamwe na alloy ya hafnium na tungsten cyangwa molybdenum ikoreshwa nka electrode kumashanyarazi asohora ingufu.Bikunze gukoreshwa muri cathode na tungsten inganda zikora X-imirasire.Hafnium isukuye ni ikintu cyingenzi mu nganda zingufu za atome kubera plastike yacyo, kuyitunganya byoroshye, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, no kurwanya ruswa.Hafnium ifite neutron nini yumuriro ifata ibice kandi ni nziza ya neutron ikurura, ishobora gukoreshwa nkigikoresho cyo kugenzura nigikoresho cyo gukingira reaction ya atome.Ifu ya Hafnium irashobora gukoreshwa nka moteri ya roketi.Cathode ya X-ray irashobora gukorwa munganda zamashanyarazi.Amavuta ya Hafnium arashobora kuba nk'urwego rwo gukingira imbere ya roketi no mu ndege zongera kwinjira, mu gihe Hf Ta alloy ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho by'ibyuma n'ibikoresho byo kurwanya.Hafnium ikoreshwa nk'ikintu cyongerera imbaraga amavuta arwanya ubushyuhe, nka tungsten, molybdenum, na tantalum.HfC irashobora gukoreshwa nk'inyongeramusaruro ikomeye kubera gukomera kwayo hamwe no gushonga.Ingingo yo gushonga ya 4TaCHfC igera kuri 4215 ℃, bigatuma iba ihuriro hamwe nikintu kizwi cyane cyo gushonga.Hafnium irashobora gukoreshwa nka getter muri sisitemu nyinshi zo guta agaciro.Hafnium ishobora gukuramo imyuka idakenewe nka ogisijeni na azote igaragara muri sisitemu.Hafnium ikoreshwa kenshi nk'inyongeramusaruro mu mavuta ya hydraulic kugirango irinde ihindagurika ryamavuta ya hydraulic mugihe cyibikorwa byinshi, kandi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ihindagurika.Kubwibyo, muri rusange ikoreshwa mumavuta ya hydraulic yinganda.Amavuta ya hydraulic.
Ikintu cya Hafnium nacyo gikoreshwa muri Intel 45 ya nanoprocessors.Bitewe no gukora dioxyde ya silicon (SiO2) hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bwo kugabanya umubyimba kugirango bikomeze kunoza imikorere ya transistor, abakora ibicuruzwa bakoresha dioxyde ya silicon nkibikoresho bya dielectrics.Igihe Intel yatangizaga uburyo bwo gukora nanometero 65, nubwo yari yarakoze ibishoboka byose kugirango igabanye umubyimba wa dielectric ya silicon dioxide iva kuri nanometero 1,2, ihwanye n’ibice 5 bya atome, ingorane zo gukoresha amashanyarazi no gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe nazo ziyongera iyo transistor yagabanutse kugera ku bunini bwa atome, bivamo imyanda iriho n'ingufu z'ubushyuhe budakenewe.Kubwibyo, niba ibikoresho bigezweho bikomeje gukoreshwa kandi umubyimba ukagabanuka, kumeneka kwa dielectric yo mumarembo biziyongera cyane, Kumanura tekinoroji ya transistor kumipaka yayo.Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, Intel irateganya gukoresha ibikoresho binini cyane bya K (ibikoresho bishingiye kuri hafnium) nka dielectrics yo mu marembo aho gukoresha dioxyde ya silicon, yagabanije kumeneka inshuro zirenga 10.Ugereranije n'ibisekuruza byabanjirije ikoranabuhanga rya 65nm, Intel ya 45nm ya Intel yongerera ubwinshi bwa transistor hafi inshuro ebyiri, bigatuma habaho kwiyongera kwumubare rusange wa tristoriste cyangwa kugabanuka kwububiko.Byongeye kandi, imbaraga zisabwa muguhindura transistor ziri hasi, bigabanya gukoresha ingufu hafi 30%.Ihuza ryimbere rikozwe mu nsinga z'umuringa zifatanije na k dielectric nkeya, kuzamura neza imikorere no kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa, kandi umuvuduko wo guhinduranya urihuta 20%
Gukwirakwiza amabuye y'agaciro:
Hafnium ifite ubwinshi bwikariso burenze ibyuma bisanzwe bikoreshwa nka bismuth, kadmium, na mercure, kandi bihwanye nibirimo beryllium, germanium, na uranium.Amabuye y'agaciro yose arimo zirconium arimo hafnium.Zircon ikoreshwa mu nganda irimo 0.5-2% hafnium.Beriliyumu zircon (Alvite) mu bucukuzi bwa zirconium ya kabiri irashobora kuba irimo hafnium igera kuri 15%.Hariho kandi ubwoko bwa metamorphic zircon, cyrtolite, irimo HfO irenga 5%.Ibigega byamabuye y'agaciro abiri yanyuma ni bito kandi bitaremerwa mu nganda.Hafnium igarurwa cyane mugihe cyo gukora zirconium.
Irahari mumabuye menshi ya zirconium.[18] [19] Kuberako hari ibintu bike cyane mubutaka.Bikunze kubana na zirconium kandi idafite ubutare butandukanye.
Uburyo bwo kwitegura:
1. Irashobora gutegurwa no kugabanya magnesium kugabanya hafnium tetrachloride cyangwa kubora ubushyuhe bwa iode ya hafnium.HfCl4 na K2HfF6 birashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo.Inzira yumusaruro wa electrolytike muri NaCl KCl HfCl4 cyangwa K2HfF6 ushonga isa niy'umusaruro wa electrolytike wa zirconium.
2. Hafnium ibana na zirconium, kandi nta bikoresho fatizo bitandukanye bya hafnium.Ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora hafnium ni oxyde ya hafnium itandukanijwe mugihe cyo gukora zirconium.Kuramo oxyde ya hafnium ukoresheje ion yoguhindura resin, hanyuma ukoreshe uburyo bumwe na zirconium kugirango utegure hafnium yicyuma muri iyi oxyde ya hafnium.
3. Irashobora gutegurwa no gushyushya hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4) hamwe na sodium binyuze mukugabanya.
Uburyo bwa mbere bwo gutandukanya zirconium na hafnium kwari ugutandukanya uduce twinshi twumunyu wa fluor hamwe nuduce duto twa fosifate.Ubu buryo buragoye gukora kandi bugarukira kumikoreshereze ya laboratoire.Ubuhanga bushya bwo gutandukanya zirconium na hafnium, nko gutandukanya ibice, gukuramo ibishishwa, guhanahana ion, no gucamo ibice bya adsorption, byagaragaye nyuma yikindi, gukuramo ibishishwa bikaba ingirakamaro.Sisitemu ebyiri zikunze gukoreshwa ni sisitemu ya thiocyanate cyclohexanone na sisitemu ya tributyl fosifate nitric aside.Ibicuruzwa byabonetse muburyo bwavuzwe haruguru byose ni hydroxide ya hafnium, kandi oxyde ya hafnium irashobora kuboneka mukubara.Hafnium isukuye cyane irashobora kuboneka muburyo bwo guhana ion.
Mu nganda, gukora ibyuma bya hafnium akenshi bikubiyemo inzira ya Kroll hamwe na Debor Aker.Inzira ya Kroll ikubiyemo kugabanya hafnium tetrachloride ukoresheje magnesium metallic:
2Mg + HfCl4- → 2MgCl2 + Hf
Uburyo bwa Debor Aker, buzwi kandi nk'uburyo bwa iyode, bukoreshwa mu kweza sponge nka hafnium no kubona ibyuma byoroshye bya hafnium.
5. Gushonga hafnium mubyukuri ni bimwe na zirconium:
Intambwe yambere ni ukubora ubutare, burimo uburyo butatu: chlorine ya zircon kugirango ibone (Zr, Hf) Cl.Alkali gushonga kwa zircon.Zircon ishonga hamwe na NaOH hafi 600, naho hejuru ya 90% ya (Zr, Hf) O ihinduka Na (Zr, Hf) O, hamwe na SiO ihinduka NaSiO, igashonga mumazi kugirango ikurweho.Na (Zr, Hf) O irashobora gukoreshwa nkigisubizo cyambere cyo gutandukanya zirconium na hafnium nyuma yo gushonga muri HNO.Ariko, kuba SiO colloids ituma gukuramo ibishishwa bitoroshye.Sinter hamwe na KSiF hanyuma ushire mumazi kugirango ubone igisubizo K (Zr, Hf) F.Igisubizo kirashobora gutandukanya zirconium na hafnium binyuze mubice byo gutandukanya ibice;
Intambwe ya kabiri ni ugutandukanya zirconium na hafnium, bishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibishishwa hakoreshejwe aside hydrochloric MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) na sisitemu ya HNO-TBP (tributyl fosifate).Ubuhanga bwo gucamo ibice byinshi ukoresheje itandukaniro ryumuvuduko wumuyaga uri hagati ya HfCl na ZrCl ushonga munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi (hejuru yikirere 20) bimaze igihe kinini byizwe, bishobora kuzigama inzira ya kabiri ya chlorine kandi bikagabanya ibiciro.Ariko, kubera ikibazo cyo kwangirika kwa (Zr, Hf) Cl na HCl, ntabwo byoroshye kubona ibikoresho byinkingi bikwiye, kandi bizanagabanya ubwiza bwa ZrCl na HfCl, byongere amafaranga yo kwezwa.Mu myaka ya za 70, yari ikiri mu cyiciro cyo gupima ibimera hagati;
Intambwe ya gatatu ni chlorine ya kabiri ya HfO kugirango ibone HfCl itemewe yo kugabanya;
Intambwe ya kane ni ugusukura HfCl no kugabanya magnesium.Ubu buryo ni kimwe no kweza no kugabanya ZrCl, kandi ibicuruzwa bivamo igice cyarangiye ni sponge hafnium;
Intambwe ya gatanu ni ugukuramo icyuho cya sponge hafnium kugirango ukureho MgCl kandi ugarure magnesium yicyuma kirenze, bivamo ibicuruzwa byarangiye bya sponge ibyuma bya hafnium.Niba umukozi ugabanya gukoresha sodium aho gukoresha magnesium, intambwe ya gatanu igomba guhinduka mukwibiza mumazi
Uburyo bwo kubika:
Ubike mu bubiko bukonje kandi buhumeka.Irinde ibishashi n'amasoko y'ubushyuhe.Igomba kubikwa ukwayo na okiside, acide, halogene, nibindi, kandi ikirinda kuvanga ububiko.Gukoresha amatara adashobora guturika no guhumeka.Kubuza gukoresha ibikoresho bya mashini nibikoresho bikunda kugaragara.Ahantu ho guhunika hagomba kuba hafite ibikoresho bikwiye kugirango bitangire.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-25-2023