Uruhare rwibintu bidasanzwe byisi muri Catalysts

Mu kinyejana gishize, ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwakozwe ku ngaruka ziterwa na catalitiki yibintu bidasanzwe (cyane cyane okiside na chloride), kandi ibisubizo bimwe na bimwe byabonetse, bishobora kuvunagurwa mu buryo bukurikira:

1. Muburyo bwa elegitoronike yaibintu bidasanzwe by'isi, 4f electroni iri murwego rwimbere kandi ikingiwe na 5s na 5p electron, mugihe gahunda ya electron yo hanze igena imiterere yimiti yibintu nimwe.Kubwibyo, ugereranije ningaruka za catalitiki ya d inzibacyuho, nta kintu kigaragara kiranga, kandi ibikorwa ntabwo biri hejuru nkibya d inzibacyuho;

2. Mubisubizo byinshi, ibikorwa bya catalitiki ya buri kintu kidasanzwe cyisi ntigihinduka cyane, hamwe ninshuro 12, cyane cyane kuri hibintu bidasanzwe byisiaho usanga nta bikorwa bihinduka.Ibi bitandukanye rwose ninzibacyuho d, kandi ibikorwa byabo birashobora rimwe na rimwe gutandukana nuburyo bwinshi bwubunini;Igikorwa cya catalitiki yibintu 3 bidasanzwe byisi birashobora kugabanwa muburyo bubiri.Ubwoko bumwe buhuye nimpinduka ya monotonic mumibare ya electron (1-14) muri orbital ya 4f, nka hydrogenation na dehydrogenation, naho ubundi bwoko bujyanye nimpinduka zigihe mugihe gahunda ya electron (1-7, 7-14 ) muri 4f orbital, nka okiside;

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Byibanze, catalizator nibikoresho bifite imikorere idasanzwe.Ubutaka budasanzwe bufite akamaro kanini mugutezimbere no gushyira mubikorwa ibyo bikoresho, kubera ko bifite ibintu byinshi bya catalitiki, harimo kugabanya okiside-kugabanya na aside-fatizo, kandi ntibikunze kumenyekana mubice byinshi, hamwe nibice byinshi bigomba gutezwa imbere ;Mubikoresho byinshi bya catalitiki, ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bifite guhinduranya gukomeye hamwe nibindi bintu, bishobora kuba nkibice byingenzi bigize catalizator, kimwe nigice cya kabiri cyangwa catalizike.Ubutaka budasanzwe burashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya catalizator hamwe nibintu bitandukanye kubitekerezo bitandukanye;Ntibisanzwe kwisi, cyane cyane oxyde, bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi nubushyuhe bwa chimique, bitanga amahirwe yo gukoresha cyane ibikoresho nkibi.Ntibisanzwe isi itanga imikorere myiza, ubwoko butandukanye, hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwa catalitiki ikoreshwa.

Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gucukura peteroli no kuvugurura, gutunganya ibinyabiziga biva mu mahanga, reberi ya sintetike, hamwe n’imirima myinshi y’imiti n’ibinyabuzima.