Gadolinium: Icyuma gikonje cyane ku isi

Gadolinium, element 64 yimbonerahamwe yigihe.

Lanthanide mumeza yibihe ni umuryango mugari, kandi imiti yimiti irasa cyane, kubwibyo biragoye kubitandukanya.Mu 1789, umuhanga mu bya shimi wo muri Finilande John Gadolin yabonye oxyde yicyuma avumbura oxyde yambere yisi idasanzwe -Yttrium (III) oxydebinyuze mu gusesengura, gufungura amateka yubuvumbuzi bwibintu bidasanzwe byisi.Mu 1880, umuhanga wo muri Suwede Demeriak yavumbuye ibintu bibiri bishya, kimwe muri byo nyuma byemezwa ko arisamarium, ikindi cyamenyekanye kumugaragaro nkibintu bishya, gadolinium, nyuma yo kwezwa numuhanga mu bya shimi w’abafaransa Debuwa Bodeland.

Ikintu cya Gadolinium gikomoka ku bucukuzi bwa silicon beryllium gadolinium, buhendutse, bworoshye mu miterere, bwiza mu guhindagurika, rukuruzi ya magneti ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba, kandi ni ikintu gike cyane ku isi.Irahagaze neza mumuyaga wumye, ariko itakaza urumuri rwinshi mubushuhe, ikora flake irekuye kandi itandukanijwe byoroshye nka oxyde yera.Iyo itwitswe mu kirere, irashobora kubyara okiside yera.Gadolinium ikora buhoro buhoro n'amazi kandi irashobora gushonga muri aside kugirango ibe umunyu utagira ibara.Imiterere yimiti isa cyane nizindi Lanthanide, ariko optique na magnetique biratandukanye gato.Gadolinium ni Paramagnetism ku bushyuhe bwicyumba na ferromagnetic nyuma yo gukonja.Ibiranga birashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere magnesi zihoraho.

Ukoresheje Paramagnetism ya gadolinium, agent ya gadolinium yakozwe yabaye agent itandukanye kuri NMR.Ubushakashatsi bwonyine bwa tekinoroji ya magnetiki resonance yerekana amashusho bwatangijwe, kandi habaye ibihembo 6 bya Nobel bijyanye nabyo.Nucleaque magnetiki resonance iterwa ahanini no kuzunguruka kwa nuclei ya atome, kandi kuzunguruka kwa nuclei zitandukanye biratandukanye.Ukurikije imiyoboro ya electromagnetiki itangwa na attenuation itandukanye mubidukikije bitandukanye, imyanya nubwoko bwa nuclei ya atome bigize iki kintu birashobora kugenwa, kandi ishusho yimbere yimbere yikintu irashobora gushushanywa.Mubikorwa byumurima wa magneti, ikimenyetso cya tekinoroji ya magnetiki resonance yerekana amashusho aturuka kumuzingo wa nuclei zimwe na zimwe, nka hydrogène nuclei mumazi.Nyamara, izo nuclei zizunguruka zirashyuha mumashanyarazi ya RF ya magnetiki resonance, isa na feri ya microwave, ubusanzwe igabanya ibimenyetso bya tekinoroji ya magnetiki resonance.Iion ya Gadolinium ntabwo ifite gusa umwanya ukomeye wa Spin magnetique, ifasha kuzunguruka nucleus ya atome, itezimbere amahirwe yo kumenyekanisha ingirabuzimafatizo zirwaye, ariko kandi mubitangaza bikomeza gukonja.Nyamara, gadolinium ifite uburozi runaka, kandi mubuvuzi, chelating ligands ikoreshwa mugukingira ion ya gadolinium kugirango ibabuze kwinjira mubice byabantu.

Gadolinium ifite imbaraga za magnetocaloric ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, kandi ubushyuhe bwayo buratandukana nuburemere bwumurima wa magneti, uzana uburyo bushimishije - gukonjesha magnetique.Mugihe cyo gukonjesha, bitewe nicyerekezo cya dipole ya magneti, ibikoresho bya magneti bizashyuha munsi yumurima runaka wo hanze.Iyo magnetiki ikuweho kandi ikingiwe, ubushyuhe bwibintu buragabanuka.Ubu bwoko bwa magnetique bukonje burashobora kugabanya ikoreshwa rya firigo nka Freon hanyuma igakonja vuba.Kugeza ubu, isi iragerageza guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya gadolinium hamwe n’ibisigazwa byayo muri uyu murima, kandi ikabyara akonje gato kandi ikora neza.Mugukoresha gadolinium, ubushyuhe burenze urugero burashobora kugerwaho, gadolinium nayo izwi nk "icyuma gikonje cyane kwisi".

Isotopi ya Gadolinium Gd-155 na Gd-157 ifite igice kinini kinini cya neutron Absorption cross cross muri isotopi Kamere yose, kandi irashobora gukoresha gadolinium nkeya kugirango igenzure imikorere isanzwe ya reaction ya kirimbuzi.Niyo mpamvu, havutse imashini y’amazi yoroheje ya gadolinium hamwe n’igikoresho cya gadolinium Igenzura, gishobora kuzamura umutekano w’ibikorwa bya kirimbuzi mu gihe bigabanya ibiciro.

Gadolinium ifite kandi ibikoresho byiza bya optique kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora izitandukanya optique, isa na diode mumuzunguruko, izwi kandi nka diode itanga urumuri.Ubu bwoko bwa diode itanga urumuri ntibwemerera gusa urumuri kunyura mu cyerekezo kimwe, ahubwo binabuza kwerekana urusaku muri fibre optique, byemeza ko itumanaho ryogukwirakwiza no kunoza imikorere yumuraba wumucyo.Gadolinium gallium garnet nimwe mubikoresho byiza bya substrate nziza yo gukora izitandukanya optique.