Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlabayigama eliqhelekileyo lezinto ezili-17 zentsimbi, kubandakanya izinto ezili-15 ze-lanthanaide kwayeIsikalikwayeyttrium. Ukususela esiphelweni senkulungwane ye-18, baye basetyenziswa ngokubanzi e-Metaligy, i-ceramics, iglasi, i-petrochemicals, ukushicilela nokudaya, ezolimo kunye namanye amahlathi kunye namanye amahlathi. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwishishini le-ceramic lelinye ilizwe kwaqala nge-1930s. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, inani lilonke leumhlaba onqabileyoIsetyenziswe kwizixhobo ze-ceramic ukufikelele kwi-70t / unyaka, inika ingxelo malunga ne-2% ukuya kwi-3% yemveliso yekhaya iyonke. Okwangoku, umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-ceram ye-ceramic, i-ceramic esebenzayo, amayeza e-ceramic kunye namanye amasimi. Ngokuphuhliswa okuqhubekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswa njengeongezelelo, izilo zokuzinza kunye nokusebenza kwe-AIDS kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ceramic, zinciphisa kakhulu iindleko, kwaye zisenza isicelo semveliso, kwaye sisenza isicelo sabo semveliso.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwi-ceramac yesakhiwo
■ isicelo kwiAl2o3I-ceramics al23 I-ceramics yeyona pheya i-ceramac esetyenziswe kakuhle ngenxa yamandla abo aphezulu, ukuchasana nobushushu obuphezulu, i-insumpas elungileyo, intembeko elungileyo, intembeko, kunye neepropathi ezintle ze-electromathical. Ukongeza i-ox yomhlaba enqabileyo enjeY2o3, I-LA2O3, Sm2o3, njl njl inokuphucula iipropathi ezimanzi zezinto ezimbi ze-al23, zinciphise indawo yokunyibilika kwezixhobo zeceramic; ukunciphisa ukutyeba kwezinto kwaye kwandise uxinano; thintela ukufuduka kwezinye ii-Ion, ukunciphisa izinga lokufuduka kwemida yengqolowa, ukuthintela ukukhula okuziinkozo, kunye nokwenza lula ukumiswa kwezakhiwo ezimnyama; Ukuphucula amandla esigaba seglasi, ngaloo ndlela ukufezekisa injongo yokuphucula iipropathi zoomatshini be-ceramics ye-al23.
■ isicelo kwiI-Si3N4I-ceramicssi3n4 i-ceramics ineepropathi ezigqwesileyo, iipropathi ze-irmal kunye nozinzo zekhemikhali, kwaye zezona zinto zithembisayo ze-ceramac ephezulu yobushushu. Ukusukela i-Si3n4 iluphawu oluluqilima olunamanqanaba aluhlaza, i-SI3 ecocekileyo ayinakuqinisekiswa ngenxa yesono esiqinileyo sesigaba esiqinileyo. Ke ngoko, ukongeza kokusabela kokusabela kwe-zuring firriday yomgubo we-sipile, inani elithile loncedo lwesono kufuneka longezwe ukwenza izinto ezimnyama. Okwangoku, eyona nto ifanelekileyo yokufumana i-AIDS yokulungiselela i-Si34 ye-ceramics inqabile i-oxides yomhlaba enjeY2o3, I-ND2O3, kwayeI-LA2O3. Kwelinye icala, le ndlu inqabileyo ye-oxades iphendule i-TRAO2 kumqolo we-Si3n4 kwiqondo lokuhlala linezigaba zeqondo lezaraxo eziphezulu, ezikhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo ukuqina kwe-ceram4 ye-ceramics; Kwelinye icala, babumba i-L-L-SID-KWI-GLAY DRUGRISE NGOKUGQIBELA NOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA WOKUGQIBELA.
■ isicelo kwiZro2I-ceramics ye-ZRO2 inobuqili oluphezulu, indawo elula yokunyibilika kunye nobunzima, ngakumbi amandla aphezulu okugoba kunye nokwaphuka kwento ephezulu kuzo zonke ii-ceramics. Kuba i-crystal ye-crystal ye-ZRO2 ihamba kunye notshintsho lwevolunti ebonakalayo, ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kunqongophele. Ngokukwanda komsebenzi wophando, kufuma kwafunyanwa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-oxide ye-ox ox oxipict kunye nefuthe lokuzinzisa kwiSigaba seSigaba seSigaba se-ZRO2. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa i-oxide ye-oxide ye-oxide ikakhuluY2o3,I-ND2O3, kunye ne-CE3O3. Irediyo yabo i-Ionic isondele kakhulu kwe-ZR4 +, kwaye banokwenza i-monoclinic, i-ticragonal kunye netyhubhu ye-cuic subic kunye ne-ZRO2. Olu hlobo lwe-ZRO2 lwe-zero2 lwe-ceram lunezalathi zentsebenzo zobugcisa. Umzekelo,I-CEO2Inokwenza indawo yesigaba se-tirconal ziirconia isisombululo esiqinileyo kuluhlu olubanzi nge-Zro2, nto leyo eqinileyo ye-elektrolyte. I-Y2O3-I-ZRO2 (YSZ) i-YOSTEN ye-OXCY ye-I oxGENT ye-I oxGENT, esetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiiseli ze-oxcides eziqinileyo (Sofc), i-OCHENT ye-OXYGENS, kunye neMethane ye-Oxthane ye-Oxidation I-Mbrane Reactors.
■ isicelo kwiI-sici-ceramicsI-Silicon carbideI-Ceramics ayichasanga kubushushu obuphezulu, ukothuka kwe-thermal, ukususwa, ukunxiba, ukuqhutywa kwe-thermal elungileyo kunye nobunzima obukhanyiso, kwaye buqhelekile ukusetyenziswa amaqondo aphezulu amaqondo obushushu. Iimpawu ezinobuqili zeI-sicFumana ukuba kunzima ukufezekisa uxiniso lweMona phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ihlala inyanzelekile ukuba yongeze i-AIDS ye-AIDS okanye isebenzise ukucinezelwa kweshushu kwaye ishushu i-isostatic icinezela iinkqubo zokutsala. Inkqubo yemveliso inzima kwaye iindleko ziphezulu. Olona ncedo lufanelekileyo lokufumana ukuqiniswa kwe-sic engenamsebenzi kwe-SIC nguAl23-Y2; Izixhobo ze-SIC-YAG Ceramic Extimes kunye ne-Y3al5o12 (i-Yag ye-Wight) Njengoncedo oluphambili lwesono olunokufezekisa ukuxinana kobushushu obuphantsi, ke bathathwa njengenye yezona nkqubo zithenjisiweyo ze-selicon ze-selicon ze-selicon ze-silicon carbic.
■ isicelo kwiAlni-ceramicsAlnyindawo enamalungu amnandi enendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika, ukwenziwa okuphezulu kwe-thermas, i-Delecturic ephezulu, kwaye ukuxhathisa i-porosion yezinyithi kunye ne-allayim. Inobushushu obuphezulu lobushushu obuphezulu kwi-Admospheres ekhethekileyo kwaye yinto efanelekileyo enkulu yesekethe kunye nephakethe. Kuba i-Aln yibhondi enobuchule, ukuqina kwesono kunzima kakhulu, kwaye uncedo olunye lwesono lunokunciphisa kuphela ubushushu obuphantsi, i-alkali yentsimbi ye-oxiber (i-Alkali yentsimbi (i-Alkali yentsimbi (i-Alkali yentsimbi (i-Alkali yentsimbi (i-Alkali yentsimbi (i-Alkali yentsimbi) ikwaQinisekiso. Ukongeza, i-AIDS ye-AIDS inokusabela nge-oxygenAln, nciphisa izithuba zealuminium ezibangelwa kukunyibilikisa ioksijini kwi-aln lattle, kunye nokuphucula ukuqhubela kwe-thermal yeAln.
■ Isicelo kwi-ceramics ye-piralon ceramics yindlela ye-probcrystalline ye-Pelycrytalline ye-proramide ephuhlisiweyo kwisisekoI-Si3N4i-ceramics. Zenziwa ngokutshintshwa kwenxalenye yeeatom ze-si kunye neeathom ngaphakathiI-Si3N4yi-atom ye-al kunye neeathom kwi-al22o3. Amandla abo, ukuqina kwabo, kunye nokuchasana kwe-oxidation kubhetele kune-ceramics, kwaye balungele ngokukodwa iimveliso ze-ceramic ii-injini kunye nezinye iimveliso ze-ceramic. Izixhobo ze-SIALOLO akukho lula ukona. Ukuqaliswa kwe-oxide ye-oxides enqabileyo ilungele ukusekwa kwesigaba solwelo kubushushu obuphantsi, okhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo ukona. Kwangelo xesha, iindawo ezisemhlabeni ezinqabileyo zinokungena kwi-lity yenqanaba le-α - i-Si30n4, zinciphise umxholo wesigaba seglasi kwaye senze isigaba segumbi lomda, ukuphucula ukusebenza okuphezulu kwempahla. Izifundo zibonakalise ukuba ukongeza i-1%Y2o3Inokwenza iSigaba seNtlalo yeqondo lokuhlala i-Super Axaty ceramics kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, elingakhuthazile ukona, kodwa iphucula ubunzima bayo, kodwa ikwaphucula ubunzima bayo obuqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, ukongeza isixa-mali esincinci se-Y2O3 kuphumle kakhulu kuphucula kakhulu ukumelana kwe-oxidation.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwi-ceramics esebenzayo
Umhlaba onqabileyozihambelana ngokusondeleyo ne-ceramic esebenzayo. Ukongeza inxenyeizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlabaKwizinto ezinqabileyo ze-ceramic ezininzi ezisebenzayo azinakuphucula nje ukuqina, ukuxinana, amandla, njl njl.
1Indima kwindima ebalaseleyo ukusukela ngo-1987, xa izazinzulu ezivela eTshayina, eJapan, iUnited States kunye namanye amazwe zafumanisa ukuba i-ceramics ye-oxideI-Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide. Izifundo zaseJapan zibonise ukuba emva kokutshintsha i-y ye-ybco ngeAmabala anqabileyo(Ln) njengeNd, Sm, Eu, kwayeGd, amandla entsimi ebaluleke kakhulu ye-magnetic ye-ceramic ye-ceramic uperconductic ye-ceramic upeccondlic iphuculwe kakhulu, kwaye amandla e-magnetic fluen aphuculwe kakhulu, olona phawu lusebenzayo kumbane, ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokuhamba. IYunivesithi yaseTeking esetyenzisiweyoZro2Njengomthamo kwaye ushushubenga ukuya kwi-200 ° C, kwaye ikhutshiwe y (okanye enyeumhlaba onqabileyo), I-BAOAS i-oxider kunye ne-cu kwi-subles kwizizwe zonyango, kwaye ubushushu zibaphathe kuluhlu lwamaqondo obushushu ezi-800-900 ° C. Iziphumo ezibangela i-proramictions ekhuthazayo zibonisa ubushushu obungachanekanga obuhle kakhulu obungasebenziyo nge-100k. IYunivesithi yaseKagoshima eJapan yongezwaumhlaba onqabileyoI-LA kwi-SR kunye ne-NB Osside ukuba yenze ifilimu ye-ceramic, eyaboniswa i-supercondlotuges ephezulu nge-255k.
2 Isicelo ePiezoelectric Ceiraectric Cetanate (I-PBO3) Ngaba i-ceramic eqhelekileyo ye-piezoelectric eneziphumo zoomatshini bokudibanisa amandla. Ineqondo lobushushu e-curie ephezulu (i-490 ° C) kunye nesidlo esisezantsi se-diecturist rhoqo, kwaye silungele isicelo phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko eziphezulu zeza rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lenkqubo yokulungiselela kwayo kunye nokupholisa, imilinganiselo encinci yenzeka ukuba yenzeke ngenxa yotshintsho lwesigaba se-cuibnonnial. Ukulungiselela ukusombulula le ngxaki, umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziselwa ukuguqula. Emva kokufumana nge-1150 ° C, i-PGEBISO 3 Umendo wama-microst ukuphuculwe kakhulu kwaye unokusetyenziselwa ukwenza i-transducer creys isebenza phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu ze-75mhz. Kwi-wircote titatate (i-pzt) ye-piezoelectric ceramics ene-picoelectric coefficider, ngokongeza i-oxides yehlabathi enjeI-LA2O3, Sm2o3, kwayeI-ND2O3, Ipropathi yokutya ye-ceramics ye-PZT inokuthi iphuculwe kwaye ifunyenwe ngombane kwaye iPiezoelectries ifumaneka. Ukongeza, ukwenziwa kwe-PZT Ceramics kunokuphuculwa ngokongeza inani elincinci le-oxide yomhlaba onqabileyoI-CEO2. Emva kokongeza i-CEO2, ukugela kwevolontiya kwe-PZT Ceramics, elungele ukufezekiswa kweqondo eliphezulu eliphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokuxhathisa intsimi ephantsi, kwaye ukwahlukana kweqondo lokwaluphala kuyaphuculwa. I-PZT Ceramics iguqulwe nguumhlaba onqabileyoIsetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwii-verators eziphakamileyo ze-voltage, iileyile ze-ultrasonic, phantsi kwe-acoustic ye-acoustic stordustic kunye nezinye izixhobo.
3Isicelo kwi-ceramic ye-ceramic ye-YETRIUM-STABINIA (YSZ) i-ceramics ngeInqabile i-oxide Y2o3Njengoko isongezelelo se-thermal elungileyo kunye neekhemikhali kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ngaba zintle ze-IOCYgen, kwaye zinesikhundla esidumileyo kwi-ion ye-ceramics. Iinzwane ze-YSZ Ceramic ziye zasetyenziswa ngempumelelo ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-OXYGEN kwi-OXYMOBILE GAIP, ukulawula ngempumelelo umlinganiso womoya / ipetroli, kwaye uneziphumo zokonga amandla. Zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-boilers yezamashishini, iziqitha zokunyibilikisa, issinelators kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisekwe. Nangona kunjalo, i-YSz Ceramics ibonisa ukwenziwa okuphezulu kwe-ionic xa ubushushu bungaphezulu kwe-900 ° C, ke isicelo sabo siphantsi kwemiqobo ethile. Uphando olukhoyo lufumanise ukuba ukongeza isixa esifanelekileyo se-Y2O3 okanyeGd2o3 to Bi2o3I-ceramics ene-Ionic ephezulu yokuSebenza inokuzinza isigaba se-bi2o3 se-bige 3 se-biges sigxile kubushushu begumbi. Kwangelo xesha, iipateni ze-x-ray dissons ziye zabonisa ukuba (BI2O3) 0.75 ·3) 0.65) 0.65 ye-0.65 ye-0.65 ngo-0.35 ngo-0.35 ngo-0.35 ngo-0.35 ngo-0.35 ngo-0.35 ngo-0.35 ngo-Iscogejini ojolise kuyo i-iesic ye-ionsic egqwesileyo. Emva kokuthobela icala le-ceramic kunye nefilimu yokukhusela i (ZRO2) 0.92 (Y22) I-0.08, uzinzo olufanelekileyo olunokulungiswa kwaye lubekwe kwi-Ocesic Points kwaye ihlangane kakhulu kubunzima obuziswa bubuchule obuphezulu.
4 Isicelo kwi-Deramic Ceramic Deramics ikakhulu isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-cacimic caocitors kunye namacandelo eediliya yemvula. KwiDeramic enjeI-tio2, MGo3,I-faota3kunye ne-ceramic yazo ye-Deect, ukongezaumhlaba onqabileyoEnje ngo-LA, i-ND, kunye ne-DY inokuphucula kakhulu iipropathi zabo zokulala. Umzekelo, kwi-theramic3 ye-ceramics ene-dielectric ephezulu rhoqo, ukongeza i-LA kunye ne-ND enqabileyo yexabiso le-Delectric Hometric Linderture rhoqo, kwaye ubomi benkonzo buphumelele kakhulu. Kwi-Deiramics ye-Deiractric ye-Inransications yeMbuyekezo, umhlaba onqabileyo unokuba njalo njengoko kufuneka nje uphucule okanye uhlengahlengise i-dielectric rhoqo, kunye nendawo esemgangathweni ye-ceramics, ngaloo ndlela isandisa uluhlu lwesicelo. I-camociator ethe tyaba ye-Ittatate ye-Ittanate iguqulwa nge-LA2O3, kwaye ifumene i-MGOTIO2 ye-MGOTIO3-I-TGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGITO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-MGIO3-I-CHEEMIO3-MGIO3-I-CHEEMIO3-I-CHEDICE YOKWENZA IXESHA LOKUGQIBELArhoqo.
5 Isicelo kwi-ceramics ebuthathaka ye-ceramics luhlobo olubalulekileyo lwe-ceramics esebenzayo. Zibonakaliswa ngokuthathela ingqalelo iimeko zangaphandle zangaphandle ezinjenge-voltage, ubume begesi, ubushushu berhasi, njl njl ke, banokuzibekeka iisekethe, njl njl. Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto ezinenjongo kwiisekethe ezilawulayo, ngoko ke zibizwa ngokuba yi-sevorics ceramics. Kukho ubudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi komhlaba onqabileyo kunye nokusebenza kolu hlobo lwe-ceramics.
(1) I-ceramical ye-electro-optical: ngokongeza i-oxide yomhlaba onqabileyoI-LA2O3kwi-pzt, efihliweyo i-lanthanum fircote tircote titanate (plzt) ye-ceramical ye-elektroniki. I-PZT yasekuqaleni ye-TZT i-opaque ngokubanzi ngenxa yobukho be-pores, izigaba zokudla okuziinkozo kunye ne-anisotropy, ngelixa i-anisotropy ye-LA2OTROOTROTROPY, kwaye inciphise i-Anisotropy, kwaye inciphise i-Pores, iphantsi kakhulu kwiSigaba seDolophu. Ke ngoko, i-PLZT inemisebenzi elungileyo yokutshintsha. I-plzt isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-goggles yokukhusela imitha yenyukliya yenyukliya, iifestile ze-bods ezinzima, iimodyuli zonxibelelwano ezixineneyo, izixhobo zokurekhoda ii-Holografic, njl.
. Emva kokuba i-zeno ye-quiramics yenziwa nge-ceramics ene-oxide yomhlaba onqabileyoI-LA2O3, Ixabiso labo le-goltage ye-vlma linyuke kakhulu; Xa ixesha lokudodosa ukusuka kwi-0.1% ukuya kwi-10%, i-nonline ye-nonline ye-nonline ye-αramic inciphile ukusuka kwi-20 ukuya kwi-1, kwaye ngokusisiseko yayingenazo iipropathi zakudala. Ke ngoko, ngenxa ye-ceramics, intetho enqabileyo esemhlabeni enqabileyo inokunyusa ixabiso le-vistage, kodwa linempembelelo encinci kulungelelwaniso lwe-nonline; kwaye i-doving ephezulu kakhulu ayibonisi iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo.
.Sno2kwayeFe2o3, kwaye bavelise abo3 kunye ne-A2BO4 i-axite yomhlaba ojikelezayo. Iziphumo zophando zibonisa ukuba ukongeza i-ox yomhlaba onqabileyo ukuya kwi-Zno kunokuphucula kakhulu ubuntununtunu bokuqonda, ukongezaI-CEO2I-SNO2 inokuvelisa into enziweyo ethambekele e-Ethanol.
. Xa watshutshisa umhlaba onqabileyo njengakwaLa, CE, i-DY, Y, Nangona kunjalo, ukuba imali edlulayo ingaphezulu kwexabiso elithile, ngenxa yokuqulunqa izithuba ze-BA2 + izithuba zokunyamalala ezihlangeneyo, ukumelana ne-ceramic kwaye iba ngumrhumo.
. I-PD0.91la0.09 (ZR0.65TI0.3))umhlaba onqabileyoukongeza kwipropathi efanelekileyo ye-ceramics.
Sikhethekile kwiimveliso zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ukuthenga imveliso yomhlaba onqabileyo, wamkelekileQhagamshelana nathi
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I-POST: FEB-06-2025