Ntibisanzweni ingenzi mu iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye nk’ingufu n’ibikoresho bishya, kandi bifite agaciro gakomeye mu bijyanye n’ikirere, icyogajuru cy’igihugu, n’inganda za gisirikare.Ibyavuye mu ntambara zigezweho byerekana ko intwaro zidasanzwe z’isi ziganje ku rugamba, ibyiza by’ikoranabuhanga bidasanzwe by’isi byerekana ibyiza bya tekinoloji ya gisirikare, kandi bifite umutungo byemewe.Kubwibyo, isi idasanzwe nayo yahindutse umutungo wubukungu ubukungu bukomeye kwisi burushanwa, kandi ingamba zingenzi zibanze nkibintu bidasanzwe bikunze kuzamuka mubikorwa byigihugu.Uburayi, Ubuyapani, Amerika ndetse n’ibindi bihugu n’uturere byita cyane ku bikoresho byingenzi nk’isi idasanzwe.Mu mwaka wa 2008, ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka byashyizwe ku rutonde nk "ingamba z’ibanze" n’ishami ry’ingufu muri Amerika;Mu ntangiriro za 2010, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi watangaje ko hashyizweho ingamba z’ubutaka budasanzwe;Mu 2007, Minisiteri y’Uburezi, Umuco, Ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga mu Buyapani, ndetse na Minisiteri y’Ubukungu, Inganda n’ikoranabuhanga, bari bamaze gutanga gahunda ya "Element Strategy Plan" na gahunda ya "Rare Metal Alternative Materials".Bafashe ingamba zihamye na politiki mububiko, iterambere ryikoranabuhanga, gushaka umutungo, no gushakisha ibikoresho bindi.Guhera kuriyi ngingo, umwanditsi azamenyekanisha muburyo burambuye ubutumwa bwingenzi ndetse ningirakamaro byiterambere ryamateka ninshingano zibi bintu bidasanzwe byisi.
Terbium ni mubyiciro byubutaka budasanzwe, hamwe nubwinshi buke mubutaka bwisi kuri 1.1 ppm.Okiside ya Terbiumibarirwa munsi ya 0.01% yubutaka budasanzwe.Ndetse no mu bwoko bwa yttrium ion ndende cyane ubutare budasanzwe bwubutaka bufite ibinyabuzima byinshi bya terbium, ibirimo terbium bingana na 1.1-1.2% byubutaka budasanzwe, byerekana ko ari mubyiciro "byicyubahiro" byibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka.Terbium nicyuma cyumuhondo cyumuhondo gifite ihindagurika kandi cyoroshye ugereranije, gishobora gucibwa ukoresheje icyuma;Gushonga ingingo 1360 ℃, ingingo itetse 3123 ℃, ubucucike 8229 4kg / m3.Mu myaka irenga 100 kuva terbium ivumburwa mu 1843, ubuke bwayo nagaciro byabujije gukoreshwa mubikorwa igihe kirekire.Mu myaka 30 ishize niho terbium yerekanye impano idasanzwe.
Ivumburwa rya Terbium
Mugihe kimwe iyolanthanumyavumbuwe, Karl G. Mosander wo muri Suwede yasesenguye ibyavumbuwe bwa mbereyttriumanashyira ahagaragara raporo mu 1842, asobanura neza ko isi yttrium yavumbuwe bwa mbere itari oxyde imwe yibanze, ahubwo yari oxyde yibintu bitatu.Mu 1843, Mossander yavumbuye ikintu terbium binyuze mubushakashatsi yakoze ku isi yttrium.Yakomeje kwita umwe muri bo isi yttrium n'umwe muri boerbium oxyde.Mu 1877 ni bwo yiswe terbium ku mugaragaro, hamwe n'ikimenyetso cya Tb.Kwita izina bituruka ku isoko imwe na yttrium, ikomoka mu mudugudu wa Ytterby hafi ya Stockholm, muri Suwede, ahavumbuwe bwa mbere ubutare bwa yttrium.Ivumburwa rya terbium nibindi bintu bibiri, lanthanum na erbium, byafunguye umuryango wa kabiri wo kuvumbura ibintu bidasanzwe byisi, bikerekana icyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuvumbura.Yatunganijwe bwa mbere na G. Urban mu 1905.
Mossander
Gukoresha terbium
Porogaramu yaterbiumahanini birimo tekinoroji yubuhanga buhanitse, aribwo bukoresha ikoranabuhanga nubumenyi bushingiye ku bumenyi bugezweho, kimwe n’imishinga ifite inyungu zikomeye mu bukungu, hamwe n’iterambere ryiza.Ibice byingenzi bikoreshwa birimo: (1) gukoreshwa muburyo bwimvange yisi idasanzwe.Kurugero, ikoreshwa nkifumbire mvaruganda idasanzwe ifumbire hamwe ninyongeramusaruro kubuhinzi.(2) Gukora ifu yicyatsi mumashanyarazi atatu yibanze ya fluorescent.Ibikoresho bigezweho bya optoelectronic bisaba gukoresha amabara atatu yibanze ya fosifore, aribyo umutuku, icyatsi, nubururu, bishobora gukoreshwa muguhuza amabara atandukanye.Kandi terbium nikintu cyingirakamaro mubice byinshi byujuje ubuziranenge bwa fluorescent.(3) Ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika magneto.Amorphous metal terbium inzibacyuho ibyuma bya alloy yoroheje yakoreshejwe mugukora disiki ya magneto ikora neza.(4) Gukora magneto optique ikirahure.Ikirahuri kizunguruka cya Faraday kirimo terbium nibikoresho byingenzi byo gukora rotateur, izigunga, hamwe nizunguruka mubuhanga bwa laser.(5) Iterambere niterambere rya terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) yafunguye porogaramu nshya kuri terbium.
Ku buhinzi n'ubworozi
Ntibisanzwe isi terbiumirashobora kuzamura ubwiza bwibihingwa no kongera igipimo cya fotosintezeza murwego runaka.Ibigo bya terbium bifite ibikorwa biologiya bihanitse, hamwe na ternary complexes ya terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, bifite ingaruka nziza za antibacterial na bactericidal aureus Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, na Escherichia coli, hamwe na antibacterial yagutse. imitungo.Ubushakashatsi bwibi bigo butanga icyerekezo gishya cyubushakashatsi kumiti igezweho ya bagiteri.
Byakoreshejwe murwego rwa luminescence
Ibikoresho bigezweho bya optoelectronic bisaba gukoresha amabara atatu yibanze ya fosifore, aribyo umutuku, icyatsi, nubururu, bishobora gukoreshwa muguhuza amabara atandukanye.Kandi terbium nikintu cyingirakamaro mubice byinshi byujuje ubuziranenge bwa fluorescent.Niba ivuka ryibara ryisi ridasanzwe rya TV TV itukura ya fluorescent yatumije yttrium na europium, noneho gukoresha no guteza imbere terbium byatejwe imbere nisi idasanzwe ibara ryambere ryibara ryatsi rya fluorescent kumatara.Mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, Philips yahimbye itara rya mbere ry’ingufu zibika ingufu za fluorescent kandi ryihutisha kuzamura isi yose.Tb3 + ion irashobora gusohora urumuri rwicyatsi rufite uburebure bwa 545nm, kandi hafi ya yose idasanzwe yisi ifu ya fluorescent ifu ikoresha terbium nkigikorwa.
Ifu yicyatsi kibisi ikoreshwa mumabara ya TV cathode ray tubes (CRTs) yamye ishingiye ahanini kuri sulfide ya zinc ihendutse kandi ikora neza, ariko ifu ya terbium yamye ikoreshwa nkibishishwa byamabara ya TV byatsi, nka Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, na LaOBr: Tb3 +.Hamwe niterambere rya tereviziyo nini isobanura neza (HDTV), ifu yicyatsi kibisi ya fluorescent ya CRTs nayo iratezwa imbere.Kurugero, ifu yicyatsi kibisi ya fluorescent yatejwe imbere mumahanga, igizwe na Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, na Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, ifite luminescence nziza cyane mubucucike buriho.
Ifu gakondo ya X-ray fluorescent ni calcium tungstate.Mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980, hateguwe ifu idasanzwe ya fluorescent ya ecran ya sensibilisation, nka terbium ikora lanthanum sulfide oxyde, terbium ikora lanthanum bromide oxyde (kuri ecran yicyatsi), na terbium ikora yttrium sulfide oxyde.Ugereranije na calcium tungstate, ifu idasanzwe ya fluorescent ifu irashobora kugabanya igihe cyo kurasa X-ray kubarwayi ku kigero cya 80%, kunoza imiterere ya firime ya X-ray, kongera igihe cyumuyoboro wa X-ray, no kugabanya gukoresha ingufu.Terbium ikoreshwa kandi nka porojeri ya fluorescent ya ecran ya ecran ya X-ray yongerera imbaraga, ishobora kunoza cyane ibyiyumvo byo guhindura X-ray mu mashusho ya optique, kunoza neza ama firime ya X-ray, no kugabanya cyane ibipimo byerekana X- imirasire kumubiri wumuntu (kurenza 50%).
Terbiumikoreshwa kandi nka activateur muri fosifori yera ya LED ishimishijwe numucyo wubururu kumurika rya semiconductor nshya.Irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora terbium aluminium magneto optique ya kristu ya fosifori, ikoresheje urumuri rwubururu rutanga diode nkisoko yumucyo ushimishije, kandi fluorescence yabyaye ivangwa numucyo ushimishije kugirango itange urumuri rwera rwera.
Ibikoresho bya electroluminescent bikozwe muri terbium birimo ifu ya zinc sulfide icyatsi kibisi cya fluorescent hamwe na terbium nkibikorwa.Imirasire ya ultraviolet, ibinyabuzima bya terbium birashobora gusohora fluorescence ikomeye kandi birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya firime yoroheje.Nubwo hari intambwe igaragara imaze guterwa mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku isi idasanzwe ya elegitoroniki yoroheje ya electroluminescent yoroheje, haracyariho itandukaniro rinini rifatika, kandi ubushakashatsi ku isi idasanzwe ya organic organic electroluminescent firime yoroheje n'ibikoresho biracyari byimbitse.
Ibiranga fluorescence iranga terbium nayo ikoreshwa nka probe ya fluorescence.Imikoranire hagati ya terbium ya tloxacin (Tb3 +) na aside deoxyribonucleic aside (ADN) yakozwe hifashishijwe ikigereranyo cya fluorescence hamwe nogusohora ibintu, nka fluorescence probe ya ofloxacin terbium (Tb3 +).Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ofloxacin Tb3 + probe ishobora gukora igikonjo gihuza molekile ya ADN, kandi aside deoxyribonucleic irashobora kuzamura cyane fluorescence ya sisitemu ya ofloxacin Tb3 +.Ukurikije iri hinduka, aside deoxyribonucleic irashobora kugenwa.
Kubikoresho bya magneto
Ibikoresho bifite ingaruka za Faraday, bizwi kandi nka magneto-optique ibikoresho, bikoreshwa cyane muri laseri nibindi bikoresho bya optique.Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwibikoresho bya magneto optique: magneto optique kristal hamwe nikirahure cya optique.Muri byo, kristu ya magneto-optique (nka yttrium fer garnet na terbium gallium garnet) ifite ibyiza byo guhinduranya inshuro nyinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro, ariko birahenze kandi biragoye kubikora.Mubyongeyeho, magneto-optique ya kristu nyinshi hamwe na Faraday ndende yo kuzenguruka ifite kwinjiza cyane mumurongo mugufi, bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo.Ugereranije na magneto optique ya kristu, ikirahuri cya magneto optique gifite ibyiza byo kohereza cyane kandi byoroshye gukorwa mubice binini cyangwa fibre.Kugeza ubu, ibirahuri bya magneto-optique bifite ingaruka nziza za Faraday ni gake cyane isi idasanzwe.
Byakoreshejwe mububiko bwa magneto optique
Mu myaka yashize, hamwe niterambere ryihuse rya multimediya na automatike yo mu biro, icyifuzo cya disiki nshya zifite imbaraga zo hejuru za magnetiki cyiyongereye.Amorphous metal terbium inzibacyuho ibyuma bya alloy yoroheje yakoreshejwe mugukora disiki ya magneto ikora neza.Muri byo, TbFeCo alloy thin film ifite imikorere myiza.Ibikoresho bya Terbium bishingiye kuri magneto-optique byakozwe ku rugero runini, kandi disiki ya magneto-optique ikozwe muri yo ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kubika mudasobwa, hamwe n'ububiko bwiyongereyeho inshuro 10-15.Bafite ibyiza byubushobozi bunini kandi bwihuta bwo kugera, kandi birashobora guhanagurwa no gutwikirwa inshuro ibihumbi icumi iyo bikoreshejwe kuri disiki ya optique yuzuye.Nibikoresho byingenzi muburyo bwa tekinoroji yo kubika amakuru.Ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane muri magneto-optique mubigaragara kandi hafi ya-infrarafarike ni Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) kristu imwe, nicyo kintu cyiza cya magneto-optique yo gukora rotate ya Faraday hamwe na wenyine.
Kuri magneto optique ikirahure
Faraday magneto optique yikirahure ifite umucyo mwiza na isotropy mubice bigaragara kandi bitagaragara, kandi birashobora gukora imiterere itandukanye.Biroroshye kubyara ibicuruzwa binini kandi birashobora gukururwa muri fibre optique.Kubwibyo, ifite ibyifuzo byagutse mubikoresho bya magneto optique nka magneto optique izigunga, magneto optique modulator, hamwe na sensor ya fibre optique.Bitewe numwanya munini wa magnetique hamwe na coeffisente ntoya yo kwinjiza muburyo bugaragara kandi butagaragara, Tb3 + ion zagiye zikoreshwa cyane mubutaka budasanzwe mubirahuri bya magneto optique.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, hamwe no gukomeza kwiyongera kw'impinduramatwara ku isi, ibikoresho bishya bidasanzwe byo gukoresha isi byagaragaye vuba.Mu 1984, kaminuza ya Leta ya Iowa, Laboratoire ya Ames y’ishami ry’ingufu muri Amerika, hamwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ingabo za Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika zirwanira mu mazi (aho abakozi bakuru b’ikigo cya Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) cyaje gushingwa) bafatanyijemo guteza imbere ibintu bidasanzwe isi ifite ubwenge bwubwenge, aribwo terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material.Ibi bikoresho byubwenge bifite ibimenyetso byiza biranga guhindura ingufu zamashanyarazi vuba mumashanyarazi.Transducers yo mu mazi na electro-acoustic ikozwe muri ibi bikoresho binini bya magnetostrictive byashyizwe mubikorwa neza mubikoresho byo mu mazi, disikuru zerekana amavuta, sisitemu yo kugenzura urusaku no kunyeganyega, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwo mu nyanja hamwe na sisitemu yo gutumanaho munsi.Kubwibyo rero, ibikoresho bya magnetostrictive ya terbium dysprosium ikimara kuvuka, byitabiriwe cyane n’ibihugu byateye imbere ku isi.Edge Technologies muri Amerika yatangiye gukora terbium dysprosium fer igihangange magnetostrictive ibikoresho mu 1989 maze ayita Terfenol D. Nyuma yaho, Suwede, Ubuyapani, Uburusiya, Ubwongereza, na Ositaraliya nabyo byateje imbere terbium dysprosium fer nini ya magnetostrictive ibikoresho.
Duhereye ku mateka y'iterambere ry'ibi bikoresho muri Amerika, haba havumbuwe ibikoresho ndetse no gukoresha monopoliste hakiri kare bifitanye isano itaziguye n'inganda za gisirikare (nka navy).Nubwo ishami ry’ingabo n’ingabo z’Ubushinwa rigenda rishimangira imyumvire yabo kuri ibi bikoresho.Icyakora, hamwe n’iterambere ry’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa ku buryo bugaragara, icyifuzo cyo kugera ku ngamba zo guhangana n’ingabo mu kinyejana cya 21 no kuzamura urwego rw’ibikoresho byanze bikunze byihutirwa.Kubwibyo, gukoresha cyane terbium dysprosium ibyuma binini bya magnetostrictive ibikoresho bya minisiteri yingabo n’ingabo z’igihugu bizaba ngombwa mu mateka.
Muri make, ibintu byinshi byiza byaterbiumubigire umunyamuryango wingenzi mubikoresho byinshi bikora hamwe numwanya udasimburwa mubice bimwe byo gusaba.Nyamara, kubera igiciro kinini cya terbium, abantu bagiye biga uburyo bwo kwirinda no kugabanya ikoreshwa rya terbium kugirango bagabanye ibiciro byumusaruro.Kurugero, isi idasanzwe ya magneto-optique igomba kandi gukoresha diyosezi ya dysprosium yicyuma cobalt cyangwa gadolinium terbium cobalt bishoboka;Gerageza kugabanya ibirimo terbium muri poro yicyatsi kibisi igomba gukoreshwa.Igiciro cyabaye ikintu cyingenzi kibuza ikoreshwa rya terbium.Ariko ibikoresho byinshi bikora ntibishobora kubikora bitabaye ibyo, tugomba rero gukurikiza ihame ryo "gukoresha ibyuma byiza ku cyuma" kandi tugerageza kuzigama ikoreshwa rya terbium bishoboka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-07-2023