Nanotehnologiya ni urwego rudasanzwe rugaragara rwagiye rutera imbere buhoro buhoro mu mpera za 1980 no mu ntangiriro ya za 90.Bitewe nubushobozi buhebuje bwo gukora uburyo bushya bwo gukora, ibikoresho, nibicuruzwa, bizatera impinduramatwara nshya munganda mu kinyejana gishya.Urwego rwiterambere rwubu rwa nanoscience na nanotehnologiya rusa nubwa mudasobwa nikoranabuhanga ryamakuru muri 1950.Abahanga benshi biyemeje muriki gice bateganya ko iterambere rya nanotehnologiya rizagira ingaruka nini kandi zimbitse kubintu byinshi byikoranabuhanga.Abahanga bemeza ko ifite imiterere idasanzwe nimiterere yihariye, ningaruka nyamukuru zigabanya kuganisha kumiterere idasanzwe ya nanoisi idasanzweibikoresho birimo ubuso bwihariye, ingaruka ntoya, ingaruka yimbere, ingaruka zo gukorera mu mucyo, ingaruka za tunnel, hamwe na macroscopique kwant.Izi ngaruka zituma ibintu bifatika bya sisitemu ya nano bitandukanye nibikoresho bisanzwe, nkumucyo, amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe, na magnetisme, bikavamo ibintu byinshi bishya.Hariho inzira eshatu zingenzi kubashakashatsi bazaza gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere nanotehnologiya: gutegura no gushyira mubikorwa nanomateriali ikora cyane;Gutegura no gutegura ibikoresho bitandukanye bya nano nibikoresho;Menya kandi usesengure imiterere yakarere ka nano.Kuri ubu, hari ahanini icyerekezo cyo gusaba kuri nanoisi idasanzwes, hamwe nigihe kizaza cyo gukoresha nanoisi idasanzwebigomba kurushaho gutezwa imbere.
Nano lanthanum oxydeikoreshwa mubikoresho bya piezoelectric, ibikoresho bya electrothermal, ibikoresho bya termoelektrike, ibikoresho bya magnetoresistive, ibikoresho bya luminescent (ifu yubururu) ibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène, ikirahure cya optique, ibikoresho bya lisansi, ibikoresho bitandukanye bivangavanze, umusemburo wo gutegura ibikomoka ku miti kama, hamwe na catalizike yo guhagarika imyuka yimodoka.Filime yubuhinzi ihindura urumuri nayo ikoreshwanano lanthanum.
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yanano ceriashyiramo: 1. Nkongeramo ikirahure,nano ceriaIrashobora gukurura imirasire ya ultraviolet na infragre kandi yakoreshejwe mubirahuri byimodoka.Ntibishobora gusa gukumira imishwarara ya ultraviolet, ariko birashobora no kugabanya ubushyuhe buri mumodoka, bityo bikabika amashanyarazi kugirango umuyaga.2. Gushyira mu bikorwanano cerium oxydemumashanyarazi yimodoka isukura irashobora gukumira neza umubare munini wa gaze ya moteri isohoka mumyuka.3.Nano cerium oxydeIrashobora gukoreshwa kuri pigment kuri plastiki yamabara kandi irashobora no gukoreshwa mubikorwa nkimyenda, wino, nimpapuro.4. Gushyira mu bikorwanano ceriamubikoresho byo gusya byamenyekanye cyane nkibisabwa-bisabwa cyane kugirango polifike ya silicon na safiro imwe ya kristal substrate.5. Byongeye,nano ceriairashobora kandi gukoreshwa mububiko bwa hydrogène, ibikoresho bya termoelektrike,nano ceriatungsten electrode, ubushobozi bwa ceramic, ceramics piezoelectric,nano ceria silicon karbideabrasives, lisansi yibikoresho fatizo, catiseri ya lisansi, ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya magneti bihoraho, ibyuma bitandukanye bivangwa, hamwe nicyuma kitari ferrous.
NanometeroOxide ya Praseodymium (Pr6O11)
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yanano praseodymium oxydeshyiramo: 1. Ikoreshwa cyane mukubaka ububumbyi nubutaka bwa buri munsi.Irashobora kuvangwa na ceramic glaze kugirango ikore ibara ryamabara, cyangwa irashobora gukoreshwa nka pigment ya pigment yonyine.Ibara ryakozwe ni umuhondo wijimye, ufite ibara ryiza kandi ryiza.2. Ikoreshwa mugukora magnesi zihoraho, zikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bitandukanye bya elegitoronike na moteri.3. Ikoreshwa mugukata peteroli catalitike, irashobora kunoza ibikorwa bya catalitiki, guhitamo, no gutuza.4.Nano praseodymium oxydeirashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukata abrasive.Byongeyeho, ikoreshwa ryanano praseodymium oxydemurwego rwa fibre optique nayo iragenda ikwirakwira.
Nanometero ya neodymium oxyde (Nd2O3)
Nanometero ya neodymium oxydeikintu cyahindutse ingingo ishyushye yo kwita kumasoko kumyaka myinshi bitewe numwanya wihariye muriisi idasanzweumurima.Nanometero ya neodymium oxydeikoreshwa kandi kubikoresho bitari ferrous fer.Ongeraho 1.5% kuri 2.5%nano neodymium oxydekuri magnesium cyangwa aluminiyumu irashobora kunoza imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubushyuhe bwumuyaga, hamwe no kwangirika kwangirika kwamavuta, kandi ikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho byo mu kirere.Mubyongeyeho, nano yttrium aluminium garnet yuzuye hamwenano neodymium oxydee itanga imirongo migufi ya lazeri, ikoreshwa cyane munganda zo gusudira no gukata ibikoresho bito bifite uburebure buri munsi ya 10mm.Mubikorwa byubuvuzi, nanoytrium aluminiumgarnet laseri yometse hamwenano neodymium oxydezikoreshwa mu cyuma cyo kubaga kugirango zikureho ibikomere byo kubaga cyangwa kwanduza.Nano neodymium oxydeikoreshwa kandi mu kurangi ibirahuri nibikoresho bya ceramic, kimwe nibicuruzwa bya reberi ninyongera.
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yananoscale samarium oxydeshyiramo ibara ryumuhondo ryerurutse, rikoreshwa mububiko bwa ceramic na catalizator.Byongeye,nano samarium oxydeifite kandi ingufu za kirimbuzi kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubatswe, ibikoresho bikingira, hamwe nigikoresho cyo kugenzura ibyuka bya atome, bigafasha gukoresha neza ingufu nini zatewe no gusenyuka kwa kirimbuzi.
Nanoscaleeuropium oxyde (Eu2O3)
Nanoscale europium oxydeikoreshwa cyane muri puderi ya fluorescent.Eu3 + ikoreshwa nka activate ya fosifore itukura, naho Eu2 + ikoreshwa kuri fosifori y'ubururu.Muri iki gihe, Y0O3: Eu3 + ni fosifore nziza yo gukora neza luminescence, gutwikira neza, no kugarura ibiciro.Mubyongeyeho, hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga nko kuzamura imikorere ya luminescence no gutandukanya, irakoreshwa cyane.Vuba,nano europium oxydeyakoreshejwe kandi nka fosifori itera imyuka muri sisitemu nshya yo gusuzuma indwara ya X-ray.Okiside ya Nano europium irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora lens yamabara hamwe na optique yo kuyungurura, kubikoresho byo kubika magnetiki bubble, no mubikoresho byo kugenzura, ibikoresho byo gukingira, nibikoresho byubaka bya reaction ya atome.Ifu nziza ya gadolinium europium oxyde (Y2O3Eu3 +) ifu itukura ya fluorescent yateguwe hakoreshejwenano yttrium oxyde (Y2O3) nanano europium oxyde (Eu2O3) nk'ibikoresho fatizo.Mugihe cyo kwiteguraisi idasanzweifu ya tricolor fluorescent, byagaragaye ko: (a) ishobora kuvanga neza nifu yicyatsi nifu yubururu;(b) Imikorere myiza yo gutwikira;.isi idasanzwefosifori ya tricolor, bigatuma igabanuka ryibiciro.
Imikoreshereze yacyo nyamukuru ikubiyemo: 1. Uruganda rwarwo rukora amazi ya paramagnetique irashobora kunoza ibimenyetso bya magnetiki resonance (NMR) yerekana amashusho yumubiri wumuntu mubikorwa byubuvuzi.2. Okiside ya sulfure irashobora gukoreshwa nka gride ya matrix kumashanyarazi yihariye ya oscilloscope hamwe na X-ray fluorescence ya ecran.3. Thenano gadolinium oxyde in nano gadolinium oxydegallium garnet ninziza imwe ya substrate ya magnetiki bubble yibuka kwibuka.4. Iyo nta kamera ya Kamot igarukira, irashobora gukoreshwa nkuburyo bukomeye bwa magnetiki yo gukonjesha.5. Ikoreshwa nka inhibitori yo kugenzura urwego rwimikorere yinganda za nucleaire kugirango umutekano wibisubizo bya kirimbuzi.Byongeyeho, ikoreshwa ryanano gadolinium oxydena nano lanthanum oxyde hamwe bifasha guhindura zone yinzibacyuho no kuzamura ubushyuhe bwikirahure.Nano gadolinium oxydeirashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora capacator hamwe na X-ray ikomeza ecran.Muri iki gihe hashyizweho ingufu ku isi hose kugirango dutezimbere ikoreshwa ryanano gadolinium oxydehamwe nuruvange rwarwo mugukonjesha magnetique, kandi intambwe imaze guterwa.
Ahantu h'ingenzi hasabwa harimo: 1. Ifu ya Fluorescent ikoreshwa nkigikorwa cyo gukora ifu yicyatsi mumashanyarazi atatu yibanze ya fluorescent, nka matrix ya fosifate ikoreshwa nanano terbium oxyde, silikatike matrix ikorwa nanano terbium oxyde, na nano cerium magnesium aluminate matrix ikorwa nanano terbium oxyde, byose bisohora urumuri rwatsi muburyo bushimishije.2. Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi niterambere byakozwenano terbium oxydebishingiye kuri magneto-optique ibikoresho byo kubika magneto-optique.Disiki ya magneto-optique yatejwe imbere ikoresheje Tb-Fe amorphous thin firime nkibikoresho byo kubika mudasobwa irashobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kubika inshuro 10-15.3. Magneto optique ikirahure, ikirahuri kizunguruka kirimo Faraday kirimonano terbium oxyde, ni ibikoresho byingenzi bikoreshwa mugukora rotateur, izigunga, hamwe nimpeta zikoreshwa cyane mubuhanga bwa laser.Nano terbium oxydena nano dysprosium fer oxyde yakoreshejwe cyane cyane muri sonar kandi yagiye ikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye, uhereye kuri sisitemu yo gutera ibitoro, kugenzura amazi ya valve, kugenzura mikoro kugeza kumashanyarazi, imashini, hamwe nogukoresha amababa yindege na telesikopi.
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yanano dysprosium oxyde (Dy2O3) nano dysprosium oxydeni: 1.Nano dysprosium oxydeikoreshwa nkibikoresho bya fluorescent ifungura ifu, na trivalentnano dysprosium oxydeni ibyiringiro byo gukora ion kumurongo umwe wa luminescent ibintu bitatu byibanze byamabara.Igizwe ahanini na bande ebyiri zangiza, imwe ni urumuri rwumuhondo, naho ubundi ni urumuri rwubururu.Ibikoresho bya luminescent byerekanwe hamwenano dysprosium oxydeirashobora gukoreshwa nkibintu bitatu byibanze byamabara ya fluorescent.2.Nano dysprosium oxydeni icyuma gikenewe cyibikoresho byo gutegura magnetostrictive alloynano terbium oxydenano dysprosium fer oxyde (Terfenol) ivanze, ishobora gutuma ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigenda neza.3.Nano dysprosium oxydeibyuma birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika magneto-optique bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gufata amajwi no kumva neza.4. Byakoreshejwe muguteguranano dysprosium oxydeamatara, ibintu bikora bikoreshwa murinano dysprosium oxydeamatara ninano dysprosium oxyde.Ubu bwoko bwamatara bufite ibyiza nkumucyo mwinshi, ibara ryiza, ubushyuhe bwamabara menshi, ubunini buto, hamwe na arc ihamye.Byakoreshejwe nkisoko yamurika ya firime, icapiro, nibindi bikoresho byo kumurika.5. Bitewe na neutron nini ifata igice cyambukiranya igice cyanano dysprosium oxyde, ikoreshwa mubikorwa byingufu za atome gupima neutron cyangwa nka neutron.
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yanano holmiumshyiramo: 1. nkinyongera kumatara ya halide.Amatara ya halide ni ubwoko bwamatara asohora gaze yakozwe ashingiye kumatara ya mercure yumuvuduko ukabije, arangwa no kuzuza itara bitandukanyeisi idasanzweigice.Kuri ubu, ikoreshwa nyamukuru niisi idasanzweiyode, isohora amabara atandukanye mugihe cyo gusohora gaze.Ibikoresho byakazi byakoreshejwe murinano holmiumitara rifite iyodenano holmium, irashobora kugera kumurongo mwinshi wa atome yicyuma muri zone ya arc, kuzamura cyane imirasire.2.Nano holmium oxydeirashobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera ya yttrium icyuma cyangwaytrium aluminiumgarnet;3.Nano holmium oxydeirashobora gukoreshwa nka yttrium fer aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) kugirango isohore 2 μ M laser, tissue yumuntu kuri 2 μ Igipimo cyo kwinjiza m laser ni kinini, hafi ya bitatu byubunini burenze ubwa Hd: YAG0.Iyo rero ukoresheje Ho: YAG laser yo kubaga ubuvuzi, ntibishobora gusa kunoza imikorere yo kubaga no kumenya neza, ariko kandi ahantu hashobora kwangirika ubushyuhe hashobora kugabanuka kugeza ku bunini.Igiti cyubusa cyakozwe nanano holmiumkristu irashobora gukuraho ibinure bitabyaye ubushyuhe bukabije, bityo bikagabanya kwangirika kwubushyuhe kumubiri.Biravugwa ko ikoreshwa ryanano holmiumlaseri muri Amerika kuvura glaucoma irashobora kugabanya ububabare bwabarwayi barimo kubagwa.4. Muri magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, umubare muto wanano holmiumirashobora kandi kongerwaho kugirango igabanye umurima wo hanze ukenewe kugirango kwiyuzuzamo magnetisiyumu.5. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byitumanaho rya optique nka fibre laseri, fibre amplifiseri, hamwe na sensor ya fibre birashobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe fibre doped hamwenano holmium, izagira uruhare runini mugutezimbere byihuse byitumanaho rya fibre optique uyumunsi.
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yanano erbium oxydeshyiramo: 1. Umucyo wohereza Er3 + kuri 1550nm ufite akamaro kihariye, kuko ubu burebure bwumurongo ubarizwa neza cyane no gutakaza fibre optique mu itumanaho rya fibre optique.Nyuma yo gushimishwa numucyo ku burebure bwa 980nm1480nm,nano erbium oxydeions , ariko igipimo cya optique cyo kwiyongera kiratandukanye.Umuyoboro wa 1550nm wumucyo ufite igipimo cyo hasi cyane cya optique (0,15 décibel kuri kilometero) mugukwirakwiza fibre optique ya fibre optique, ikaba ari hafi yo hasi yikigereranyo.Kubwibyo, iyo itumanaho rya fibre optique rikoreshwa nkumucyo wibimenyetso kuri 1550nm, gutakaza urumuri bigabanuka.Muri ubu buryo, niba bikwiye kwibanda kurinano erbium oxydeyinjijwe muri matrise ikwiye, amplifier irashobora kwishyura indishyi muri sisitemu yitumanaho ishingiye ku ihame rya laser.Kubwibyo, mumiyoboro y'itumanaho isaba kongera ibimenyetso bya 1550nm optique,nano erbium oxydeibyuma byongera fibre nibikoresho byingenzi bya optique.Kugeza ubu,nano erbium oxydedopi silica fibre amplifier yamamaye.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, mu rwego rwo kwirinda kwinjizwa bidafite akamaro, urugero rwa doping ya nano erbium oxyde ya fibre optique iri hagati ya mirongo na magana ppm.Iterambere ryihuse ryitumanaho rya fibre optique rizakingura imirima mishya yo gukoreshanano erbium oxyde.2. Mubyongeyeho, kristu ya laser yometse hamwenano erbium oxydenibisohoka 1730nm na 1550nm lazeri bifite umutekano mumaso yabantu, hamwe nibikorwa byiza byo kohereza ikirere, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kwinjira mumyotsi yintambara, ibanga ryiza, kandi ntabwo byoroshye kubonwa nabanzi.Itandukaniro rya irrasiyo ku bitero bya gisirikare ni rinini cyane, kandi hashyizweho uburyo bwa lazeri ishobora kwifashishwa mu kurinda amaso y’abantu kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu gisirikare.3. Er3 + irashobora kongerwaho ikirahuri kugirango ikoreisi idasanzweibirahuri by'ibirahure, kuri ubu ni ibikoresho bikomeye bya laser hamwe nimbaraga zisohoka cyane pulse nimbaraga zisohoka.4. Er3 + irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka ion ya activation kubikoresho bidasanzwe byisi hejuru ya laser ibikoresho.5. Byongeye,nano erbium oxydeIrashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugushushanya no gusiga amabara yindorerwamo zamaso hamwe nikirahure cya kirisiti.
Nanometero yttrium oxyde (Y2O3)
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yanano yttrium oxydeshyiramo: 1. inyongeramusaruro zibyuma nibidafite ferrous.Amavuta ya FeCr mubisanzwe arimo 0.5% kugeza 4%nano yttrium oxyde, ishobora kongera okiside irwanya no guhindagurika kwibyuma bitagira umwanda;Nyuma yo kongeramo umubare ukwiye wabakirenano yttrium oxydebivanzeisi idasanzwekuri MB26 alloy, imikorere muri rusange ya alloy yateye imbere cyane, kandi irashobora gusimbuza imbaraga za aluminiyumu ziciriritse kubintu bitwara indege;Ongeramo umubare muto wa nano yttriumisi idasanzwekuri Al Zr alloy irashobora kunoza imiyoboro ya alloy;Iyi mavuta yakoreshejwe ninganda nyinshi zo murugo;Ongerahonano yttrium oxydekumuringa wumuringa utezimbere imbaraga nimbaraga za mashini.2. Harimo 6%nano yttrium oxydena aluminium 2% silicon nitride ceramic ibikoresho birashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere ibice bya moteri.3. Koresha watt 400nano neodymium oxydealuminium garnet laser beam kugirango ikore imashini nko gucukura, gukata, no gusudira kubintu binini.4. Mugaragaza ya electron microscope fluorescent igizwe na Y-Al garnet imwe ya kirisiti ya kirisiti ifite urumuri rwinshi rwa fluorescence, kwinjiza gake kumucyo utatanye, kurwanya neza ubushyuhe bwinshi no kwambara.5. hejurunano yttrium oxydeibinyobwa byubatswe birimo kugeza kuri 90%nano gadolinium oxydeIrashobora gukoreshwa mubyindege nibindi bikorwa bisaba ubucucike buke hamwe no gushonga cyane.6. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru proton ikora ibikoresho birimo 90%nano yttrium oxydebifite akamaro kanini kubyara umusaruro wa lisansi, selile electrolytike, hamwe na gaze yerekana gaze ikenera hydrogene nyinshi.Byongeye,nano yttrium oxydeikoreshwa kandi nk'ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru byo gutera, ubushyuhe bwa lisansi ya atome, inyongeramusaruro y'ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, kandi nk'ikigereranyo mu nganda za elegitoroniki.
Usibye hejuru yavuzwe haruguru, nanoisi idasanzweirashobora kandi gukoreshwa mubikoresho byimyenda hamwe nubuzima bwabantu nibikorwa by ibidukikije.Uhereye kubushakashatsi bugezweho, bose bafite icyerekezo runaka: kurwanya imirasire ya ultraviolet;Guhumanya ikirere n'imirasire ya ultraviolet bikunze kwibasirwa n'indwara z'uruhu na kanseri;Kwirinda umwanda bituma bigora umwanda kwizirika ku myenda;Ubushakashatsi nabwo burimo gukorwa mubijyanye no kubika ubushyuhe.Bitewe no gukomera no gusaza byoroshye uruhu, usanga bikunze guhinduka ibibara muminsi yimvura.Gutwara hamwe na nanogake ya cerium oxydeIrashobora gutuma uruhu rworoha, ntirushobora gusaza no kubumba, kandi byoroshye kwambara.Ibikoresho bya Nanocoating nabyo byabaye ingingo ishyushye mubushakashatsi bwa nanomaterial mumyaka yashize, hibandwa cyane kumyenda ikora.Amerika ikoresha 80nmY2O3nka infragre ikingira ikingira, ifite imikorere ihanitse yo kwerekana ubushyuhe.CeO2ifite indangagaciro ndende kandi itajegajega.Igihenano isi idasanzwe yttrium oxyde, nano lanthanum oxyde nanano cerium oxydeifu yongewe kuri coating, urukuta rwinyuma rushobora kurwanya gusaza.Kubera ko urukuta rw'inyuma rushobora gusaza no kugwa bitewe n'irangi ryerekanwa n'imirasire y'izuba ultraviolet izuba hamwe n'umuyaga muremure n'izuba, byiyongerahocerium oxydenaYttriumIrashobora kurwanya imirasire ya ultraviolet, kandi ingano yayo ni nto cyane.Nano cerium oxydeikoreshwa nk'imashini ya ultraviolet, Biteganijwe ko izakoreshwa mu gukumira gusaza kw'ibicuruzwa bya pulasitike bitewe n'imirasire ya ultraviolet, ndetse no gusaza kwa UV kw'ibigega, imodoka, amato, ibigega byo kubika amavuta, n'ibindi, no kugira uruhare hanze ibyapa binini
Uburinzi bwiza ni ubw'urukuta rw'imbere kugira ngo hirindwe ibumba, ubushuhe, n'umwanda, kubera ko ubunini bwacyo ari buto cyane, ku buryo bigoye ko umukungugu wizirika ku rukuta kandi ushobora guhanagurwa n'amazi.Haracyari byinshi byo gukoresha kuri nanoisi idasanzweibyo bikeneye ubundi bushakashatsi niterambere, kandi turizera rwose ko bizagira ejo hazaza heza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-03-2023