Kufo, Birta HF, lambarka atomikada 72, culeyska atomikada 178.49, waa bir bir ah oo dhalaalaya oo dhalaalaya.
Hafnium waxay leedahay lix si dabiici ah oo dabiici ah oo xasilloon ah Magaca element wuxuu ka yimaadaa magaca Laatiinka ee magaalada Kobanheegan.
Sannadkii 1925, kimistaha iswiidhishka ee Hervey iyo Busitsist Busisty Cusiga cusbada saafiga ah ee milix nadiif ah oo milix ah oo milix ah oo laga sameeyay, oo ay hoos ugu dhacday sodium-ka metallitic ah si ay u helaan bir bir ah oo saafi ah. Hafnium waxaa ku jira 0,00045% qolofkiisa Dhulka oo inta badan la xiriirto zirconium dabiiciga ah.
Magaca Waxsoosaarka: Hafnium
Calaamadda Element: HF
Miisaan culus: 178.49
Nooca Element: Element Metallic
Guryaha jireed:
Kufowaa bir bir ah oo bir ah oo leh luster bir ah; Waxaa jira laba kala duwanaansho ah oo ah birta Hafnium-ka Birta Hafnium-ka waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo ah heerkulka sare. Birta Hafnium-ka waxay leedahay cuncun oo ka-hortagga ah oo ah isku-dhafka-qayb-hoosaadka waxaana loo isticmaali karaa maaddaama ay ka kontorool u tahay kuwa wax ka badalka ah.
Waxaa jira laba nooc oo qaab dhismeedka qaybaha dhalada ah: xirxiran hexagonal cufnaynta cufan ee heerkulka ka hooseeya 1300 ℃ (α- isleeg); Heerkulka ka sarreeya 1300 ℃, waa jirka cubikiska udub dhexaadka u ah (β- isleeg). Biro leh caag ah kuwaas oo sii adkaanaya oo ku jajaban jiritaanka ciladaha. Xasilooni hawada ku jirta, kaliya ayaa ku madoobeysa dusha sare marka la gubo. Xirmooyinka waxaa lagu gubi karaa ololka ciyaarta. Guryaha la mid ah zirconium. Kama falcelinayo biyaha, milix aashitada, ama saldhigyo adag, laakiin si fudud ayaa loogu milmiyaa aqua Regia iyo hydrofluric acid. Gaar ahaan xeryahooda leh + 4 xulasho. Hafnium Alloy (TA4HFC5) ayaa la ogyahay inuu haysto barta ugu sareysa (qiyaastii 4215 ℃).
Qaab dhismeedka Crystal: Qolka Crystal waa Hexagonal
Lambarka CAS: 7440-58-6
Barta dhalaalaya: 2227 ℃
Point Point: 4602 ℃
Guryaha kiimikada:
Sifooyinka kiimikada ee Hafnium waxay aad ugu egyihiin kuwa zirconium-ka, waxayna leedahay iska caabbinta hufnaanta wanaagsan oo si fudud looma xallin karo guud ahaan aashitada aquon aqueli; Si sahal ah u milma acid hydrofluoric acid si loo sameeyo dhismeyaal laga jaro. Heerkulka sare, Hafnium-ka ayaa sidoo kale si toos ah ugu dari kara gaasaska sida oksijiinka iyo nitrogen-ka si ay u sameeyaan ostors iyo nitrides.
Hafnium badanaa waxay leedahay + 4 xuub ku jira xeryahooda. Xarunta ugu weyn waahafnium okideHFO2. Waxaa jira seddex nooc oo kala duwan oo ah Hafniium Okide:hafnium okideWaxaa lagu helaa kareemada joogtada ah ee Hafnium Sulfate iyo chloride oxide waa kala duwanaansho monoclinic ah; Hafnium Oxide oo ay ka heleen kuleylka Hydroxide ee Hafnoum at 400 ℃ ℃ waa kala duwanaansho heersare ah; Haddii lagu xisaabiyo kor ku xusan 1000 ℃, kala duwanaansho cubic ah ayaa la heli karaa. Xarun kale waaHafnium tetrachloride, taas oo ah sheyga ceyriinka ee diyaarinta Hafniimiinta birta waxaana lagu diyaarin karaa iyadoo ay ka falceliyaan gaaska koloriin ah isku dar ah hafniium oxide iyo kaarboon. Tetrichloride Hafnium Tetrachloride wuxuu la xiriiraa biyo iyo si dhakhso leh hydrolyzes si aad u deggan HFO (4H2O) 2 + ion. HFO2 + IOM waxay ka jirtaa xeryo badan oo ah Hafnium, oo ay ku burburin karaan irbadda qaabaynta hawo-mareenka hafniyum oxychloride hfyocl2 · 8h2o crystals ee xalka hytrochloric acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid aashito aashito anified tetrachlorine aashit.
4-Jaanture HAfnium sidoo kale waxay u nugul tahay inay u qaabeeyaan isku dhafan fluoride, oo ka kooban K2HFFF6, K3hff7, (NH4) 2HFFF6, iyo (NH4). Xeerarkan ayaa loo adeegsaday kala sooca zirconium iyo Hafnium.
Xeerarka guud:
Hafnium Dioxide: Magaca Hafniim Dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Qaaciddada molikacali: hfo2 [4]; Hanti: Budada cad ee leh sedex qaab dhismeed: monoclinic, tetragonal, iyo cubici. Cufnaanta waa 10.3, 10.1, iyo 10.43g / cm3, siday u kala horreeyaan. Meel yar oo dhalaalaysa 2780-2920k. Karkaraya barta 5400k. Qalalaasaha ballaarinta kuleylka ah 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. Ku dhexjiro biyaha, hydrochloric acid, iyo nitric acid, laakiin waxay ku milmaysaa si aashito ah oo ku saleysan aashitada sulfuric acid iyo hydrofluric acid. Waxaa soo saaray jahwareerka kuleylka ama hydrolysis-ka xeryaha sida Hafnium Sulfate iyo Oxychloride. Alaabta ceeriin ee soosaarka birta Hafnium iyo alfmium Alfmium. Waxaa loo isticmaalay sidii qalab dib-u-nooleyaal ah, jaakadaha caawinta ee antiction, iyo saqafyada. [5] Heerka tamarta atomiga ah HFO waa badeecad la helay isku mar markii la soosaaray heerka tamarta atomiga ah ee zro. Laga bilaabo koloriin sare, geedi socodka is-nadiifinta, dhimista, iyo jahwareerka faaruqa ah ayaa ku dhowaad lamid ah kuwa zirconium-ka.
Hafnium tetrachloride: Hafnium (IV) Chloride, Feltrichloride Molecalar Molecalar Molecaulal Mylcaula HFCL4 Miisaanka Molecular 320.30 dabeecad: Block Critalline. U nugul qoyaanka. Ku milmay acetone iyo methanol. Hydrololyze oo biyo ah si loo soo saaro hafnium oxychloride (HFOCL2). Kuleylka ilaa 250 ℃ oo uumi baxa. Indhaha indhaha, nidaamka neefsashada, iyo maqaarka.
Hafnium hydroxide: Hafnium Hydroxide (H4hfo4), sida caadiga ah u soo bandhiga sida oxida oo kale ah oo biyo ah, ayaa si fudud loogu tartamayaa aashitada gudaha, oo dhif ah oo ku dhex jira amarbroxide. Kuleylka 100 ℃ si loo soo saaro hafnium hydroxide hfo (oh) 2. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro xeryahooda kale ee Hafnium.
Taariikhda cilmi baarista
Soo hel Taariikhda:
Sanadkii 1923, kimistaha iswiidhishka ee Hervey iyo finalka Holland ee D. Kost ayaa helay Hafnium ee Zoknium ee Zokon ee laga soo saaray Norway iyo Green, oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Hafnia, oo ka soo jeeda magaca Latinka ee Kobanheegan. Sanadkii 1925, Hervey iyo Cotvey iyo Compotonium-ka ayaa kala go'ay Zomium iyo Titanium iyagoo adeegsanaya habka crystallition jajabyada ee milixyada isku dhafka ah ee milixda adag ee laga helo. Oo yaree milixda hafnium oo leh sodium-ka metallitic-ga si ay u helaan bir bir ah oo saafi ah. Hervey waxay diyaarisay tusaalayaal dhowr milligram ah oo ah Hafnium saafi ah.
Tijaabooyinka kiimikada ee zirconium iyo Hafnium:
Imtixaam uu sameeyay Professor Carl Collins ee jaamacadda Texas 1998, waxaa la sheegay in Gamma uu ka sareeyo kooxda 'BAMFINum', oo ah shanta amarrada ee weynaanta oo ka sarreysa kuwa wax ka badan falcelinta nukliyeerka. [8] HF178M2 (Hafnium 178m2) waxay leedahay nolosha ugu dheer ee noloshu u dhexeysa isbadal la mid ah oo ku nool. Warbixinta Collins waxay sheegtey in hal garaam oo HF178M2 ah (Hafnium 178m2) ay ka kooban tahay ku dhawaad 1330 Megajoules, kaasoo uu u dhigantaa tamar uu soo saaray qaraxa 300 kiilogaraam ee waxyaabaha qarxa ee TNT. Warbixinta Collins waxay muujineysaa in dhammaan tamarta falcelintan lagu sii daayo qaab raajo ama raajo gaan ah, kaas oo ku siidaraya tamar aad u dhakhso badan, iyo HF178m2) (Hafnium 17) ayaa wali ka jawaabi kara si aad u foolar aad u yar. [9] Pentagon-ka ayaa u qoondeeyay lacag loogu talagalay cilmi-baarista. Imtixaanada, saamiga side-dhawaaqa-dhawaaqa ayaa aad u hooseeya (khaladaad muhiim ah), iyo wixii ka dambeeyay, in kasta oo saynisyahanno badan oo ka mid ah ay ka mid yihiin waaxdan-danaalada ee ay ka mid yihiin xaaladahan ee ay ka hadlaan jiritaanka falcooyinka Mareykanka, Collins-ka waxay soo jeediyeen in ay soo bandhigaan hab lagu isticmaalo gamma Ray ka daadashada tamarta ka socota HF178M2 (Hafnium 178m2) [15], laakiin saynisyahannada kale waxay si cad u cadeeyeen in falcelintan aan lagu gaari karin. [16] hf178m2 (Hafnium 178m2) ayaa si weyn loo rumeysan yahay in bulshada tacliinta ahi aysan ahayn ilo tamar ah
Goobta Codsiga:
Hafnium waa mid aad waxtar u leh sababta oo ah awooda ay u leedahay elektaroonigyada, sida sida loo isticmaalo xafaayad ahaan laambadaha dabacsan. Waxaa loo istcimaalay sidii cathode loogu talagalay tuubooyinka raajada, iyo alfooyinka Hafnium iyo Tungsten ama Molybdenum waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida elektroomyada tuubooyinka dheecaanka-sare. Caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo 'cathode iyo wershadaha wax soo saarka Tungsten silig' ee Raajooyinka. Hafnium saafiga ah waa shey muhiim u ah warshadaha tamarta atomikada sababta oo ah caqabadeeda, si fudud looga baaraandego, iska caabbinta heerkulka, iyo iska caabbinta. Hafnium-ka wuxuu leeyahay qabsadka qulqulka kuleylka weyn oo ah qeybta-heer-heer-hoose oo waa campron ugu habboon ee nuugida, kaas oo loo isticmaali karo sidii usha kontaroolka iyo aaladda difaac ee loogu talagalay jawaabta atomikada. Budada Hafnium-ka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa inay tahay cabitaanno loogu talagalay gantaalada. Cathode ee tuubooyinka raajada waxaa lagu soo saari karaa warshadaha korantada. Hafnium Alkoy waxay u adeegi kartaa lakabka difaaca ee gantaalka ee gantaallada iyo gawaarida dib-u-soo-gelitaanka, halka HF TA aloy loo isticmaali karo in lagu soo saaro salka birta iyo agabyada iska caabbinta. Hafnium waxaa loo istcimaalaa sida wax lagu daro ee ku jira alovens kuleylka u adkeysiga kuleylka, sida tungsten, molybdenum, iyo tantalum. HFC waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wax lagu daro oo loogu talagalay alloys adag sababtuna tahay heerka ugu sarreeya iyo dhibicda dhalaalaya. Meesha dhalaalaysa 4tachfc waa qiyaastii 4215 ℃, taasoo ka dhigaysa xaruntaas oo leh meesha ugu wanaagsan ee dhalaalaya. Hafnium waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii degane ahaan nidaamyo sicir-barar badan. Hafnium Heross ayaa ka saari kara gaasas aan loo baahnayn sida oksijiinka iyo nitrogen-ka ee nidaamka. Hafnium waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sidii wax lagu daro saliida hydralic saliida si looga hortago ka-fikirka saliida hydralic saliida inta lagu gudajiro howlaha khatarta sare, waxayna leedahay guryo awood badan oo awood leh. Sidaa darteed, guud ahaan waxaa loo isticmaalaa saliida hydralic ee warshadaha. Saliida hydralic ee caafimaadka.
Element-ka Hafnium waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa infel-ka ugu dambeeyay ee 45 ee ugu dambeeyay. Sababta oo ah soo-saarista silicon dioxide (Sio2) iyo kartideeda lagu yareynayo dhumucda in si isdaba joog ah loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka Transistor, soosaarayaasha Processor-ka waxay u isticmaalaan silicon dioxide sida aaladda albaabka albaabka. Marka Intel uu soo bandhigay nidaamka wax soosaarka ee 65-aad, in kasta oo ay sameysay dadaal kasta oo lagu yareeyo dhumucda silicon dioxide ah oo ah 1.2 lakab oo ah nadaafadda iyo kululaynta kuleylka, taasoo dhalisay qashinka hadda jira iyo tamarta kuleylka aan loo baahnayn. Sidaa darteed, haddii alaabada hadda la sii wado in la isticmaalo oo dhumucdana waa la yareeyaa, daadinta ee karta dibitectric-ka albaabka ayaa si weyn kor ugu kacaya, taasoo keenaysa tikniyoolajiyadda Transistor ee xadka. Si wax looga qabto arrintan halista ah, intel waxay qorsheyneysaa inay u isticmaasho qalabka culus ee K (Hafnium-ka ee ku saleysan Hafnium) sida albaabka albaabka halkii ay ka isticmaali lahaayeen silicon dioxide, kaas oo si guul leh hoos ugu dhigay daadashada in ka badan 10 jeer. Marka la barbar dhigo jiilka hore ee tikniyoolajiyadda 65NM, geedi socodka 45m ee Intel wuxuu kordhiyaa cufnaanta transistor-ka illaa labo jeer, oo u oggolaanaya kororka tirada guud ee kala-guurka ama dhimista mugga processor-ka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, awoodda loo baahan yahay wareejinta transistor waa mid hoose, yareynta isticmaalka awoodda ku dhawaad 30%. Iskuxirka gudaha waxaa laga sameeyaa silig-ka-naxaas ah oo lagu dhex dhejinayo Kiitictric hoose, oo si habsami leh u hagaajiya hufnaanta iyo yareynta isticmaalka awoodda, iyo xawaaraha wareejinta ayaa qiyaastii 20% dhakhso ah
Qeybinta macdanta:
Hafnium waxay leedahay tiro jilicsan oo ka sareeya biraha caadiga ah sida Bissuth, Casmium, iyo meerkurida, waxayna u dhigantaa waxa ku jira Beryllium, Germanium, iyo uranium. Dhamaan macdanta ay ku jiraan zirctonium waxay ku jiraan hafnium. Zircon loo adeegsaday warshadaha waxaa ku jira 0.5-2% Hafnium. Zeryllium Zircon (Alvite) ee ku yaal zirctonium sedda zirconium zirconium-ka '' ore 'wuxuu ka koobnaan karaa ilaa 15% Hafnium. Waxa kale oo jira nooc ka mid ah zircon metamorpon ah, Cyrtolite, oo ka kooban wax ka badan 5% HFO. Keydadka labada macdanta dambe ayaa yar oo aan wali lagu qaadin warshadaha. Hafnium ayaa inta badan laga soo kabsaday inta lagu gudajiro soosaarka zirconium.
Kufo:
Waxay ku jirtaa inta badan zirctonium Ors. [18] [19] Sababta oo ah wax aad u yar ayaa ku jira qoduuska. Had iyo jeer waxay wadaagaan zirctonium oo aan lahayn ore.
Qaabka Diyaarinta:
1. Waxaa diyaarin kara Magnesium oo yareynaya hafnium tetchloride ama kuleylka kuleylka ee Hafnium iodide. HFCL4 iyo K2HFFF6 sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa qalabka ceeriin. Geedi socodka wax soo saarka elektaroonigga ah ee NCL KCL HFCL4 ama K2Hfff6 dhalaalaya waxay la mid tahay wax soosaarka elektaroonigga ah ee zirconium.
2. Colexium-ka Hafnium ee leh zirconium, mana jiro waxyaabo ceyriin ah oo loo yaqaan 'Hafnium'. Waxyaabaha ceyriinka ah ee waxsoosaarka hafnium-ka waa rusbium hafnium-ka oo kala go 'ah inta lagu gudajiray inta lagu gudajiro soosaarida Zochooloniium. Soosaarida Hafnium Oxide iyadoo la adeegsanayo isweydaarsiga Ion, ka dibna u isticmaal isla habka 'zirnium' si loogu diyaariyo hafnium bir ah oo ka soo jeeda Hafniium-kaan ee ah oxide this.
3. Waxaa diyaarin kara kuleylka kuleylka ah ee lagu kuleyliyo Hafniim Tetrachloride (HFCL4) oo leh soodhiyam ah oo lagu yareynayo.
Qaababka ugu horreeya ee kala-sooca zittonium iyo Hafnium waxay ahaayeen jajab jajab ah oo milix adag oo milix ah oo isku dhafan oo fosfooras ah. Qaababkan ayaa ah kuwo isdaba joog ah oo ay ku shaqeeyaan oo ay ku xadidan yihiin isticmaalka sheybaarka. Teknolojiyad cusub oo loo kala sooco zirnium iyo Hafnium, sida mudajadda jajabnaanta, soo saarida xalka, ion isweydaarsiga, iyo adkeynta xarkaha, ayaa soo ifbaxay mid kale kadib, iyadoo dareenka dareeraha ah uu wax ku ool yahay. Labada nidaam ee kala go'ida ee caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo waa nidaamka cyclohexinone-ka cyclohexnone iyo sedex pribanyl phosphicto acid. Alaabtii ay ka heleen hababka kor ku xusan waa dhammaan Hafnium Hydroxide, oo hafnium saafi ah ayaa laga heli karaa xisaabinta. Duulista sare ee dheecaanka sare waxaa lagu heli karaa habka isdhaafsiga ion.
Warshadaha, soo saaridda birta Hafnium badanaa waxay ku lug leedahay labadaba geedi socodka Konqolka iyo geedi socodka debor Aker. Nidaamka Kontult wuxuu ku lug leeyahay yareynta Tetrachloride Hafnium tetchloride iyadoo la adeegsanayo macdanta metallitic magnesium:
2mg + hfcl4- → 2mgcl2 + hf
Habka debor Aker, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan habka Iodezation-ka, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu nadiifiyo isbuunyada sida Hafnium oo ay ka helaan bilo bir ah oo bir ah.
5. Sceling of Hafnium asal ahaan waa isku mid sida zirconium:
Tallaabada ugu horreysa waa goynta xudunta, kaas oo ku lug leh saddex qaab: koloriin-ka-xirta zircon si loo helo (zr, hf) cl. Alkali dhalaalaysa zircon. Zircon wuxuu ku dhaleeceeyaa Nabiga qiyaastii 600, iyo in ka badan 90% (zr, hf) o waxay u beddelataa nasio, oo loo beddelo nasio, oo lagu kala diro biyaha ka saarida. NA (ZR, HF) o waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida xalka asalka ah ee loo kala soocayo zirctonium iyo Hafniimiinta ka dib markii lagu milmay HNO. Si kastaba ha noqotee, joogitaanka joodariyada Sioids waxay ka dhigeysaa kala goynta soosaarka ee adag. Si demiska leh Ksak oo biyo ku qoy si aad u hesho K (zr, hf) f. Xalku wuu kala saari karaa zirconium iyo Hafnium iyada oo loo marayo crystallization jajab ah;
Tallaabada labaad waa kala sooca zirconium iyo Hafnium, kaas oo lagu gaari karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaababka kala-goynta ee loo adeegsado hydrochloric acid mibk (methy-obutus) Nidaamka iyo HNO-TBP (Tributl Phosphate) Nidaamka. Tiknolojiyadda 'tikniyoolajiyadda' oo loo adeegsado farqiga u dhexeeya cadaadiska uumiga ee u dhexeeya HFCL iyo ZRCs wuxuu ku dhamaanayaa cadaadiska sare (dusha sare ee 20-ka) muddo dheer ayaa la bartay, kaas oo badbaadin kara hanaanka koloriin sare iyo yareynta kharashaadka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sababta oo ah dhibaatada xayiraadda ee (zr, hf) CL iyo HCL, ma fududa in la helo agabyada sadarka ee ku habboon, oo waxay sidoo kale yareynaysaa tayada ZRCL iyo HFCL, kordhinta kharashaadka is-nadiifin. Sannadihii 1970-yadii, waxay weli ku jirtay marxaladda imtixaanka dhirta dhexe;
Tallaabada saddexaad waa kontoroolka sare ee HFO si loo helo hfee-ka khafiifka ah ee dhimista;
Tallaabada afraad waa nadiifinta dhimista HFCL iyo Magnesium. Hawshani waxay la mid tahay daahirinta iyo yareynta ZRCL, iyo badeecada la dhammeystirey ee ka dhalanaya waa isku-dhafka isbuunyo ah oo ah Hafnium;
Tallaabada shanaad ayaa ah in ay faaruq tahay faaruqinta isbuunyada weelka ah si looga saaro MGCL oo ay ka soo kabato Maglnesium-ka badan ee Magmesium, taasoo dhalisay wax soo saarka birta ah ee isbuunyada isbuunyada. Haddii wakiilka yareyntu uu isticmaalo soodhiyamo halkii uu ka isticmaali lahaa magnesium, talaabada shanaad waa in loo beddelaa biyo-galka biyaha
Qaabka kaydinta:
Ku keydi bakhaar qabow oo hawo leh. Ka fogow ilaha kuleylka iyo kuleylka. Waa in lagu keydiyaa si gooni gooni ah oxkents, aashitada, nalogens, iwm., ITM, iskana ilaali isku-kaydinta. Adigoo adeegsanaya laydhka qaraxa ee loo isticmaalo iyo xarumaha hawo-mareenka. Mamnuuc adeegsiga qalabka farsamada iyo aaladaha u nugul inay iftiimiyaan. Aagga kaydinta waa in lagu qalabeeyaa qalab ku habboon oo lagu xakameeyo daadad.
Waqtiga Post: Sep-25-2023