Ububiko bugarukira kwisi ya hafnium, hamwe nurwego runini rwibisabwa

HafniumIrashobora gukora amavuta hamwe nibindi byuma, uyihagarariye cyane ni hafnium tantalum alloy, nka pentacarbide tetratantalum na hafnium (Ta4HfC5), ifite aho ishonga cyane.Ingingo yo gushonga ya pentacarbide tetratantalum na hafnium irashobora kugera kuri 4215 ℃, bigatuma iba ibintu bizwi ubu bifite aho bihurira cyane.

Hafnium, hamwe nikimenyetso cyimiti Hf, nikintu cyuma kijyanye nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho.Ikigaragara cyacyo ni ifeza yijimye kandi ifite urumuri rwinshi.Ifite ubukana bwa Mohs bwa 5.5, gushonga kwa 2233 and, kandi ni plastiki.Hafnium irashobora gukora oxyde itwikiriye ikirere, kandi imiterere yayo irahagaze mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Ifu ya hafnium irashobora guhita yaka mu kirere, kandi irashobora kwitwara hamwe na ogisijeni na azote ku bushyuhe bwinshi.Hafnium ntabwo ifata amazi, acide acide nka hydrochloric aside, aside sulfurike, hamwe nigisubizo gikomeye cya alkaline.Irashobora gushonga muri acide zikomeye nka aqua regia na aside hydrofluoric, kandi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa.

Ikintuhafniumyavumbuwe mu 1923. Hafnium ifite ibintu bike mubutaka bwisi, 0.00045% gusa.Mubisanzwe bifitanye isano na zirconium metallic kandi idafite amabuye atandukanye.Hafnium irashobora kuboneka mubirombe byinshi bya zirconium, nka beryllium zircon, zircon, nandi mabuye y'agaciro.Ubwoko bubiri bwa mbere bwamabuye y'agaciro afite ibintu byinshi bya hafnium ariko bifite ububiko buke, kandi zircon nisoko nyamukuru ya hafnium.Ku rwego rw'isi, ibigega byose bya hafnium birenga toni miliyoni.Ibihugu bifite ububiko bunini cyane cyane birimo Afurika yepfo, Ositaraliya, Amerika, Burezili, Ubuhinde, n’utundi turere.Ibirombe bya Hafnium bikwirakwizwa no muri Guangxi no mu tundi turere two mu Bushinwa.

Mu 1925, abahanga babiri baturutse muri Suwede no mu Buholandi bavumbuye ikintu cya hafnium maze bategura icyuma cya hafnium bakoresheje uburyo bwa fluorin complexe yumunyu ngugu wa kristallisation hamwe nuburyo bwo kugabanya sodium.Hafnium ifite ibyuma bibiri bya kirisiti kandi yerekana uburinganire bwuzuye bwa mpande esheshatu ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 1300 ℃ （α- Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1300 ℃, butanga nkumubiri ushingiye ku mubiri （β- Ikigereranyo).Hafnium ifite kandi isotopi esheshatu zihamye, arizo hafnium 174, hafnium 176, hafnium 177, hafnium 178, hafnium 179, na hafnium 180. Ku rwego rwisi yose, Amerika n'Ubufaransa nibyo bikora cyane hafnium.

Ibintu nyamukuru bigize hafnium harimodioxyde de hafniume (HfO2), hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4), na hydroxide ya hafnium (H4HfO4).Dioxyde ya Hafnium na hafnium tetrachloride irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibyumahafnium, dioxyde de hafniumirashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugutegura amavuta ya hafnium, na hydroxide ya hafnium irashobora gukoreshwa mugutegura ibice bitandukanye bya hafnium.Hafnium irashobora gukora amavuta hamwe nibindi byuma, uyihagarariye cyane ni hafnium tantalum alloy, nka pentacarbide tetratantalum na hafnium (Ta4HfC5), ifite aho ishonga cyane.Ingingo yo gushonga ya pentacarbide tetratantalum na hafnium irashobora kugera kuri 4215 ℃, bigatuma iba ibintu bizwi ubu bifite aho bihurira cyane.

Nk’uko bigaragazwa na "2022-2026 Ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku isoko n’ingamba zo gushora imari ku nganda z’ibyuma bya Hafnium" byashyizwe ahagaragara n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’inganda cya Xinsijie, hafnium y’icyuma irashobora gukoreshwa mu gukora amatara y’amatara yaka cyane, cathodes ya X-ray, na dielectrics y’irembo. ;Hafnium tungsten alloy na hafnium molybdenum alloy irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora amashanyarazi menshi ya voltage yumuriro wa electrode, mugihe hafnium tantalum alloy irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho byo kurwanya hamwe nicyuma cyibikoresho;Carbide Carbide (HfC) irashobora gukoreshwa muri roketi ya roketi hamwe nindege igana imbere kurinda, mugihe hafnium boride (HfB2) irashobora gukoreshwa nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru;Byongeye kandi, hafnium yicyuma ifite nini nini yo kwinjiza neutron kandi ishobora no gukoreshwa nkigikoresho cyo kugenzura no gukingira ibyuma bya atome.

Abasesenguzi b'inganda bo muri Xinsijie bavuze ko kubera ibyiza byayo byo kurwanya okiside, kurwanya ruswa, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, no koroshya gutunganya, hafnium ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha hasi mu byuma, ibivangwa, ibivanze, hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho, nk'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibikoresho bikomeye, nibikoresho byingufu za atome.Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda nkibikoresho bishya, amakuru ya elegitoroniki, hamwe n’ikirere, imirima ikoreshwa ya hafnium ihora yaguka, kandi ibicuruzwa bishya bigahora bigaragara.Amajyambere y'ejo hazaza aratanga ikizere.