Curiyayaasha dhulka naadirlama huraan u ah horumarinta tignoolajiyada sare sida tamarta cusub iyo agabka, waxayna leeyihiin qiime balaadhan oo ku wajahan dhinacyada hawada sare, difaaca qaranka, iyo warshadaha milatariga. Natiijooyinka dagaalka casriga ahi waxay muujinayaan in hubka dhifka ah ee dhulka uu ka sarreeyo goobta dagaalka, faa'iidooyinka tignoolajiyada naadirka ah ee dhulku waxay ka dhigan yihiin faa'iidooyinka teknoolojiyadda militariga, iyo helitaanka kheyraad waa la dammaanad qaaday. Sidaa darteed, dhulalka dhifka ah ayaa sidoo kale noqday ilo istaraatiiji ah oo ay ku tartamaan dhaqaalaha waaweyn ee adduunku, iyo xeeladaha alaabta ceeriin ee muhiimka ah sida dhulalka naadirka ah ayaa inta badan kor u qaada xeeladaha qaranka. Yurub, Japan, Maraykanka iyo wadamada kale iyo gobollada kale waxay fiiro gaar ah u leeyihiin alaabta muhiimka ah sida dhulka naadir ah. Sannadkii 2008dii, agabka naadirka ah ee dhulka waxa ay Waaxda Tamarta ee Maraykanka u taxay “istaraatijiyad agabka muhiimka ah”; Bilowgii 2010, Midowga Yurub waxa uu ku dhawaaqay samaynta kayd istiraatijiyadeed oo dhul dhif ah; Sannadkii 2007, Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Dhaqanka, Sayniska iyo Tignoolajiyada ee Japan, iyo sidoo kale Wasaaradda Dhaqaalaha, Warshadaha iyo Tignoolajiyada, ayaa mar hore soo jeediyay qorshaha "Istaraatiijiyada Element" iyo "Waxyaabaha Kale ee Biraha Naadirka ah". Waxay qaadeen tallaabooyin joogto ah iyo siyaasado kaydka kheyraadka, horumarka tignoolajiyada, helidda kheyraadka, iyo raadinta agab kale. Laga bilaabo maqaalkan, tifaftiruhu wuxuu si faahfaahsan u soo bandhigi doonaa muhiimada iyo xitaa lagamamaarmaanka ah ee himilooyinka horumarinta taariikhiga ah iyo doorka qaybahan dhifka ah ee dhulka.
Terbium Waxay ka tirsan tahay qaybta dhulalka dhifka ah ee culculus, oo ay ku yar tahay barwaaqada dhulka ee qolofka dhulka 1.1 ppm oo keliya.Terbium oxidewaxay ka dhigan tahay in ka yar 0.01% wadarta dhulalka naadir ah. Xataa nooca yttrium ion-ga sare ee nooca culus ee naadirka dhulka oo leh waxa ugu sarreeya ee terbium, waxa ku jira terbium kaliya waxa ay ka dhigan tahay 1.1-1.2% wadarta dhulka naadir ah, taas oo muujinaysa in ay ka tirsan tahay qaybta "sharafta" ee curiyeyaasha dhulka naadir ah. Terbium waa bir cawlan oo qalin ah oo leh ductility iyo qaab jilicsan, kaas oo lagu gooyn karo midi furan; Barta dhalaalka 1360 ℃, barta karkarinta 3123 ℃, cufnaanta 8229 4kg/m3. In ka badan 100 sano tan iyo markii la helay terbium 1843, yaraanteeda iyo qiimaheeda ayaa ka hortagay codsigeeda wax ku oolka ah muddo dheer. Kaliya 30-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayay terbium muujisay kartideeda gaarka ah.
Helitaanka Terbium
Isla muddadaas markalanthanumla helay, Karl G. Mosander oo Iswidhan u dhashay ayaa falanqeeyay wixii markii hore la helayyttriumwaxayna daabacday warbixin sannadkii 1842-kii, iyadoo caddaynaysa in yttrium-ka markii hore la helay aanu ahayn hal oksaydh oo asal ah, balse uu yahay oksaydh ka kooban saddex walxood. Sannadkii 1843-kii, Mossander wuxuu daah-furay curiyaha terbium cilmi-baadhistiisa dhulka yttrium. Weli wuxuu magacaabay mid iyaga ka mid ah dhulka yttrium iyo mid iyaga ka mid aherbium oxide. Waxay ahayd ilaa 1877 kii si rasmi ah loogu magacaabay terbium, oo leh calaamadda curiyaha Tb. Magaceedu wuxuu ka yimid isla isha yttrium, oo ka timid tuulada Ytterby ee u dhow Stockholm, Sweden, halkaas oo markii ugu horreysay laga helay yttrium ore. Helitaanka terbium iyo laba walxood oo kale oo kala ah lanthanum iyo erbium, ayaa albaabkii labaad u furay daahfurka curiyayaasha dhulka naadirka ah, taas oo calaamad u ah marxaladda labaad ee helitaankooda. Markii ugu horreysay waxaa nadiifiyay G. Urban 1905.
Mossander
Isticmaalka terbium
Codsiga eeterbiuminta badan waxay ku lug leedahay beeraha teknoolajiyada sare, kuwaas oo ah tignoolajiyada degdega ah iyo aqoonta qoto dheer ee mashaariicda goynta, iyo sidoo kale mashaariic faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo muhiim ah, oo leh rajooyin horumarineed oo soo jiidasho leh. Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee laga codsado waxaa ka mid ah: (1) in loo isticmaalo qaab dhulyo dhif ah oo isku dhafan. Tusaale ahaan, waxa loo isticmaalaa sida bacriminta isku jira dhul dhif ah iyo quudin lagu daro beeraha. (2) Dhaqdhaqaaqa budada cagaaran ee saddexda budo ee fluorescent aasaasiga ah. Qalabka casriga ah ee optoelectronic waxay u baahan yihiin isticmaalka saddex midab oo aasaasi ah oo fosfoor ah, kuwaas oo kala ah casaan, cagaar, iyo buluug, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo midabyo kala duwan. Iyo terbium waa qayb aan laga maarmi karin oo ku jira budo badan oo cagaar ah oo tayo sare leh. (3) Loo isticmaalo sidii agab kaydinta indhaha ee magneto. Amorphous biraha terbium biraha daawaynta filimada khafiifka ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro wax-qabadka sare ee magneto indhaha. (4) Wax soo saarka magneto muraayadda indhaha. Muraayadaha wareega ee Faraday oo ay ku jiraan terbium waa shay muhiim ah oo lagu soo saaro wareegtada, go'doominta, iyo wareegayaasha tignoolajiyada laysarka. (5) Horumarinta iyo horumarinta terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) ayaa furay codsiyada cusub ee terbium.
Dhanka beeraha iyo xanaanada xoolaha
Dhulka naadir terbiumwaxay hagaajin kartaa tayada dalagyada waxayna kordhin kartaa heerka photosynthesis ee kala duwanaansho gaar ah. Dhismayaasha terbium waxay leeyihiin firfircooni bayooloji oo sarreeya, iyo dhismayaasha ternary ee terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, waxay leeyihiin bakteeriyada bakteeriyada iyo bakteeriyada wanaagsan ee Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, iyo Escherichia coli, oo leh bakteeriyada bakteeriyada ballaaran. guryaha. Daraasadda dhismooyinkan ayaa bixisa jihada cilmi baarista cusub ee dawooyinka bakteeriyada casriga ah.
Loo isticmaalo berrinkii luminescence
Qalabka casriga ah ee optoelectronic waxay u baahan yihiin isticmaalka saddex midab oo aasaasi ah oo fosfoor ah, kuwaas oo kala ah casaan, cagaar, iyo buluug, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sameeyo midabyo kala duwan. Iyo terbium waa qayb aan laga maarmi karin oo ku jira budo badan oo cagaar ah oo tayo sare leh. Haddii dhalashada midabka naadirka ah ee TV-ga budada fluorescent cas ay kicisay baahida yttrium iyo europium, markaa codsiga iyo horumarinta terbium waxaa kor u qaaday dhul dhif ah oo saddex midab ah oo buluug ah oo cagaaran ah oo loogu talagalay nalalka. Horraantii 1980-aadkii, Philips waxa uu ikhtiraacay laambadkii ugu horreeyay ee tamarta-badbaadinta tamarta ee adduunka si degdeg ahna u dalacsiiyay caalamka. Tb3+ions waxay soo saari kartaa iftiin cagaaran oo leh mowjad dhererkeedu yahay 545nm, iyo ku dhawaad dhammaan budada fluorescent cagaaran ee dhifka ah waxay u isticmaalaan terbium firfircooni ahaan.
Budada fluorescent cagaarka ah ee loo isticmaalo midabka TV-ga cathode ray tubes (CRTs) ayaa had iyo jeer inta badan ku salaysan zinc sulfide oo raqiis ah oo hufan, laakiin budada terbium ayaa had iyo jeer loo isticmaali jiray sida midabka cagaarka cagaaran ee TV, sida Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, iyo LaOBr: Tb3+. Iyada oo la horumarinayo shaashad weyn oo talefishin qeexan sare leh (HDTV), wax qabad sare leh budo fluorescent cagaaran oo loogu talagalay CRTs ayaa sidoo kale la soo saarayaa. Tusaale ahaan, budada fluorescent cagaaran ee isku-dhafka ah ayaa lagu sameeyay dibedda, oo ka kooban Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, iyo Y2SiO5: Tb3+, kuwaas oo leh waxtarka iftiinka iftiinka sare ee cufnaanta hadda.
Budada fluorescent ee raajada dhaqameed waa calcium tungstate. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii iyo 198-aadkii, budo-fluorescent dhul dhif ah oo loogu talagalay shaashadaha dareenka ayaa la sameeyay, sida terbium activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (ee shaashadaha cagaaran), iyo terbium activated yttrium sulfide oxide. Marka la barbar dhigo calcium tungstate, budada fluorescent dhul dhif ah waxay yareyn kartaa waqtiga shucaaca raajada ee bukaanada 80%, hagaajinta xallinta filimada raajada, waxay kordhisaa nolosha tubooyinka raajada, waxayna yareyn kartaa isticmaalka tamarta. Terbium waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sidii firfircoone budo fluorescent ah oo loogu talagalay shaashadaha kor u qaadista raajada, taas oo si weyn u wanaajin karta dareenka u beddelashada raajada ee sawirada indhaha, hagaajinta caddaynta filimada raajada, oo aad u yaraynaysa qiyaasta soo-gaadhista ee X-ray-ga. fallaadhaha ku dhaca jidhka bini'aadamka (in ka badan 50%).
TerbiumWaxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sidii firfircoone ee fosfoor cad oo LED ah oo ku faraxsan iftiinka buluuga ah ee nalka cusub ee semiconductor. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal fosfoor, iyadoo la isticmaalayo diodes iftiinka buluuga ah sida ilaha iftiinka kicinta, iyo fluorescence-ka soo baxa ayaa lagu qasi karaa iftiinka kicinta si loo soo saaro iftiin cad oo saafi ah.
Qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee laga sameeyay terbium inta badan waxaa ka mid ah zinc sulfide budada fluorescent cagaaran oo leh terbium sida firfircoonida. Marka la eego shucaaca ultraviolet, dhismayaasha dabiiciga ah ee terbium waxay soo saari karaan fluorescence cagaaran oo xoog leh waxaana loo isticmaali karaa sida qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee khafiifka ah. In kasta oo horumar la taaban karo lagu sameeyay daraasadda filimada khafiifka ah ee elektroluminescent adag ee dhulka, haddana waxaa jira farqi gaar ah oo ka timaadda wax-ku-oolnimada, iyo cilmi-baarista dhulka naadir-ka ah ee filimada khafiifka ah ee korantada dabiiciga ah iyo aaladaha weli waa qoto dheer.
Sifooyinka fluorescence ee terbium ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida baarayaasha fluorescence. Isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) adag iyo deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ayaa lagu bartay iyadoo la isticmaalayo fluorescence iyo spectra nuugista, sida baaritaanka fluorescence ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in ofloxacin Tb3+probe ay samayn karto jeexdin ku xidhan molecules DNA, iyo deoxyribonucleic acid waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa fluorescence ee nidaamka ofloxacin Tb3+. Iyada oo ku saleysan isbeddelkan, deoxyribonucleic acid ayaa la go'aamin karaa.
Qalabka indhaha ee magneto
Walxaha leh saamaynta Faraday, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan qalabka magneto-optical, ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa laysarka iyo qalabka kale ee indhaha. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo caan ah oo ah agabka indhaha ee magneto: magneto optical crystals iyo magneto optical glass. Waxaa ka mid ah, crystals magneto-optical (sida yttrium iron garnet iyo terbium gallium garnet) waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka inta jeer ee hawlgalka lagu hagaajin karo iyo xasilloonida kuleylka sare, laakiin waa qaali oo ay adag tahay in la soo saaro. Intaa waxaa dheer, kiristaalo magneto-optical badan oo leh xaglo wareeg oo Faraday sare leh ayaa nuugista sare leh ee kala duwanaanshaha hirarka gaaban, taas oo xaddidaysa isticmaalkooda. Marka la barbar dhigo magneto muraayadaha indhaha, muraayadda indhaha ee magneto waxay leedahay faa'iidada gudbinta sare waxayna fududahay in laga sameeyo baloogyo waaweyn ama fiilooyinka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, muraayadaha magneto-optical oo leh saameyn sare oo Faraday ah ayaa badanaa ah muraayadaha ion-ka ee dhulka hoostiisa ah.
Loo isticmaalo agabka kaydinta indhaha ee magneto
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, iyada oo horumarka degdega ah ee warbaahinta badan iyo automation-ka xafiiska, baahida loo qabo saxanadaha magnetic awoodda sare ee cusub ayaa sii kordhayay. Amorphous biraha terbium biraha daawaynta filimada khafiifka ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro wax-qabadka sare ee magneto indhaha. Waxaa ka mid ah, filimka khafiifka ah ee TbFeCo wuxuu leeyahay waxqabadka ugu fiican. Qalabka magneto-optical-ka ku salaysan ee Terbium ayaa la soo saaray si baaxad weyn, iyo saxanadaha magneto-optical discs ee iyaga laga sameeyay ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida qaybaha kaydinta kombiyuutarka, iyadoo awoodda kaydinta ay kordheen 10-15 jeer. Waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka awoodda weyn iyo xawaaraha gelitaanka degdega ah, waxaana la tirtiri karaa oo la dahaadhi karaa tobanaan kun oo jeer marka loo isticmaalo saxanadaha indhaha ee cufnaanta sare leh. Waxay yihiin agab muhiim u ah tignoolajiyada kaydinta macluumaadka elegtarooniga ah. Qalabka magneto-optical-ka ah ee inta badan loo isticmaalo qaybaha muuqda iyo kuwa u dhow ee infrared waa Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) hal crystal, taas oo ah qalabka ugu fiican ee magneto-optical ee samaynta wareegyada Faraday iyo go'doominta.
Wixii muraayad indhaha ah ee magneto
Faraday magneto muraayadda indhaha waxay leedahay daahfurnaan wanaagsan iyo isotropy ee gobollada muuqda iyo kuwa infrared, waxayna samayn karaan qaabab kala duwan oo adag. Way fududahay in la soo saaro badeecooyin baaxad weyn waxaana loo jiidi karaa fiilooyinka indhaha. Sidaa darteed, waxay leedahay rajooyin codsi oo ballaadhan oo ku saabsan aaladaha indhaha ee magneto sida magneto optical isolators, modulators magneto optical, iyo dareemayaasha hadda fiber optic. Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay daqiiqadeeda magnetic weyn iyo isugeynta nuugista yar ee kala duwanaanshaha muuqda iyo infrared-ka, Tb3+ions waxa ay noqdeen kuwo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo ion dhulka naadirka ah ee muraayadaha indhaha ee magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Dhammaadkii qarnigii 20-aad, iyada oo si joogto ah u sii qoto dheeraysay kacaankii tignoolajiyada adduunka, agab cusub oo dhif ah oo dhulka la isticmaalo ayaa si degdeg ah u soo baxayay. 1984, Jaamacadda Gobolka Iowa, Shaybaadhka Ames ee Waaxda Tamarta ee Mareykanka, iyo Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Hubka Dusha Badda ee Mareykanka (oo ay ka yimaadeen shaqaalaha ugu muhiimsan ee shirkadda Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA)) ayaa iska kaashaday si ay u horumariyaan naadir cusub. Waxyaalaha caqliga dhulka, kuwaas oo ah terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material. Maaddadan cusub ee caqliga leh waxay leedahay sifooyin aad u wanaagsan oo si degdeg ah tamarta korantada ugu beddela tamarta farsamada. Gudbiyeyaasha biyaha hoostooda iyo electro-acoustic-ka ee ka samaysan maaddadan weyn ee magnetostrictive ayaa si guul leh loogu habeeyey qalabka badda, kuwa ku hadla ceelka saliidda, nidaamyada xakamaynta qaylada iyo qaylada, iyo sahaminta badda iyo hababka isgaarsiinta dhulka hoostiisa. Sidaa darteed, sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive ah ayaa dhashay, waxay heshay dareen baahsan oo ka yimid waddamada warshadaha leh ee adduunka oo dhan. Edge Technologies ee Maraykanka waxay bilaabeen inay soo saaraan terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive 1989 waxayna u bixiyeen Terfenol D. Intaa ka dib, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, iyo Australia waxay sidoo kale soo saareen terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee magnetostrictive.
Laga soo bilaabo taariikhda horumarinta walxahan ee Maraykanka, labadaba ikhtiraacida walxaha iyo codsiyadeeda hore ee monopolistic waxay si toos ah ula xiriiraan warshadaha militariga (sida ciidamada badda). In kasta oo waaxaha militariga iyo difaaca Shiinaha ay si tartiib tartiib ah u xoojinayaan fahamkooda walxahan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo la kordhinayo awoodda guud ee qaranka Shiinaha, baahida loo qabo in la gaaro istaraatiijiyad tartan milatari ee qarniga 21aad iyo hagaajinta heerarka qalabka ayaa hubaal ahaan noqon doonta mid degdeg ah. Sidaa darteed, isticmaalka baahsan ee terbium dysprosium birta birta weyn ee birta ee waaxaha militariga iyo difaaca qaranka waxay noqon doontaa daruuri taariikhi ah.
Marka la soo koobo, guryaha badan oo aad u fiicanterbiumka dhig xubin aan laga maarmi karin oo ka mid ah agabyo badan oo shaqaynaya iyo boos aan la bedeli karin ee meelaha codsiyada qaarkood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha sare ee terbium, dadku waxay darsayeen sida looga fogaado loona yareeyo isticmaalka terbium si loo yareeyo kharashka wax soo saarka. Tusaale ahaan, qalabka magneto-optical-ka ah ee dhulka naadir ah waa inay sidoo kale isticmaalaan cobalt birta dysprosium-ka jaban ama gadolinium terbium cobalt intii suurtogal ah; Isku day inaad yarayso waxa ku jira terbium ee budada fluorescent cagaaran ee ay tahay in la isticmaalo. Qiimaha ayaa noqday arrin muhiim ah oo xaddidaysa isticmaalka baahsan ee terbium. Laakiin alaabooyin badan oo shaqeynaya ma sameyn karaan la'aanteed, markaa waa inaan u hoggaansanahay mabda'a "adeegsiga birta wanaagsan ee daabka" oo isku day inaad badbaadiso isticmaalka terbium sida ugu macquulsan.
Waqtiga boostada: Agoosto-07-2023