Nanometer qalabka dhifka ah ee dhulka, xoogga cusub ee kacaanka warshadaha

Nanotechnology waa goob cusub oo is dhex galka ah oo si tartiib tartiib ah loo sameeyay dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii. Sababtoo ah waxay leedahay awood weyn si ay u abuurto habab wax soo saar cusub, qalab cusub iyo alaabooyin cusub, waxay dejin doontaa kacdoon cusub oo warshadeed qarniga cusub.Heerka horumarinta hadda ee nanoscience iyo nanotechnology waxay la mid tahay tii kombuyuutarka iyo tiknoolajiyada macluumaadka ee 1950-yadii. Inta badan saynisyahano ka go'an goobtan ayaa saadaaliyay in horumarinta nanotechnology ay saameyn ballaaran oo fog ku yeelan doonto dhinacyo badan oo tignoolajiyada ah. Saynis yahanadu waxay aaminsan yihiin in ay leedahay sifooyin qariib ah iyo wax qabad gaar ah, Saamaynta ugu weyn ee xannibaadda ee u horseedaysa sifooyinka la yaabka leh ee walxaha nano dhifka ah ee dhulka ayaa ah saamayn dusha sare ah oo gaar ah, saamaynta cabbirka yar, saamaynta interface, saamaynta hufnaanta, saamaynta tunnel-ka iyo saamaynta quantum macroscopic. Saamayntani waxay ka dhigaysaa sifooyinka jireed ee nidaamka nano oo ka duwan kuwa qalabka caadiga ah ee iftiinka, korontada, kuleylka iyo magnetismka, waxayna soo bandhigaan astaamo badan oo cusub mustaqbalka, waxaa jira saddex tilmaamood oo muhiim ah oo saynisyahano ah si ay u baaraan oo ay u horumariyaan nanotechnology: diyaarinta iyo codsiga. ee nanomaterials oo leh waxqabad aad u fiican; Naqshadeynta iyo diyaarinta aaladaha iyo qalabka kala duwan ee nano; Ogaanshaha iyo falanqaynta sifooyinka gobollada nano-gobollada. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dhulka nano dhifka ah wuxuu inta badan leeyahay tilmaamaha soo socda, codsigiisana wuxuu u baahan yahay in la sii horumariyo mustaqbalka.

Nanometer lanthanum oxide (La2O3)

Nanometer lanthanum oxide waxaa lagu dabaqaa qalabka piezoelectric, qalabka elektiroonigga ah, qalabka kuleyliyaha, qalabka magnetoresistance, walxaha luminescent (budada buluuga ah), alaabta kaydinta hydrogen, muraayadaha indhaha, qalabka laser, qalabka kala duwan ee aluminium, kicinta diyaarinta alaabta kiimikada organic, iyo kicinta dhexdhexaadinta qiiqa baabuurta, iyo beddelka iftiinka filimada beeraha ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqaa nanometer lanthanum oxide.

Nanometer cerium oxide (CeO2)

Isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan ee nano cerium oxide waa sida soo socota: 1. Wax lagu daro galaas ahaan, nano cerium oxide wuxuu nuugi karaa fallaadhaha ultraviolet iyo falaadhaha infrared, waxaana lagu dabaqay muraayadda baabuurta. Ma aha oo kaliya inay ka hortagto fallaadhaha ultraviolet, laakiin sidoo kale waxay yareyn kartaa heerkulka gudaha baabuurka, sidaas darteed waxay u badbaadisaa koronto qaboojiyaha. 2. Codsiga nano cerium oxide ee nadiifinta qiiqa baabuurta ayaa si wax ku ool ah uga hortagi kara xaddi badan oo gaasta qiiqa baabuurta ah in lagu sii daayo hawada.3. Nano-cerium oxide waxaa loo isticmaali karaa midabka midabaynta balaastikada, waxaana sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa daaha, khad iyo warshadaha waraaqaha. 4. Codsiga nano cerium oxide ee alaabta polishing ayaa si weyn loo aqoonsaday inay tahay shuruud sare oo sax ah oo loogu talagalay suufka silikoon iyo sapphire substrates hal crystals.5. Intaa waxaa dheer, nano cerium oxide ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqi karaa agabyada kaydinta hydrogen, qalabka kuleylka, nano cerium oxide tungsten electrodes, capacitors dhoobada, ceramics piezoelectric, nano cerium oxide silicon carbide abrasives, alaabta ceeriin unugyada shidaalka, kicinta shidaalka, qaar ka mid ah qalabka magnetic joogto ah, Biraha daawaha kala duwan iyo biraha aan birta ahayn, iwm.

Nanometer praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11)

Isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan ee nanometer praseodymium oxide waa sida soo socota: 1. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dhismaha dhoobada iyo dhoobada maalinlaha ah. Waxaa lagu qasi karaa dhaldhalaalka dhoobada ah si loo sameeyo dhalaal midab leh, waxaana sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sida midabka dhalaalka hoostiisa oo keliya. Midabka la diyaariyey waa huruud khafiif ah oo leh cod saafi ah oo qurux badan. 2. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo birlab joogto ah oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo aaladaha iyo matoorada kala duwan ee elegtarooniga ah. 3. Waxa loo isticmaalaa dildilaaca katalytic petroleum. Dhaqdhaqaaqa, xulashada iyo xasiloonida catalysis waa la hagaajin karaa. 4. Nano-praseodymium oxide waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa naaxinta xoqidda. Intaa waxaa dheer, codsiga nanometer praseodymium oxide ee berrinka fiber indhaha waa mid aad iyo aad u ballaaran. Nanometer neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) Nanometer neodymium oxide waxay noqotay meel kulul suuqa sanado badan sababtoo ah booskeeda gaarka ah ee dhulka naadirka ah. Nano-neodymium oxide ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqaa alaabta aan macdanta lahayn.Ku darida 1.5% ~ 2.5% nano neodymium oxide galay magnesium ama aluminium alloy waxay hagaajin kartaa waxqabadka heerkulka sare, cidhiidhiga hawada iyo iska caabbinta daxalka ee daawaha, waxaana si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa sida hawada hawada. agabka duulista. Intaa waxaa dheer, nano yttrium aluminium garnet doped with nano neodymium oxide waxay soo saartaa laydhka laser-gaaban, kaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo alxanka iyo jarida walxaha khafiifka ah ee dhumucdiisuna tahay 10mm ee warshadaha. Dhinaca caafimaadka, Nano-YAG laser doped with nano-Nd _ 2O_ 3 waxa loo isticmaalaa in meesha laga saaro nabarrada qaliinka ama jeermiska nabarrada halkii mindiyo qalliin. Nanometer neodymium oxide sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa midabaynta dhalooyinka iyo alaabta dhoobada, alaabta caagga ah iyo waxyaabaha lagu daro.

Samarium oxide nanoparticles (Sm2O3)

Isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan ee nano-size samarium oxide waa: nano-xajmiga samarium oxide waa huruud fudud, kaas oo lagu dabaqo capacitors dhoobada iyo kicinta. Intaa waxaa dheer, nano-sized samarium oxide waxay leedahay sifooyin nukliyeer ah, waxaana loo isticmaali karaa qalab dhismeed, walxaha gaashaanka ah iyo walxaha xakamaynta tamarta atomiga, si tamarta weyn ee ka dhalata fission nukliyeerka loo isticmaalo si badbaado leh. Europium oxide nanoparticles (Eu2O3) ayaa inta badan lagu isticmaalaa fosfooraska.Eu3+ waxa loo isticmaalaa firfircoonida fosfoor cas cas, Eu2+na waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida fosfoor buluug ah. Y0O3:Eu3+ waa fosfoorka ugu fiican ee waxtarka iftiinka, xasilloonida daahan, qiimaha soo kabashada, iwm., waxaana si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa sababtoo ah horumarinta hufnaanta iftiinka iyo isbarbardhigga. Dhawaan, nano europium oxide waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida fosfoorka sii daaya kicinta ee nidaamka cusub ee ogaanshaha caafimaadka X-ray. qalabka xakamaynta, alaabta gaashaanka iyo qalabka dhismaha ee reactors atomiga. Qaybaha ganaaxa ee gadolinium europium oxide (Y2O3: Eu3+) fosfoor cas ayaa la diyaariyey iyadoo la adeegsanayo nano yttrium oxide (Y2O3) iyo nano europium oxide (Eu2O3) sida alaabta ceeriin. Marka la isticmaalayo si loogu diyaariyo fosfoor tricolor dhul dhif ah, waxaa la ogaaday in: (a) si fiican oo isku mid ah loogu qasi karo budada cagaaran iyo budada buluuga ah; (b) Waxqabadka dahaarka wanaagsan; (c) Sababtoo ah xajmiga walxaha budada cas waa yar yahay, goobta gaarka ah ayaa kordheysa tirada qaybaha iftiinka iftiinka ayaa kordha, qadarka budada cas ee fosfooraska tricolor dhul dhif ah waa la dhimi karaa, taasoo keentay qiimo jaban.

Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3)

Isticmaalkeeda ugu muhiimsan waa sida soo socota: 1. Qalabkeeda paramagnetic-ka ee biyaha-milmi kara waxay hagaajin kartaa calaamada sawirka NMR ee jidhka bini'aadamka ee daaweynta caafimaadka. 2. Base sulfur oxide waxa loo isticmaali karaa sida matrix tube oscilloscope iyo screen raajada oo leh dhalaal gaar ah. 3. Nano-gadolinium oxide ee nano-gadolinium gallium garnet waa hal substrate ku habboon xusuusta xumbo magnetic. 4. Marka aysan jirin xadka wareegga Camot, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa dhexdhexaad dhexdhexaad ah oo qaboojiye ah. 5. Waxa loo istcimaalaa sidii horjooge si loo xakameeyo heerka falcelinta silsiladda ee dhirta tamarta nukliyeerka si loo hubiyo badbaadada falcelinta nukliyeerka. Intaa waxaa dheer, isticmaalka nano-gadolinium oxide iyo nano-lanthanum oxide ayaa waxtar leh si loo beddelo gobolka vitrification iyo hagaajinta xasiloonida kulaylka ee muraayadda. Nano gadolinium oxide ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa qalabka wax soo saarka iyo raajada xoojinta shaashadaha. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dunidu waxay samaynaysaa dadaal weyn si loo horumariyo codsiga nano-gadolinium oxide iyo alloysyada qaboojiyaha magnetic, waxayna samaysay horumar horumarsan.

Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb4O7)

Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee codsiga waa sida soo socota: 1. Fosfooraska waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida firfircoonayaasha budada cagaaran ee fosfooraska tricolor, sida matrix fosfateed oo ay ku shaqeyso nano terbium oxide, matrix silicate oo ay ku shaqeyso nano terbium oxide iyo nano cerium oxide magnesium aluminate matrix firfircoon oo ay ku shaqeyso nano terbium oxide, kaas oo dhammaan sii daaya iftiinka cagaaran ee xaaladda xiisaha leh. 2. Qalabka kaydinta Magneto-optical, Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, qalabka nano-terbium oxide magneto-optical ayaa la baaray oo la sameeyay. Saxanka magneto-optical-ka ah ee laga sameeyay filimka amorphous Tb-Fe waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida walxaha kaydinta kombuyuutarka, awoodda kaydinta waxaa lagu kordhin karaa 10 ~ 15 jeer. 3. Muraayada Magneto-optical, Faraday indhaha firfircoon oo ka kooban nanometer terbium oxide, waa wax muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay samaynta rotators, isolators, annulators iyo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo in technology laser. loo isticmaalo meelo badan, sida nidaamka duritaanka shidaalka, kontoroolka dareeraha dareeraha, meelaynta yar, mishiinka farsamada, farsamada iyo garabka maamulaha telescope-ka hawada sare. Isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan ee Dy2O3 nano dysprosium oxide waa:1. Nano-dysprosium oxide waxa loo istcimaalaa hawl-wadeenka fosfooraska, iyo trivalent nano-dysprosium oxide waa ion firfircoon oo rajo leh oo ah walxo iftiin leh oo saddex midab leh oo leh xarun iftiin leh. Inta badan waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood oo sii daaya, mid waa iftiin huruud ah, ka kalena waa qiiqa buluuga ah, iyo walxaha luminescent ah oo lagu dhejiyay nano-dysprosium oxide ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sida fosfooraska tricolor.2. Nanometer dysprosium oxide waa walxo bir ah oo lagama maarmaan ah oo loogu talagalay diyaarinta daawaha Terfenol leh magnetostrictive alloy nano-terbium oxide iyo nano-dysprosium oxide, taas oo xaqiijin karta qaar ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada saxda ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa farsamada. 3. Nanometer dysprosium oxide birta waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida wax lagu kaydiyo magneto-optical oo leh xawaare sare oo duubis ah iyo dareenka akhriska. 4. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa diyaarinta nanometer dysprosium oxide lamp.Waxyaabaha shaqada ee loo isticmaalo nano dysprosium oxide lamp waa nano dysprosium oxide, kaas oo leh faa'iidooyinka dhalaalka sare, midab wanaagsan, heerkulka midabka sare, cabbir yar iyo arc deggan, waxaana uu ahaa loo isticmaalo sida isha iftiinka filimka iyo daabacaadda. 5. Nanometer dysprosium oxide waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu cabbiro tamarta neutron-ka spectrum ama sida nuugista neutron ee warshadaha tamarta atamka sababtoo ah qabsashada weyn ee neutron aagga cross-qaybaha.

Ho _2O_3 Nanometer

Isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan ee nano-holmium oxide waa sida soo socota: 1. Sida wax lagu daro birta halogen lamp, birta halogen lamp waa nooc ka mid ah nalalka soo daaya gaaska, kaas oo lagu sameeyay saldhigga meerkuriyada cadaadiska sare leh, sifadiisuna waa in guluubka ay ka buuxaan halides dhul dhif ah oo kala duwan. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, iodide-ka dhulka naadir ah ayaa inta badan la isticmaalaa, kuwaas oo sii daaya xariijimo kala duwan marka gaasku soo baxo. Walaxda shaqada ee loo isticmaalo nano-holmium oxide laambad waa nano-holmium oxide iodide, kaas oo heli kara xoojinta atomka birta ee aagga arc, sidaas darteed si weyn u hagaajinaya waxtarka shucaaca. 2. Nanometer holmium oxide waxa loo isticmaali karaa wax lagu daro birta yttrium ama yttrium aluminium garnet; 3. Nano-holmium oxide waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida yttrium iron aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG), kaas oo soo saari kara 2μm laser, iyo heerka nuugista unugyada bini'aadamka ilaa 2μm laser waa sarreeyaa. Waxay ku dhowdahay saddex amar oo ka sarreeya Hd: YAG0. Sidaa darteed, marka loo isticmaalo Ho: YAG laser qalliinka caafimaadka, kaliya ma wanaajin karto hufnaanta qalliinka iyo saxnaanta, laakiin sidoo kale waxay yaraynaysaa aagga waxyeellada kulaylka ilaa cabbir yar. Laydhka bilaashka ah ee ay dhaliso crystal nano holmium oxide wuxuu baabi'in karaa dufanka iyada oo aan dhalin kulayl xad dhaaf ah, taas oo yaraynaysa dhaawaca kulaylka ee ay keenaan unugyada caafimaadka qaba. qaliin 4. Magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D, qadar yar oo nano-xajmi ah holmium oxide ayaa sidoo kale lagu dari karaa si loo yareeyo beerta dibadda looga baahan yahay magnetization saturation ee alloy.5. Intaa waxaa dheer, fiber optic ah oo lagu dhejiyay nano-holmium oxide ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu sameeyo qalabka isgaarsiinta indhaha sida laser fiber optic, amplifiers fiber optical, dareemayaasha fiber indhaha, iwm.

Nanometer yttrium oxide (Y2O3)

Isticmaalka ugu muhiimsan ee nano yttrium oxide waa sida soo socota: 1. Waxyaalaha lagu daro birta iyo alloysyada aan birta ahayn. Daawaynta FeCr waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay 0.5% ~ 4% nano yttrium oxide, taas oo kor u qaadi karta iska caabbinta oksaydhka iyo ductility ee birtaan birta ah Ka dib marka lagu daro qadarka saxda ah ee isku dhafan ee dhifka ah ee isku dhafan ee nanometer yttrium oxide ee MB26, sifooyinka guud ee daawadu waxay ahaayeen kuwo cad. la hagaajiyay shalay, Waxay bedeli kartaa qaar ka mid ah aluminium dhexdhexaad ah oo xooggan oo loogu talagalay qaybaha walaaca ee diyaaradaha; Ku darida qadar yar oo nano yttrium oxide ah oo naadir ah oo dhulka ah ee Al-Zr alloy waxay wanaajin kartaa habdhaqanka daawaha; Daawaha waxaa qaatay inta badan warshadaha siliga ee Shiinaha. Nano-yttrium oxide ayaa lagu daray daawaha naxaasta si loo hagaajiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo xoogga farsamada. 2. Silicon nitride dhoobada walxaha ka kooban 6% nano yttrium oxide iyo 2% aluminium.Waxa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu horumariyo qaybaha mishiinka. 3. Qodista, goynta, alxanka iyo farsamaynta farsamada kale ayaa lagu fuliyaa qaybo baaxad leh iyadoo la isticmaalayo nano neodymium oxide aluminium garnet beam laser oo leh awood 400 watts. 4. Shaashadda mikroskoob ee elektarooniga ah oo ka kooban Y-Al garnet single crystal waxay leedahay dhalaal sare oo iftiin leh, nuugista iftiinka kala firdhisan ee hooseeya, iyo iska caabin heerkul sare oo wanaagsan iyo iska caabin farsamo.5. Nano yttrium oxide qaab-dhismeedka sare oo ka kooban 90% nano gadolinium oxide ayaa lagu dabaqi karaa duulista iyo munaasabadaha kale ee u baahan cufnaanta hoose iyo barta dhalaalka sare. 6. Qalabka proton-heerkulka sare leh ee ka kooban 90% nano yttrium oxide ayaa muhiimad weyn u leh soo saarista unugyada shidaalka, unugyada elektiroonigga ah iyo dareemayaasha gaaska ee u baahan milanka hydrogen sare. Intaa waxaa dheer, Nano-yttrium oxide sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii heerkul sare oo buufinaya walxo adkaysi u leh, dareere ah shidaalka reactor atomic, lagu daro walxaha magnetka joogtada ah iyo gter warshadaha elektiroonigga ah.

Waxa intaa dheer in aan kor ku xusan, nano dhif ah dhulka oksaydhisku waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa alaabta dharka ee daryeelka caafimaadka aadanaha iyo ilaalinta deegaanka. Laga soo bilaabo cutubyada cilmi-baarista ee hadda jira, dhammaantood waxay leeyihiin tilmaamo gaar ah: shucaaca ka hortagga ultraviolet; Wasakhowga hawada iyo shucaaca ultraviolet waxay u nugul yihiin cudurrada maqaarka iyo kansarka maqaarka; Ka-hortagga wasakhda waxay ku adkeynaysaa wasakhowga inay ku dhegganaadaan dharka; Waxa kale oo lagu daraaseeyaa jihada ilaalinta diirimaadka. Sababtoo ah maqaarku waa adag yahay oo way fududahay in la da'da, waxay aad ugu nugul yihiin caarada maalmaha roobka. Maqaarka waxaa lagu jilcin karaa iyadoo lagu nadiifiyo nano naadeerka dhulka cerium oxide, taas oo aan sahlanayn da'da iyo caarada, waana raaxo in la xidho. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, qalabka nano-dahaarka ayaa sidoo kale diiradda saaraya cilmi-baarista nano-materials, iyo cilmi-baarista ugu muhiimsan waxay diiradda saaraysaa dahaarka shaqeynta. Y2O3 oo leh 80nm gudaha Mareykanka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida dahaarka infrared gaashaammada. CeO2 waxay leedahay index refractive sare iyo xasilooni sare. Marka nano dhif ah dhulka yttrium oxide, nano lanthanum oxide iyo nano cerium oxide budada ah lagu daro daahan, gidaarka dibadda ayaa iska caabin kara gabowga, sababtoo ah daahan derbiga dibadda waa ay fududahay in la da'da oo hoos u dhaco sababtoo ah rinjiga ayaa soo bandhigay iftiinka qoraxda iyo ultraviolet rays. muddo dheer, oo waxay iska caabin kartaa fallaadhaha ultraviolet ka dib markii ay ku darto cerium oxide iyo yttrium oxide. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabbirkiisu waa mid aad u badan. yaryar, iyo nano cerium oxide waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida ultraviolet nuugista, taas oo la filayo in loo isticmaalo si looga hortago gabowga alaabta caaga ah sababtoo ah shucaaca ultraviolet, taangiyada, baabuurta, maraakiibta, haamaha kaydinta saliidda, iwm, kuwaas oo si fiican u ilaalin kara bannaanka boodhadhka waaweyn. kana ilaali caarada, qoyaanka iyo wasakhowga dahaarka gidaarka gudaha. Sababtoo ah xajmiga walxaha yar, boodhka ma fududa in lagu dhejiyo derbiga. Waxaana lagu xoqin karaa biyo. Weli waxa jira adeegsiyo badan oo nano dhif ah oo dhulka oksaydhyada ah si loo sii baadho loona horumariyo, waxaanan si dhab ah u rajaynaynaa inay yeelan doonto mustaqbal ifaya.