Iqhinga lase-US leeminerali ezinqabileyo kufuneka...Idityaniswe ngoovimba abathile besizwe bezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ukusetyenzwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo e-United States kuya kuphinda kuqaliswe ngokuphunyezwa kwenkuthazo entsha kunye nokurhoxiswa kwenkuthazo, kunye [nophando kunye nophuhliso] malunga nokusetyenzwa kunye nezinye iindlela zococeko olutsha olunqabileyo. iiminerali zomhlaba.Sifuna uncedo lwakho.
-uSekela Nobhala wezoKhuselo kunye noKhuseleko u-Ellen Lord, ubungqina obuvela kwiKomitana yokuLungisa uMkhosi oxhobileyo kunye neNkxaso yoLawulo, nge-1 ka-Okthobha ngo-2020.
Kusuku olungaphambi kobungqina bukaNksk. Lord, uMongameli uDonald Trump watyikitya isigqeba esilawulayo "esibhengeza ukuba ishishini lemigodi liza kungena kwimeko yonxunguphalo" elijolise "ekukhuthazeni imveliso yasekhaya yezimbiwa ezinqabileyo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubugcisa bezomkhosi, ngelixa kuncitshiswa ukuxhomekeka kwe-United States eTshayina. Ukuvela ngequbuliso kongxamiseko kwizihloko ekungafane kuxoxwe ngazo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kumele ukuba kothusa abantu abaninzi.
Ngokutsho kwezazinzulu ngokwakheka komhlaba, umhlaba onqabileyo awunqabile, kodwa uxabisekile.Impendulo ebonakala iyimfihlelo ikukufikelela.Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (REE) ziqulethe izinto ezili-17 ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubathengi be-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela, kwaye zaqala ukufunyanwa kwaye zasetyenziswa eUnited States.Nangona kunjalo, imveliso ngokuthe ngcembe itshintshela e-China, apho iindleko eziphantsi zabasebenzi, ukunciphisa ingqalelo kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nenkxaso yesisa evela kwilizwe yenza i-People's Republic of China (PRC) iphendule i-97% yemveliso yehlabathi.Kwi-1997, i-Magniquench, inkampani ehamba phambili yomhlaba enqabileyo e-United States, yathengiswa kwi-investment consortium ekhokelwa ngu-Archibald Cox (Jr.), unyana womtshutshisi wegama elifanayo, i-Watergate.Le consortium isebenze neenkampani ezimbini zorhulumente waseTshayina.Inkampani yesinyithi, i-Sanhuan New Materials kunye ne-China Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation.Usihlalo weSanhuan, unyana obhinqileyo wenkokeli ephezulu uDeng Xiaoping, waba ngusihlalo wenkampani.I-Magniquench yavalwa e-United States, yafudukela e-China, kwaye yavulwa kwakhona kwi-2003, ehambelana ne-Deng Xiaoping "Inkqubo ye-Super 863", eyafumana iteknoloji yokusika kwizicelo zomkhosi, kuquka "izinto ezingaqhelekanga."Oku kwenza iMolycorp yaba ngumvelisi wokugqibela onqabileyo oshiyekileyo e-United States de yawa ngo-2015.
Kwangoko kulawulo lweReagan, ezinye iingcali zemetallurgists zaqala ukuba nexhala lokuba iUnited States ixhomekeke kwimithombo yangaphandle engazange ifuneke ukuba ibe nobuhlobo kwiindawo eziphambili zenkqubo yezixhobo zayo (ingakumbi iSoviet Union ngelo xesha), kodwa lo mbandela awukhange utsale umdla woluntu. ingqalelo.Ngonyaka wama-2010. NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka, isikhephe sokuloba saseTshayina santlitheka kwiinqanawa ezimbini zabalindi baseJapan baseJapan kuLwandle lwaseMpuma China.Urhulumente waseJapan ubhengeze injongo yakhe yokubeka umphathi wesikhephe sokuloba ematyaleni, kwaye urhulumente waseTshayina emva koko wathatha amanyathelo okuziphindezela, kubandakanya nokuvalwa kokuthengiswa komhlaba onqabileyo eJapan.Oku kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwishishini leemoto laseJapan, eliye lasongelwa kukukhula ngokukhawuleza kweemoto ezenziwe ngamaTshayina.Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo, izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ziyinxalenye eyimfuneko kwiziguquli ze-injini.
Isoyikiso saseTshayina sithatyathwe nzulu ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba iMelika, iManyano yaseYurophu, iJapan kunye namanye amazwe aliqela afaka amatyala kuMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi (i-WTO) isigqibo sokuba iChina ayinakunqanda ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Nangona kunjalo, amavili endlela yokusombulula ye-WTO ajika kancinane: isigqibo asenziwa kude kube yiminyaka emine kamva.UMphathiswa weSebe leMicimbi yezaNgaphandle waseTshayina kamva wakhanyela ukuba uye wabeka isithintelo, esithi iChina idinga izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwimizi-mveliso yayo ekhulayo.Oku kunokuba kuchanekile: ngo-2005, i-China yayithintele ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okubangela ukukhathazeka kwi-Pentagon malunga nokunqongophala kwezinto ezine ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-euro, kunye kunye), eyabangela ukulibaziseka ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo ezithile.
Kwelinye icala, ukulawulwa kuphela kweTshayina kwimveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo nako kunokuqhutywa zizinto zokwandisa inzuzo, kwaye ngelo xesha, ngokwenene amaxabiso enyuka ngokukhawuleza.Ukuphela kweMolycorp kukwabonisa ulawulo olunobuqili kurhulumente waseTshayina.UMolycorp waxela kwangaphambili ukuba amaxabiso omhlaba anqabileyo aya kunyuka ngokukhawuleza emva kwesiganeko phakathi kwezikhephe zokuloba zaseTshayina kunye ne-Japan Coast Guard ngo-2010, ngoko ke yanyusa isixa esikhulu semali yokwakha ezona ndawo ziphezulu zokusetyenzwa.Nangona kunjalo, xa urhulumente wase-China wakhulula izabelo zokuthumela ngaphandle ngo-2015, i-Molycorp yayithwele i-US $ 1.7 yebhiliyoni ematyaleni kunye nesiqingatha seendawo zayo zokulungisa.Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, yavela kwiinkqubo zokubhanga kwaye yathengiswa nge-20.5 yezigidi zeedola, isixamali esingabalulekanga xa sithelekisa ne-1.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.Inkampani yahlangulwa yi-consortium, kwaye i-China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Inkampani iphethe i-30% yamalungelo enkampani angavoti.Xa sithetha ngobuchwephesha, ukuba nezabelo ezingavotiyo kuthetha ukuba uLeshan Shenghe unelungelo lokungagqithisi kwisahlulo senzuzo, kwaye isixa sisonke sezi ngeniso sinokuba ncinane, ngoko ke abanye abantu banokuthandabuza iinjongo zenkampani.Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwa ubungakanani be-Leshan Shenghe xa kuthelekiswa nesambuku esifunekayo ukuze ufumane i-30% yezabelo, inkampani kunokwenzeka ukuba ithathe umngcipheko.Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo inokwenziwa ngezinye iindlela ngaphandle kokuvota.Ngokoxwebhu lwaseTshayina oluveliswe yiWall Street Journal, uLeshan Shenghe uya kuba nelungelo elikhethekileyo lokuthengisa iiminerali zeMountain Pass.Nakweyiphi na imeko, iMolycorp iya kuthumela iREE yayo eTshayina ukuze iqhutywe.
Ngenxa yokukwazi ukuthembela koovimba, ishishini laseJapan alizange lichaphazeleke kakhulu yingxabano ka-2010.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nokwenzeka kweChina ukusebenzisa izixhobo zomhlaba onqabileyo ngoku kuye kwaqatshelwa.Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa, iingcali zaseJapan zatyelela iMongolia, iVietnam, iOstreliya kunye namanye amazwe kunye nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukwenza imibuzo.Ukusukela ngoNovemba ka-2010, iJapan ifikelele kwisivumelwano sobonelelo sexesha elide neqela lase-Australia le-Lynas.I-Japan yaqinisekiswa ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo, kwaye ukususela ekukhuleni kwayo, ngoku ifumene i-30% yomhlaba wayo onqabileyo kwi-Lynas.Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i-China Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yaseburhulumenteni yazama ukuthenga isixa esikhulu se-Lynas kunyaka omnye odlulileyo.Ngenxa yokuba i-China ingumnini wenani elikhulu lemigodi yomhlaba enqabileyo, umntu unokuthelekelela ukuba i-China iceba ukuhombisa unikezelo lwehlabathi kunye nemfuno yemarike.Urhulumente waseOstreliya wasivala isivumelwano.
E-United States, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziye zaphinda zavuka kwimfazwe yorhwebo yase-Sino-US.NgoMeyi ka-2019, unobhala-jikelele waseTshayina u-Xi Jinping uqhube utyelelo olupapashiweyo nolunomfuziselo omkhulu kuMgodi woMhlaba weJiangxi Rare Earth, owatolikwa njengomboniso wempembelelo karhulumente wakhe eWashington.IPeople’s Daily, iphephandaba elisemthethweni leKomiti Eyintloko yeQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina, labhala: “Kungale ndlela kuphela esinokucebisa ukuba iUnited States ifanele ingawajongeli phantsi amandla eTshayina okukhusela amalungelo namalungelo ayo ophuhliso.ningathi asinilumkisanga.Abakhi-mkhanya bathi, “Ungatsho ukuba asizange silumkise.Igama elithi "wena" lidla ngokusetyenziswa ngamajelo eendaba kwiimeko ezimandundu kakhulu, njengangaphambi kokuba iTshayina ihlasele iVietnam ngo-1978 nakwingxabano yomda ka-2017 neIndiya.Ukuze kwandiswe inkxalabo eUnited States, njengoko kuphuhliswa izixhobo ezihambele phambili ngakumbi, kufuneka izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Ukukhankanya nje imizekelo emibini, umlo ngamnye we-F-35 ufuna iikhilogram ezingama-920 zomhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye inkwili nganye yodidi lwaseVirginia ifuna ngokuphindwe kalishumi eso sixa.
Ngaphandle kwezilumkiso, iinzame zisenziwa ukuseka ikhonkco lokubonelela ngeREE elingaquki iChina.Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo inzima ngakumbi kunokukhutshwa okulula.Kwi-situ, izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zixutywa nezinye iiminerali ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.Emva koko, intsimbi ekrwada yoqobo kufuneka iqhubekeke kumjikelo wokuqala ukuze ivelise isixa esikhulu, kwaye ukusuka apho ingene kwesinye isakhiwo esahlula izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zibe zizinto ezicoceke kakhulu.Kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-solvent extraction, "izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo zidlula kumakhulu amagumbi angamanzi ahlula izinto ezizimeleyo okanye iikhompawundi-la manyathelo anokuphinda aphindwe ngamakhulu okanye namawaka amaxesha. Emva kokuba zihlanjululwe, zinokucutshungulwa zibe yi-oxidation Izinto, i-phosphors, isinyithi; ii-alloys kunye nemagnethi, zisebenzisa i-magnetic, i-luminescent okanye iipropathi ze-electrochemical ezikhethekileyo," yatsho iScientific American.Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubukho bezinto ze-radioactive zenza nzima inkqubo.
Ngo-2012, iJapan yafumana i-euphoria yexesha elifutshane, kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngokweenkcukacha kwi-2018 ukuba ininzi idiphozithi ye-REE ephezulu yafunyanwa kufuphi neSiqithi saseNanniao kwindawo yayo yoqoqosho ekhethekileyo, ekuqikelelwa ukuba ihlangabezana neemfuno zayo kangangeenkulungwane.Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ngo-2020, iphephandaba lesibini ngobukhulu eJapan, i-Asahi, yachaza iphupha lokuzanelisa "njengodaka."NakwabaseJapan abanolwazi lwetekhnoloji, ukufumana indlela yokurhweba esebenzayo kuseyingxaki.Isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-piston core remover siqokelela udaka kwi-stratum ephantsi kolwandle kubunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-6000.Ngenxa yokuba umatshini wokulinganisa uthatha ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-200 ukufikelela ezantsi kolwandle, le nkqubo ibuhlungu kakhulu.Ukufikelela nokukhupha udaka sisiqalo nje senkqubo yokulucokisa, kwaye kulandele ezinye iingxaki.Kukho ingozi enokubakho kwimekobume.Iingcali zenzululwazi zixhalabile ukuba "ngenxa yesenzo sokujikeleza kwamanzi, ulwandle lunokudilika kwaye luchithe umhlaba onqabileyo kunye nodaka olwembiweyo elwandle."Imiba yorhwebo nayo kufuneka iqwalaselwe: iitoni ezingama-3,500 kufuneka ziqokelelwe yonke imihla ukuze inkampani izuze inzuzo.Okwangoku, ziitoni ezingama-350 kuphela ezinokuqokelelwa iiyure ezili-10 ngosuku.
Ngamanye amazwi, kudla ixesha yaye kuyabiza ukulungiselela ukusebenzisa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, enoba zisemhlabeni okanye elwandle.I-China ilawula phantse zonke iindawo zokusetyenzwa kwehlabathi, kwaye nomhlaba onqabileyo okhutshwe kwamanye amazwe/iingingqi zithunyelwa apho ukuze zicocwe.YayinguLynas owahlukileyo, owathumela intsimbi ekrwada yayo eMalaysia ukuze ilungiswe.Nangona igalelo likaLynas kwingxaki yomhlaba enqabileyo lixabisekile, ayisosisombululo sigqibeleleyo.Umxholo wemihlaba enqabileyo kwimigodi yenkampani ingaphantsi kunaleyo yaseChina, oku kuthetha ukuba uLynas kufuneka agxume izinto ezininzi ukuze akhuphe kwaye ahlukanise isinyithi esinzima esinqabileyo somhlaba (ezifana ne-s), eliyinxalenye ephambili yezicelo zokugcina idatha, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa iindleko.Ukwembiwa kwesinyithi esinzima esinqabileyo somhlaba kuthelekiswa nokuthenga inkomo epheleleyo njengenkomo: ukusukela ngo-Agasti ka-2020, ixabiso lekhilogram enye yi-US$344.40, ngelixa ixabiso lekhilogram enye ye-neodymium yokukhanya enqabileyo yi-US$55.20.
Ngo-2019, i-Texas-based Blue Line Corporation yabhengeza ukuba iyakuseka intsebenziswano kunye neLynas ukwakha iplanti yokwahlula i-REE engabandakanyi amaTshayina.Nangona kunjalo, le projekthi kulindeleke ukuba ithathe iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithathu ukuba iphile, isenza abathengi base-US abanokuba sesichengeni kumanyathelo okuziphindezela eBeijing.Xa urhulumente waseOstreliya wavala iinzame zaseTshayina zokufumana uLynas, iBeijing yaqhubeka ifuna ezinye izinto ezithengwa kwamanye amazwe.Isele inefektri eVietnam kwaye sele ingenisa inani elikhulu leemveliso ezivela eMyanmar.Ngo-2018, ibiziitoni ezingama-25,000 zokugxila komhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye ukusuka nge-1 kaJanuwari ukuya kuMeyi 15, 2019, ibiziitoni ezingama-9,217 zokugxila komhlaba onqabileyo.Ukutshatyalaliswa kokusingqongileyo kunye neengxabano zibangele ukuvinjelwa kwezenzo ezingalawulwayo ngabasebenzi basezimayini baseTshayina.Ukuvalwa kungasuswa ngokungekho mthethweni ngo-2020, kwaye kusekho imisebenzi yemigodi engekho mthethweni kumacala omabini omda.Ezinye iingcaphephe zikholelwa ukuba izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziyaqhubeka nokugrunjwa e-China phantsi komthetho waseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye emva koko zithunyelwa eMyanmar ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokujikeleza (ezifana nePhondo laseYunnan), emva koko zithuthelwe eChina ukuze zibaleke umdlandla wemithetho.
Abathengi baseTshayina nabo bafuna ukufumana iindawo zemigodi eGreenland, ephazamisa i-United States neDenmark, eneziseko zomoya eThule, ilizwe elizilawulayo.I-Shenghe Resources Holdings iye yaba ngoyena mnini sabelo mkhulu weGreenland Minerals Co., Ltd. Ngo-2019, yaseka intsebenziswano necandelo le-China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) ukurhweba nokwenza izimbiwa ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Yintoni ebandakanya umba wokhuseleko kunye nento engabandakanyi umba wokhuseleko inokuba ngumcimbi ophikisanayo phakathi kwamaqela amabini kwi-Danish-Greenland Self-Government Act.
Abanye bakholelwa ukuba inkxalabo ngokufumaneka komhlaba onqabileyo iye yabaxwa.Ukusukela ngo-2010, izitokhwe ziye zanda ngokuqinisekileyo, ezinokuthintela ubuncinci kwi-embargo yaseTshayina ngexesha elifutshane.Umhlaba onqabileyo nawo unokuphinda usetyenziswe, kwaye iinkqubo zinokuyilwa ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kobonelelo olukhoyo.Iinzame zorhulumente waseJapan zokufumana indlela enoqoqosho yokomba izimbiwa ezityebileyo kummandla wezoqoqosho okhethekileyo zinokuba yimpumelelo, kwaye uphando ekudalweni kwezinto ezibambela umhlaba onqabileyo luyaqhuba.
Umhlaba onqabileyo waseTshayina unokungasoloko ukho.Ukunyuka kwengqwalasela yaseTshayina kwimiba yokusingqongileyo kuye kwachaphazela imveliso.Nangona ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ngamaxabiso aphantsi kunokuvala ukhuphiswano lwamazwe angaphandle, kube nefuthe elibi kwimveliso kunye nemimandla yokucokisa.Amanzi amdaka anetyhefu kakhulu.Amanzi amdaka akwidama leentsalela zezimbiwa angacutha ungcoliseko lwendawo enqabileyo yokutsalisa umhlaba, kodwa amanzi amdaka asenokuvuza okanye aqhawuke, nto leyo ekhokelela kungcoliseko olumandla lwamazantsi omlambo.Nangona kungekho kukhankanywa esidlangalaleni kongcoliseko oluvela kwimigodi yomhlaba enqabileyo ebangelwe sisikhukula soMlambo iYangtze ngo-2020, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho iinkxalabo malunga nongcoliseko.Izikhukula zibe nempembelelo eyintlekele kumzi-mveliso waseLeshan Shenghe kunye noluhlu lwawo.Inkampani iqikelele ilahleko yayo phakathi kwe-US $35 kunye ne-48 yezigidi, idlula kakhulu isixa se-inshurensi.Ngenxa yokuba izikhukhula ezinokuthi zibangelwe kukutshintsha kwemozulu ziye zixhaphaka, amathuba omonakalo kunye nongcoliseko olubangelwa zizikhukula ezizayo nawo ayanda.
Igosa laseGanzhou kummandla otyeleleyo uXi Jinping lakhalaza lathi: “Into ehlekisayo kukuba ngenxa yokuba ixabiso lomhlaba onqabileyo likwinqanaba eliphantsi kangangexesha elide, ingeniso yokuthengisa obu buncwane ithelekiswa nemali efunekayo ukuze ulungiswe. bona.Akukho xabiso.Umonakalo."
Nangona kunjalo, ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo wengxelo, iChina isaza kubonelela ngama-70% ukuya kuma-77% ezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.Kuphela kuxa intlekele isondele, njengango-2010 kunye no-2019, apho i-United States inokuqhubeka nokuhoya.Kwimeko ye-Magniquench kunye ne-Molycorp, i-consortium echaphazelekayo inokukholisa iKomiti yoTyalo-mali lwangaphandle e-United States (i-CFIUS) ukuba ukuthengiswa akuyi kuchaphazela kakubi ukhuseleko lwase-US.I-CFIUS kufuneka yandise umda woxanduva ukubandakanya ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho, kwaye kufuneka iqaphele.Ngokuchaseneyo neempendulo ezimfutshane kunye nezexeshana kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukuhoywa okuqhubekayo kukarhulumente kwixesha elizayo kuyafuneka.Xa sijonga emva kwintetho yePeople's Daily ngo-2019, asinakutsho ukuba asikhange silunyukiswe.
Iimbono ezichazwe kweli nqaku kuphela ezo zombhali kwaye azibonakalisi isikhundla seZiko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle.IZiko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle ngumbutho ongakhethi cala ozinikele ekupapasheni amanqaku omgaqo-nkqubo ophikisanayo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe.Izinto eziphambili.
UTeufel Dreyer, uMnini oMkhulu weNkqubo yaseAsia yoMgaqo-nkqubo weZangaphandle kaJuni, unjingalwazi wenzululwazi yezopolitiko kwiYunivesithi yaseMiami eCoral Gables, eFlorida.
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Iziko loPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle lizibophelele ekuboneleleni ngowona mgangatho uphezulu wokufunda kunye nohlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo ongakhethi cala, ngokugxininisa kumgaqo-nkqubo omkhulu wamazwe angaphandle kunye nemingeni yokhuseleko yelizwe ejongene ne-United States.Sifundisa abantu abenza kunye nabaphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ngembali, ijografi, kunye nenkcubeko.Funda ngakumbi ngeFPRI »
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Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-09-2020