Ukusetyenziswa kweIzinto ezinqabileyo zomhlabas kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
Njengomsebenzi okhethekileyo osebenzayo, umhlaba onqabileyo, owaziwa ngokuba "yindlu yobuncwane" yezinto ezintsha, unokuphucula kakhulu umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezinye iimveliso, kwaye uyaziwa ngokuba yi "vitamin" yoshishino lwanamhlanje. Ayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini emveli anje ngesinyithi, imveliso yepetrochemical, iiseramikhi zeglasi, ukuphotha uboya, ufele kunye nezolimo, kodwa ikwadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla yezixhobo ezifana ne-fluorescence, imagnetism, i-laser, unxibelelwano lweFiber-optic, Ukugcinwa kwamandla e-hydrogen, i-superconductivity, njl., Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isantya kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso lwamashishini aphezulu avelayo anjengesixhobo se-Optical, i-electronics, i-aerospace, ishishini lenyukliya, njl. uphuhliso lobugcisa bomkhosi bale mihla.
Indima ekhethekileyo edlalwe zizinto ezitsha zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kubuchwepheshe bezomkhosi bale mihla iye yatsala umdla koorhulumente kunye neengcali ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, njengokudweliswa njengento ephambili kuphuhliso lwamashishini aphezulu kunye nobugcisa bezomkhosi ngamasebe afanelekileyo eUnited States, eJapan nakwamanye amazwe.
Intshayelelo emfutshane kwiMihlaba eRare kunye nobudlelwane babo noMkhosi kunye noKhuseleko lweSizwe
Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, konkeizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyobabe nosetyenziso oluthile lwasemkhosini, kodwa eyona ndima ibaluleke kakhulu kukhuselo lwesizwe kunye nemimandla yomkhosi kufuneka ibe kukusetyenziswa kwelaser range, isikhokelo selaser, unxibelelwano lwelaser kunye neminye imimandla.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Rare Earth Steel kunye ne-Nodular Cast Iron kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
1.1 Ukusetyenziswa kweNtsimbi yoMhlaba eRare kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yale mihla
Imisebenzi yayo ibandakanya ukuhlanjululwa, ukuguqulwa, kunye ne-alloying, ngokukodwa kubandakanywa i-desulfurization, i-deoxidation, kunye nokususwa kwegesi, ukuphelisa impembelelo yokungcola okuncinci okuncibilikayo okunobungozi, ukucocwa okuziinkozo kunye nesakhiwo, okuchaphazela indawo yokutshintsha kwentsimbi, kunye nokuphucula ukuqina kwayo kunye neempawu zomatshini. . Abasebenzi bezenzululwazi nobugcisa bomkhosi baphuhlise izixhobo zomhlaba ezininzi ezinqabileyo ezifanelekileyo ukuba zisetyenziswe kwizixhobo ngokusebenzisa le ndawo yomhlaba onqabileyo.
1.1.1 Intsimbi yesikrweqe
Kwangeminyaka yoo-1960s, ishishini lezixhobo laseTshayina laqala uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo kwintsimbi yesikrweqe kunye nentsimbi yompu, kwaye ngokulandelelana kwavelisa intsimbi enqabileyo yesikrweqe yomhlaba efana ne-601, 603, kunye ne-623, ingenisa ixesha elitsha apho izinto ezingundoqo ekrwada. kwimveliso itanki yaseTshayina zazisekelwe ngaphakathi.
1.1.2 Intsimbi yekhabhoni yomhlaba enqabileyo
Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1960, iChina yongeze i-0.05% yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwintsimbi yokuqala yekhabhoni ekumgangatho ophezulu ukuvelisa intsimbi yekhabhoni yomhlaba enqabileyo. Ixabiso lempembelelo esecaleni yale ntsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba inyuke nge-70% ukuya kwi-100% xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yentsimbi yokuqala, kwaye ixabiso lempembelelo kwi -40 ℃ liye landa phantse kabini. I-cartridge ye-diameter enkulu eyenziwe yale ntsimbi ibonakaliswe ngeemvavanyo zokudubula kuluhlu lokudubula ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zobugcisa. Okwangoku, i-China igqitywe kwaye yafakwa kwimveliso, ukufezekisa umnqweno wexesha elide we-China wokutshintsha ubhedu ngentsimbi kwizinto zekhatriji.
1.1.3 Umhlaba onqabileyo wentsimbi yemanganese ephezulu kunye nentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba
Intsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba ephezulu yemanganese isetyenziselwa ukwenza izihlangu zomkhondo wetanki, kwaye intsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba isetyenziselwa ukwenza amaphiko omsila, i-muzzle brake kunye nezixhobo ze-artillery zokulahla i-sabot yokulahla i-Armor, enokunciphisa iinkqubo zokusebenza. ukuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kwentsimbi, kwaye ufezekise izikhombisi ze-tactical kunye nezobugcisa.
Ngaphambili, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ibhodi yeprojectile yegumbi langaphambili eChina zenziwe ngentsimbi enqabileyo eqinile kunye nentsimbi yehagu ephezulu yongezwa nge-30% ukuya kwi-40% yentsimbi ye-scrap. Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphantsi, ubuqhophololo obuphezulu, inani eliphantsi nelingekho bukhali lamaqhekeza asebenzayo emva kogqabhuko-dubulo, kunye namandla abuthathaka okubulala, uphuhliso lwegumbi elingaphambili lomzimba weprojekithi lwakha lwathintelwa. Ukusukela ngo-1963, iicaliber ezahlukeneyo zamaqokobhe odaka zenziwe kusetyenziswa intsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba, eye yandisa iipropathi zabo zoomatshini ngamaxesha angama-1-2, yaphindaphinda inani lamaqhekeza asebenzayo, kwaye yalola ububukhali bamaqhekeza, ikhulisa kakhulu amandla abo okubulala. Inani elisebenzayo lamaqhekeza kunye neradiyasi yokubulala emandla yohlobo oluthile lweqokobhe leCannon kunye neqokobhe lompu weField elenziwe ngesi sixhobo eTshayina zingcono kancinci kunezo zamaqokobhe entsimbi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwealloyi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezingezizo i-ferrous ezifana ne-magnesium kunye ne-aluminiyam kubuchwephesha bomkhosi bale mihla
Umhlaba onqabileyoinomsebenzi ophezulu weekhemikhali kunye neradiyasi enkulu yeAtomic. Xa yongezwa kwiintsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous kunye ne-alloys yazo, inokucoca i-grains, ithintele ulwahlulo, i-degassing, ukususwa kokungcola kunye nokuhlanjululwa, kunye nokuphucula isakhiwo se-metallographic, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo ebanzi yokuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini, iipropati zomzimba kunye neempawu zokucubungula. . Abasebenzi bezinto eziphathekayo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe baphuhlise i-alloys yomhlaba enqabileyo ye-magnesium, i-aluminium alloys, i-titanium alloys, kunye ne-superalloys ngokusebenzisa le propati yomhlaba onqabileyo. Ezi mveliso zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kubuchwepheshe bale mihla bomkhosi obufana nenqwelomoya yokulwa, iinqwelomoya ezihlaselayo, iihelikopta, izithuthi zasemoyeni ezingenamntu, kunye neesathelayithi ezijulwayo.
2.1 Umhlaba onqabileyo we-magnesium alloy
Umhlaba onqabileyo we-magnesium alloysbabe namandla athile aphezulu, banokunciphisa ubunzima benqwelomoya, baphucule ukusebenza kobuchule, kwaye babe nethemba losetyenziso olubanzi. Ingxubevange ye-magnesium yomhlaba enqabileyo ephuhliswe yi-China Aviation Industry Corporation (emva koku ebizwa ngokuba yi-AVIC) ibandakanya malunga ne-10 yamabanga e-magnesium alloys kunye ne-magnesium alloys egogekileyo, uninzi lwazo oluye lwasetyenziswa kwimveliso kwaye lunomgangatho ozinzile. Umzekelo, i-ZM 6 iphose ingxubevange ye-magnesium ene-neodymium yentsimbi enqabileyo njengesona songezo esiphambili sandisiwe ukuze sisetyenziselwe iindawo ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngee-helikopta zokunciphisa ngasemva, iimbambo zamaphiko okulwa, kunye neepleyiti zoxinzelelo lwerotor kwiijenereyitha ezingama-30 kW. Umhlaba onqabileyo wokuqina kwe-magnesium alloy BM 25 ephuhliswe ngokudibeneyo yi-AVIC Corporation kunye ne-Nonferrous Metals Corporation ithathe indawo yealloyi ze-aluminiyam yamandla aphakathi kwaye isetyenziswe kwinqwelomoya enefuthe.
2.2 Umhlaba onqabileyo we-titanium alloy
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, iBeijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (ekubhekiselwa kuyo njengeZiko leMathiriyeli yeAeronautical) yatshintsha enye ialuminiyam kunye nesilicon endaweni yentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba eyicerium (Ce) kwiTi-A1-Mo titanium alloys, inciphisa imvula yezigaba ezibhityileyo kunye. ukuphucula ukumelana nobushushu be-alloy ngelixa ikwaphucula ukuzinza kwayo kwe-thermal. Ngesi siseko, i-high-performance cast cast high-temperature titanium alloy ZT3 equlethe i-cerium yaphuhliswa. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-alloys efanayo yamazwe ngamazwe, ineenzuzo ezithile malunga namandla okumelana nobushushu kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo. I-compressor casing eyenziwe ngayo isetyenziselwa injini ye-W PI3 II, kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima be-39 kg ngenqwelomoya nganye kunye nokunyuka kwe-thrust ukuya kumlinganiselo we-1.5%. Ukongeza, ukucuthwa kwamanyathelo okucubungula malunga ne-30% kuzuze inzuzo ebalulekileyo yobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho, ukugcwalisa isithuba ekusetyenzisweni kwe-titanium casings kwiinjini ze-aviation e-China kwi-500 ℃. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba kukho iincinci ezincinci ze-cerium oxide kwi-microstructure ye-ZT3 i-alloy equkethe i-cerium. I-Cerium idibanisa inxalenye ye-oksijini kwi-alloy ukwenza i-refractory kunye nobunzima obuphezuluioksidi yomhlaba enqabileyoizinto eziphathekayo, Ce2O3. Ezi ngqungquthela zithintela ukuhamba kwe-dislocation ngexesha lenkqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-alloy, ukuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu be-alloy. I-Cerium ibamba inxalenye yokungcola kwegesi (ngokukodwa kwimida yengqolowa), enokuthi iqinise i-alloy ngelixa igcina uzinzo oluhle lwe-thermal. Eli linyathelo lokuqala lokusebenzisa ithiyori yokuqinisa inqaku le-solute kwi-alloys ye-titanium. Ukongeza, i-Institute of Aeronautical Materials iye yaphuhlisa izinzile kwaye inexabiso eliphantsiYttrium(III) oxideisanti kunye nomgubo kwiminyaka yophando kunye neteknoloji ekhethekileyo yonyango lwe-mineralization kwi-titanium alloy solution echanekileyo inkqubo yokuphosa. Ifikelele kwinqanaba elingcono malunga nomxhuzulane okhethekileyo, ukuqina kunye nokuzinza kwi-titanium liquid, kwaye ibonise inzuzo enkulu ekulungiseni nasekulawuleni ukusebenza kwe-shell slurry. Inzuzo ebalaseleyo yokusebenzisaYttrium(III) oxideiqokobhe lokuvelisa i-titanium castings kukuba phantsi komqathango wokuba umgangatho wokujula kunye nenqanaba lenkqubo lilingana nenkqubo yokwaleka kwe-tungsten, ukujulwa kwe-titanium alloy kuncinci kunenkqubo yokwaleka kwe-tungsten inokuveliswa. Okwangoku, le nkqubo isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni iinqwelo-moya ezahlukeneyo, iinjini, kunye nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu.
2.3 Ingxubevange ye-aluminiyam yomhlaba enqabileyo
I-alloy ye-aluminium ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu i-HZL206 ephuhliswe yi-AVIC inomgangatho ophezulu ophezulu wokushisa kunye nobushushu begumbi izixhobo zomatshini xa kuthelekiswa nama-alloys angaphandle aqulethe i-nickel, kwaye ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-alloys efanayo phesheya. Ngoku isetyenziswa njengevalve yokumelana noxinzelelo lweehelikopta kunye neejethi zokulwa ezinobushushu obusebenzayo obuyi-300 ℃, ithatha indawo yentsimbi kunye ne-titanium alloys. Ubunzima besakhiwo buncitshisiwe kwaye bufakwe kwimveliso yobuninzi. Amandla anqabileyo e-aluminiyamu yomhlaba enqabileyo ye-silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy ku-200-300 ℃ idlula lawo e-West German piston alloys KS280 kunye ne-KS282. Ukumelana kwayo nokunxiba kumaxesha angama-4-5 aphezulu kunezo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-piston alloys ZL108, kunye ne-coefficient encinci yokwandiswa komgca kunye nokuzinza okulungileyo kwe-dimensional. Isetyenziswe kwizixhobo zokubhabha ngenqwelomoya i-KY-5, iicompressors zomoya ze-KY-7, kunye neepistons zenjini ye-aviation. Ukongeza izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwii-alloys ze-aluminium ziphucula kakhulu i-microstructure kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Indlela yokusebenza kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwii-alloys ze-aluminium kukuba: ukubunjwa kokusabalalisa okusasazekayo, kunye neengqungquthela ezincinci ze-aluminium ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqiniseni isigaba sesibini; Ukongezwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kudlala indima ye-Catharsis ye-degassing, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa inani le-pores kwi-alloy kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-alloy; Iikhompawundi ze-aluminiyam zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zisebenza njengee-nuclei ezingafaniyo zokucokisa iinkozo kunye nezigaba ze-eutectic, kwaye zikwangumlungisi; Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zikhuthaza ukubunjwa kunye nokucokisa izigaba ezityebileyo zentsimbi, zinciphisa imiphumo yazo eyingozi. I-α—Isisombululo esiluqilima isixa sentsimbi kwi-A1 siyancipha ngokunyuka kokongezwa komhlaba onqabileyo, okuluncedo ekuphuculeni amandla kunye neplastiki.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziBanzi zokutsha koMhlaba kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
3.1 Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezicocekileyo
Iintsimbi ezicocekileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, ngenxa yeempawu zazo zeekhemikhali ezisebenzayo, zivame ukusabela ngeoksijini, isulfure, kunye nenitrogen ukuze zenze iikhompawundi ezizinzileyo. Xa ziphantsi kongquzulwano olukhulu kunye neempembelelo, iintlantsi zinokutshisa izinto ezinokutsha. Ke ngoko, kwangowe-1908, yenziwa ilitye lenyengane. Kufunyaniswe ukuba phakathi kwezinto ezili-17 ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, iielementi ezintandathu, ezibandakanya i-cerium, i-lanthanum, i-neodymium, i-praseodymium, i-samarium, kunye ne-yttrium, zinentsebenzo entle kakhulu yokutshisa. Abantu benze izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezitshisayo ezisekwe kwiipropathi zokutshiswa kwezinyithi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Umzekelo, i-227 kg yaseMelika "i-Mark 82" ejulwayo isebenzisa iilitha zentsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ezingavelisi kuphela iziphumo zokubulala eziqhumayo kodwa kunye neziphumo zokutshisa. I-rocket warhead yase-US "indoda edambisayo" ye-rocket ixhotyiswe ngeentonga ezili-108 zentsimbi ezinqabileyo ezisikwere zomhlaba njengeelayitha, ezithatha indawo yamaqhekeza esele zenziwe. Uvavanyo logqabhuko-dubulo olungagungqiyo lubonise ukuba ukukwazi kwayo ukutshisa amafutha eenqwelomoya ngama-44% aphezulu kunalawo angafakwanga.
3.2 Iintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezixutyiweyo
Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu lokucocekaintsimbi yomhlaba enqabileyos, ixabiso eliphantsi composite iintsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zokutsha kumazwe ahlukeneyo. I-agent edibeneyo yomhlaba enqabileyo yokutshisa isinyithi ilayishwe kwiqokobhe letsimbi phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye ne-arhente yokutshisa ubuninzi (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg / m3, isantya sokutshisa i-1.3-1.5 m / s, i-flame diameter malunga ne-500 mm, kunye nobushushu bomlilo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1715-2000 ℃. Emva kokutsha, umzimba we-incandescent uhlala ushushu ngaphezu kwemizuzu emi-5. Ngexesha lohlaselo lwaseVietnam, umkhosi wase-US wasebenzisa iziqhushumbisi ukuphehlelela isiqhushumbisi esingama-40mm, esasizaliswe lucweyo oluvuthayo olwenziwe ngesinyithi esixutywe nenqabileyo yomhlaba. Emva kokuba i-projectile iqhuma, isiqwenga ngasinye esinomgca ovuthayo sinokutshisa ekujoliswe kuyo. Ngelo xesha, imveliso yenyanga yebhombu ifikelele kwi-200000 ngeenxa zonke, kunye nobuninzi be-260000.
3.3 Iialloyi zokutsha ezinqabileyo
I-alloy yokutsha komhlaba enqabileyo enobunzima be-100g inokwenza i-200 ~ 3000 yokubasa, igubungela indawo enkulu, elingana neradiyo yokubulala yezixhobo zokugqobhoza izixhobo kunye neprojekti yokugqobhoza isikrweqe. Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lwezixhobo ezininzi ezisebenza ngamandla okutsha luye lwaba yenye yeendlela eziphambili zophuhliso lweembumbulu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Kwizixhobo zokugqobhoza iimbumbulu kunye nezixhobo zokugqobhoza, ukusebenza kwabo kobuchule kufuna ukuba emva kokugqobhoza isikrweqe setanki yotshaba, banokutshisa amafutha kunye nezixhobo zokutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo itanki. Kwiziqhushumbisi, kuyafuneka ukuba kucinywe izixhobo zomkhosi kunye nezixhobo zobuchule phakathi koluhlu lwabo lokubulala. Kuxelwe ukuba iplastiki yentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba isixhobo sokutshisa i-Incendiary esenziwe kwi-Made e-USA yenziwe nge-glass fiber eqiniswe kwinayiloni kunye ne-cartridge ye-alloy edibeneyo enqabileyo yomhlaba ngaphakathi, enesiphumo esingcono ngokuchasene ne-aviation fuel kunye neethagethi ezifanayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweMathiriyeli yoMhlaba eRare kuKhuseleko loMkhosi kunye neTekhnoloji yeNyukliya
4.1 Isicelo kwiTekhnoloji yoKhuseleko loMkhosi
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zineempawu zokumelana nemitha. National Neutron cross section Centre of the United States uye wenza iindidi ezimbini iipleyiti kunye ubukhulu 10 mm ngokusebenzisa izinto polymer njengoko isiseko imathiriyeli, kunye okanye ngaphandle kokongezwa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, iimvavanyo zokhuselo lwemitha. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ifuthe thermal neutron ikhuse lemathiriyeli emhlabeni polymer ezinqabileyo 5-6 amaxesha ngcono kunaleyo ezinqabileyo umhlaba free imathiriyeli polymer. Phakathi kwazo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye ne-Sm, i-Eu, i-Gd, i-Dy kunye nezinye izinto zine-neutron enkulu ye-Absorption cross section kunye nefuthe elihle lokubamba i-neutron. Okwangoku, usetyenziso oluphambili lwezinto ezinqabileyo zokukhusela i-radiation ye-radiation kwi-teknoloji yezomkhosi ziquka le miba ilandelayo.
4.1.1 Ukhuselo lwemitha yenyukliya
I-United States isebenzisa i-1% ye-boron kunye ne-5% yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlabagadolinium, samariumkwayelanthanumukwenza ikhonkrithi engqingqwa ngemitha engama-600mm ukukhusela iNeutron yomthombo wesixhobo sokwenza amanzi kwidama lokuqubha. IFransi iphuhlise imathiriyeli enqabileyo yokukhusela i-radiation yomhlaba ngokongeza i-Boride, i-compound yomhlaba enqabileyo okanye i-alloy yomhlaba enqabileyo kwi-graphite njengesiseko semathiriyeli. Ukuzaliswa kwesi sikhuselo esidibeneyo sifunekayo ukuba sisasazwe ngokulinganayo kwaye senziwe kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo, ezibekwe malunga nomjelo we-reactor ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zendawo yokukhusela.
4.1.2 Ukhuselo lwetanki lobushushu bobushushu
Iqukethe imigangatho emine ye-veneer, kunye nobukhulu obupheleleyo be-5-20 cm. Umaleko wokuqala wenziwe ngeglasi yefiber yeplastiki eyomeleziweyo, kunye nomgubo we-inorganic wongezwa kunye ne-2% yeekhompawundi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba njengezihluzi zokuvala ii-neutron ezikhawulezayo kunye nokufunxa i-neutron ecothayo; Umaleko wesibini nowesithathu wongeza i-boron graphite, i-polystyrene, kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezibalelwa kwi-10% ye-filler epheleleyo kwindawo yangaphambili ukuvala i-neutrons yamandla ephakathi kunye nokufunxa i-neutron ye-thermal; Umaleko wesine usebenzisa igraphite endaweni ifayibha yeglasi, kwaye yongeza 25% iikhompawundi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukufunxa neutrons thermal.
4.1.3 Ezinye
Ukufaka imigquba enqabileyo yokumelana nemitha kwiitanki, iinqanawa, iindawo zokuhlala, kunye nezinye izixhobo zomkhosi kunokuba nesiphumo sokumelana nemitha.
4.2 Usetyenziso kwiTekhnoloji yeNyukliya
Umhlaba onqabileyo iYttrium(III) oxide ingasetyenziswa njengesifunxa esinokutsha sesibaso seuranium kwireactor yamanzi abilayo (BWR). Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto, i-gadolinium inamandla okufunxa i-neutron, malunga ne-4600 ekujoliswe kuyo kwi-athomu nganye. Iathom nganye ye-gadolinium yendalo ifunxa umndilili wee-neutron ezi-4 phambi kokusilela. Xa ixutywe ne-uranium ekwaziyo ukufihlwa, i-gadolinium inokukhuthaza ukutsha, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-uranium, kunye nokwandisa ukuphuma kwamandla. Ngokungafaniyo neBoron carbide,Gadolinium(III) oxideayivelisi i-deuterium, imveliso eyingozi. Iyakwazi ukungqamanisa zombini amafutha euranium kunye nemathiriyeli yokugquma kwiNyukliya. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-gadolinium endaweni ye-boron kukuba i-gadolinium inokuxutywa ngokuthe ngqo ne-uranium ukuthintela ukwanda kwentonga yamafutha enyukliya. Ngokwezibalo, kukho i-149 yezixhobo zenyukliya ezicetywayo ukwakhiwa kwihlabathi jikelele, i-115 kuzo zizixhobo zoxinzelelo lwamanzi zisebenzisa.indlebe enqabileyoh Gadolinium(III) oxide.Umhlaba onqabileyo wesamarium,ubuchopho, kunye ne-dysprosium zisetyenziswe njenge-neutron absorbers kwi-neutron breeder reactors. Umhlaba onqabileyoiyttriuminomnqamlezo omncinci wokubamba kwi-neutron kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sombhobho wereactors yetyuwa enyibilikisiweyo. Ifoyile ecekethekileyo eyongeziweyo kunye ne-gadolinium yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye ne-dysprosium ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo se-neutron kwi-aerospace kunye nobunjineli boshishino lwenyukliya, umlinganiselo omncinci womhlaba onqabileyo we-thulium kunye ne-erbium unokusetyenziswa njengento ekujoliswe kuyo kwi-tube etywiniweyo ye-neutron generator, kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo. I-europium oxide iron cermet ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza ipleyiti yokuxhasa i-reactor ephuculweyo. I-gadolinium yomhlaba enqabileyo ingasetyenziswa njengokongeza ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwemitha yebhombu ye-neutron, kunye nezithuthi ezixhobileyo ezigqunywe ngengubo ekhethekileyo equlethe i-gadolinium oxide inokuthintela imitha ye-neutron. I-ytterbium yomhlaba enqabileyo isetyenziswa kwisixhobo sokulinganisa uxinzelelo olubangelwa kukudubula kwenyukliya ephantsi komhlaba. Xa i-ytterbium yomhlaba enqabileyo iphantsi kwamandla, ukuxhathisa kuyanda, kwaye utshintsho lokumelana lunokusetyenziswa ukubala uxinzelelo olusetyenzisiweyo. Ukunxulumanisa ifoyile yomhlaba enqabileyo yegadolinium ediphozithiweyo kwaye idityaniswe nento ebuthathaka kuxinzelelo inokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwenyukliya.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-5 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials in Modern Military Technology
Isixhobo semagnethi esisigxina somhlaba, esibizwa ngokuba sisizukulwana esitsha sokumkani wemagnethi, okwangoku sesona sixhobo siphezulu sisebenza ngokusisigxina semagnethi eyaziwayo. Ineepropati ezingaphezulu kwe-100 eziphezulu zemagneti kunentsimbi yemagnethi esetyenziswa kwizixhobo zomkhosi ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Okwangoku, iye yaba yinto ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lweteknoloji ye-elektroniki yanamhlanje. Isetyenziswa kwityhubhu yokuHamba-amaza kunye neesetyhula kwiisathelayithi zomhlaba ezenziweyo, iirada kunye neminye imiba. Ngoko ke, inokubaluleka komkhosi obalulekileyo.
Iimagnethi ze-SmCo kunye neemagnethi ze-NdFeB zisetyenziselwa umqa we-electron ogxininise kwinkqubo yesikhokelo seMisile. Iimagnethi zezona zixhobo zigxininisa umqa we-electron, ohambisa idatha kwindawo yokulawula umjukujelwa. Kukho malunga neeponti ezi-5-10 (2.27-4.54 kg) zemagnethi kwisixhobo ngasinye esijolise kwisikhokelo somjukujelwa. Ukongeza, iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zikwasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba iimotor kunye nokujikelezisa iRudder#Inqwelomoya yeenqwelo zokujula ezikhokelweyo. Izibonelelo zabo zinamandla umazibuthe kunye nobunzima obulula kunemagnethi yeAl Ni Co yasekuqaleni.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zeLaser Earth kwiTekhnoloji yoMkhosi yanamhlanje
I-Laser luhlobo olutsha lomthombo wokukhanya one-monochromaticity elungileyo, ulwalathiso, kunye nokuhambelana, kwaye inokufikelela ukukhanya okuphezulu. I-laser kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba laser zazalwa ngaxeshanye. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, malunga ne-90% yemathiriyeli yelaser ibandakanya umhlaba onqabileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Yttrium aluminium garnet crystal yi-laser esetyenziswa ngokubanzi enokufumana ukukhutshwa kwamandla aphezulu ngokuqhubekayo kwiqondo lokushisa. Ukusetyenziswa kweelaser zombuso oqinileyo kumkhosi wanamhlanje kubandakanya le miba ilandelayo.
6.1 Uluhlu lwelaser
I-neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet ephuhliswe e-United States, eBritani, eFransi, eJamani nakwamanye amazwe inokulinganisa umgama we-4000 ~ 20000 m ngokuchaneka kwe-5 m. Iinkqubo zezixhobo ezifana ne-US MI, iLeopard II yaseJamani, iLecler yaseFransi, iType 90 yaseJapan, iMekava yakwaSirayeli, kunye netanki yamva nje yeBritish Challenger 2 zonke zisebenzisa olu hlobo lwelaser rangefinder. Okwangoku, amanye amazwe aphuhlisa isizukulwana esitsha se-laser yelizwe eliluqilima lokhuseleko lwamehlo omntu, kunye ne-wavelengths yokusebenza ukusuka kwi-1.5 ukuya kwi-2.1 μ M. I-laser ebanjwe ngesandla ephuhliswe yi-United States kunye ne-United Kingdom isebenzisa i-holmium doped. I-Yttrium lithium fluoride laser inebhendi yokusebenza ye-2.06 μ M, ukusuka kwi-3000 m. I-United States kunye neNkampani yeLaser yeZizwe ngezizwe nayo yasebenzisa ngokudibeneyo i-erbium-doped Yttrium lithium fluoride laser kwaye yaphuhlisa ubude be-1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder kunye nemikhosi exhotyiswe kakhulu. Ubude be-laser boluhlu lomkhosi waseTshayina yi-1.06 μ M, ukusuka kwi-200 ukuya kwi-7000 m. Ekuqaliseni iirokethi zomgama omde, imijukujelwa kunye novavanyo lweesathelayithi zonxibelelwano, iChina ifumene idatha ebalulekileyo kumlinganiselo woluhlu ngeLaser TV Theodolite.
6.2 IsiKhokelo seLaser
Iibhombu ezikhokelwa yiLaser zisebenzisa iilaser kwisikhokelo sesiphelo. Ithagethi ihlanjululwa nge-laser ye-Nd · YAG ekhupha amaninzi e-pulses ngomzuzwana. Ii-pulses zifakwe kwikhowudi, kwaye i-pulses yokukhanya inokukhokela impendulo ye-missile, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukuphazamiseka ekuqalisweni kwe-missile kunye nemiqobo ebekwe lutshaba. Umzekelo, umkhosi wase-US i-GBV-15 Glide ibhombu ebizwa ngokuba yi "smart bomb". Ngokukwanjalo, isenokusetyenziswa ukwenza amaqokobhe akhokelwa yilaser.
6.3 Unxibelelwano ngeLaser
Ukongeza kwi-Nd · YAG ingasetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana kwe-laser, ukuphuma kwe-laser ye-lithium tetra Neodymium (III) i-phosphate crystal (LNP) i-polarized kwaye kulula ukuyimodareyitha. Ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zithembisayo ze-laser ezincinci, ezifanelekileyo kumthombo wokukhanya wonxibelelwano lwefiber optical, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe kwi-optical optics edibeneyo kunye nonxibelelwano lwendawo. Ukongeza, i-Yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) i-crystal enye ingasetyenziselwa njengezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-magnetostatic surface wave ngenkqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwe-microwave, eyenza izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo kunye ne-miniaturized, kwaye zinezicelo ezikhethekileyo kwi-radar remote control kunye ne-telemetry, ukuhamba kunye ne-electronic countermeasures.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-7 Rare Earth Superconducting Materials in Modern Military Technology
Xa into iphantsi kweqondo lokushisa elithile, into yokuba ukuchasana ku-zero, oko kukuthi, i-Superconductivity, iyenzeka. Ubushushu bubushushu obubalulekileyo (Tc). Ii-Superconductors zi-antimagnets. Xa iqondo lobushushu lisezantsi kunobushushu obubalulekileyo, ii-superconductors zigxotha nayiphi na imagnethi ezama ukufaka kuzo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yiMeissner effect. Ukongeza izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwizinto ze-superconducting kunokunyusa kakhulu ubushushu obubalulekileyo be-Tc. Oku kukhuthaze kakhulu uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-superconducting. Ngama-1980, iUnited States, iJapan kunye namanye amazwe aphuhlileyo adibanisa ngokulandelelana inani elithile le-lanthanum, i-yttrium, i-europium, i-erbium kunye nezinye i-oxides ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwi-Barium oxide kunye ne-Copper (II) oxide compounds, ezixutywe, zicinezele kwaye zifakwe kwi-sintered. yenza i-superconducting imathiriyeli ye-ceramic, yenza ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting, ngakumbi kwizicelo zasemkhosini, kubanzi ngakumbi.
7.1 I-Superconducting iisekethe ezihlanganisiweyo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe angaphandle aqhube uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-superconducting kwiikhompyuter ze-elektroniki, kwaye aphuhlisa iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo ze-superconducting zisebenzisa izinto ezenziwe nge-ceramic superconducting. Ukuba le sekethi edibeneyo isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iikhomputha ze-superconducting, ayinayo ubungakanani obuncinci, ubunzima obulula, kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kodwa inesantya se-computing 10 ukuya kwi-100 ngokukhawuleza kuneekhompyutheni ze-semiconductor.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-29-2023