Hafnium, intsimbi ye-HF, inombolo yeatomic 72, isisindo se-Atomic 178.49, yintsimbi yeSilivere efihlakeleyo yesilivere.
I-Hafnium inee-states zendalo ezintandathu: i-hafnium 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, kwaye i-hafche scouric acid, kodwa inyibilika kwi-Hydrofluoric Acid kunye ne-Aqua Grejiia. Igama lokukhanya livela kwigama lesiLatin leSixeko saseCopenhagen.
Ngo-1925, iSweden Chevest Hiceys kunye ne-Dutch ye-Decch Kosster ifumene i-hafnium ye-hafnium ye-hafnium nge-ristal ye-storelication ye-startical ye-sleorication, kwaye inciphise isodium yentsimbi. I-Hafnium iqulethe i-0.00045% ye-rust yomhlaba kwaye ihlala inxulunyaniswa ne-ziirconium kwindalo.
Igama lemveliso: hafnium
Isimboli yeNqaku: hf
Ubunzima beatomic: 178.49
Uhlobo lwezinto: Inqaku le-metric
Iipropathi zomzimba:
Hafniumyintsimbi yesilivere engwevu nge-metric luster; Kukho izinto ezimbini zensimbi yentsimbi: i-hafnium ye-α yi-hexagonal egxunyekwe ngokwahlukileyo (1750 ℃) ngeqondo eliphezulu lenguqu kune-zirconium. I-Iron Hafnium inabasebenzi eyahlukileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. I-7 yentsimbi inesicwangciso esiphakamileyo se-neutron sel kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengento yolawulo lwe-reactors.
Zimbini iintlobo zezakhiwo zekristali: Ukupakishwa kwe-hexagonal depate kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphantsi kwe-1300 ℃ (α- i-equation); Kwiqondo lobushushu ngaphezulu kwe-1300 ℃, ngumzimba ogxile kwi-cubic (β- theation). Isinyithi ngepristity enamaplasitiki kwaye siba brittle xa sibangelwa kukungcola. Zizinzile emoyeni, zimnyama kuphela emxholweni xa utshisiwe. Iifiliment zinokuvela ngedangatye lomdlalo. Iipropathi ezifanayo kwi-ziirconium. Ayisabi senzanga ngamanzi, i-dilute acids, okanye iziseko ezomeleleyo, kodwa inyibilika ngokulula kwi-Aqua Regia kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid. Ubukhulu becala kwimikhombathi ye-A + 4 i-valence. I-Hafnium Walloy (Ta4hfc5) iyaziwa ukuba yeyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika (malunga ne-4215 ℃).
Isakhiwo sekristali: Iseli yekristali ye-hexagonal
Inombolo ye-CAS: 7440-58-6
Inqaku lokunyibilika: 2227 ℃
Indawo yokubila: 4602 ℃
Iipropathi zeekhemikhali:
The chemical properties of hafnium are very similar to those of zirconium, and it has good corrosion resistance and is not easily corroded by general acid alkali aqueous solutions; Inyibilikiswe ngokulula kwi-hydrofluoric acid ukwenza ukuba i-starpinated supers. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo, i-hafnium inokudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo neegesi ezinje ngeoksijini kunye ne-nitrogen ukwenza i-oxiles kunye ne-nitrides.
I-Hafnium ihlala inesibane 4 Eyona nto iphambilihafnium oxideI-HFO2. Zintathu iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-hafnium oxide:hafnium oxideifunyenwe ngokuchongwa okuqhubekayo kwe-hafnium ye-hafnium ye-hafnium kunye ne-chloride oxide yi-monoclinic eyahlukileyo; I-hafniumsium oxide ifunyenwe ngokuthoba i-hydroxide ye-hafnium nge-400 ℃ yi-tetragonal eyahlukileyo; Ukuba kungabalwa ngaphezulu kwe-1000 ℃, i-cuible iyahluka. Enye intoI-Hafnium Tetracheride, yeyiphi na into engafunekiyo yokulungiselela i-hafnium yensimbi kwaye inokulungiswa ngokuphendula ngerhasi ye-chlorine kumxube we-hafnium oxide kunye nekhabhoni. I-Hafnium Tetharacheride inxibelelana namanzi kwaye kwangoko i-hydrolyzes kwi-HFO eqinileyo (4h2o) 2 + i-ions. I-HFO2 + i-ions ikhona kwimilinganiselo emininzi ye-hafnium, kwaye inokukhalela inaliti ye-hafdium ye-hafdium ye-hafdium ye-HOFYLLLL2 HOOCK kwi-crystals e-Acidium
I-4-valentium ye-valen i-hafnium ikwathambekele ukwenza i-fluorides kunye ne-k2hff2, k3hff7, (nh4) i-2hff6, kunye (NH4) 3hff7. Ezi zinto zintle zisetyenziselwe ukwahlula i-ziirconium kunye ne-hafnium.
Imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo:
Hafnium diokside: igama hafnium diokside; Hafnium diokside; Ifomula yemolekyula: i-HFO2 [4]; IPROST: IPOLDER ENGCITER ENCWANGCISO YOKUGQIBELA: I-Monoclinic, iTetragonal, kunye neCubic. Izinto ezixineneyo ziyi-10.3, 10.1, kunye ne-10.43G / CM3, ngokulandelelana. Inqaku lokunyibilika 2780-2920k. Inqaku lokubila i-5400k. I-themer yokwandiswa kwe-thermal coofmi 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. I-infloble emanzini, i-hydrochloric acid, kunye ne-nitric acid, kodwa inyibilikisi kwi-acid egxile kwi-acid kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid. Iveliswe yi-hermal deoction okanye i-hydrolysis yemigaqo efana ne-hafnium sulfate kunye ne-hafnium oxynchloride. Izinto ezingafunekiyo zokuveliswa kwe-alfnium yensimbi kunye ne-hafnium. Isetyenziswe njengezixhobo zokutsha, i-antics yereyithi yerediyo, kunye ne-catalysts. . Ukuqala ukusuka kwi-chlority yesibini, iinkqubo zokuhlanjululwa, ukuncitshiswa, kunye nokudibanisa varil phantse ziphantse zafana ne-ziirconium.
I-Hafnium Tetracheride: I-Hafnium (iv) i-chloride, hafnium ye-titrachloride formagul formula hfcl4 isisiseko semolekyuli 320.30 Inovelwano ngomswakama. Inyibilikiswe i-acetone ne-methanol. I-hydrolyze emanzini ukuvelisa i-hafnium oxynchloride (HFOCL2). Ubushushu ukuya kwi-250 ℃ kunye ne-evarate. Ukucaphukisa kwamehlo, inkqubo yokuphefumla, kunye nolusu.
I-Hafnium hydroxide: I-HAFNIUR Hydroxide (H4HFO4), ihlala ifumaneka njenge-HOOXORDECID COOX Ubushushu ukuya kwi-100 Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ezinye ii-hafnium computers.
Imbali yoPhando
UKUFUNYANWA Imbali:
Ngo-1923, iSwededi Chessist Deveys kunye neDatshi i-D. Koster yafumanisa iHafnium eNircon eNorcon kwi-Norway kunye neGreenland, eyayivela kwi-hafnium ye-hafnia yeCopenhagen. Ngo-1925, uHlobogs kunye noCoster bahlukaniswe yi-zirconium kunye neTitanium besebenzisa indlela ye-rissali yokutsalwa kwezinto ezifudumeleyo ze-hafnium; Kunye nokunciphisa ityiwa ye-hafnium nge-stallic sodium ukufumana i-hafnium ecocekileyo. U-hercy walungisa isampulu yemiligram ye-hafnium ecocekileyo.
Uvavanyo lweekhemikhali kwi-ziirconium kunye ne-hafnium:
Kwilinge eliqhutywa nguNjingalwazi Carl Collins kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas ngo-1998, kwathiwa i-GAFMIUS ye-hafnium ye-178M2 . Ingxelo kaCollins ithi igram enye ye-HF178m2 (i-hafnium 178M2) iqulethe malunga ne-1330 Megajoules, elingana namandla okuqhuma kweekhilogramu ze-TNT. Ingxelo kaCollins ibonisa ukuba onke amandla kule ndlela ayakhutshwa kwifom ye-X-rays okanye i-GAMMA ROSS, ethi ikhuphe amandla ngereyithi ngokukhawuleza, i-HF178m2 [9] IPentagon yabele imali yophando. Kuvavanyo, umlinganiso wengxolo wawusezantsi kakhulu (ngeempazamo ezibalulekileyo), kwaye ukusukela ngoko, ngaphandle kovavanyo lwe-United States kwi-United States ye-United States. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Inne Gay Ukukhuphela ukukhupha amandla kwi-HF178m2 (Hafnium 178m2) [15], kodwa ezinye izazinzulu zingqinisiswe ngokwenyani ukuba le ndlela yokuphendula ayinakufezekiswa. [16] hf178M2 (Hafnium 178m2) ukholelwa ngokubanzi kwindawo yezifundo ukuba angabi ngumthombo wamandla
Intsimi yesicelo:
I-Hafnium iluncedo kakhulu ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ekupheliseni ii-elektroni, ezinje nge-filided kwizibane ze-incandest. Isetyenziswe njenge-cathode ye-X-tubes ye-X-ray, kunye ne-Alfys ye-hafnium kunye ne-tungsten okanye i-molybdenum isetyenziswa njengee-eleckere ze-tubes eziphezulu. Iqhelekile isetyenziswa kwishishini le-Canode kunye ne-tungsten wire wire yemveliso ye-X-rays. I-hafnium emsulwa yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini le-Atomic ngenxa yeplasitiki yayo, isebenza ngokulula, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokunganyangeki. I-Hafnium inecandelo elikhulu le-thermal neutron kwaye liyinto efanelekileyo ye-neutron ye-neutron, enokusetyenziswa njengentonga yokulawula kunye nesixhobo esikhuselayo se-Atomic Reactors. I-hafnium powder inokusetyenziswa njengepromplathi yamarokethi. I-Cathode yeetyhubhu ze-X-ray ingenziwa kumzi-mveliso wombane. I-Hafnium Allow inokusebenza njengoluhlu olukhuselekileyo lwe-rocket ye-rocket kunye nenqwelomoya, ngelixa i-HFE TALDES, ngelixa i-HF TALY inokusetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zentsimbi kunye nezixhobo zokuxhathisa. I-Hafnium isetyenziswa njengento eyongeziweyo kwi-alloys enganyangeki, enje nge-tungsten, molybdenum, kunye ne-tantalelom. I-HFC inokusetyenziswa njengesongezo sezinto ezinzima ngenxa yobunzima bayo kunye nokunyibilika. Indawo yokunyibilika ye-4tachfc imalunga ne-4215 ℃, iyenza iqula lelona xesha liphezulu lokutsala. I-Hafnium inokusetyenziswa njengemigangatho kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokunyuka kwamaxabiso. I-hafnium ye-hafnium inokususa iigesi ezingafunekiyo njengeoksijini kunye ne-nitrogen ekhoyo kwinkqubo. I-Hafnium ihlala isetyenziswa njengeoli kwi-oyile ye-hydraulic ukuthintela ukuzibongoza kweoyile ye-hydraulic ngexesha lokusebenza komngcipheko omkhulu, kwaye kukho iipropathi ezinamandla zokulwa i-anting. Ke ngoko, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-oyile ye-hydraulic. Ioyile ye-hydraulic.
Inqaku le-hafnium likwasetyenziswa kwi-Intel ye-45 ye-nanoesenties. Ngenxa yokulawulwa kwe-silicon diokside (SIO2) kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukunciphisa ububanzi bokuphucula ukusebenza kwendlela, abavelisi beprosesa basebenzise i-sizics zesango. Xa i-Intel yazisa ngenkqubo yokuphucula imveliso ye-NanoMeter, nangona yenze yonke imizamo yokunciphisa ubungqingqwa besango le-Silicon ukuya kwi-1,2 i-nanometers incitshisiwe xa i-nisometers incitshisiwe xa inkcitho yangoku kunye nokungafuneki kwenkunkuma. Ke ngoko, ukuba izinto zangoku ziyaqhubeka zisetyenziswa kwaye ubukhulu buncitshisiwe, ukuvuza kwesango lesidlo sasemini kuya kunyuka kakhulu, ukuvelisa itekhnoloji ye-fallistor kwimida yayo. Ukujongana nale ngxaki iphambili, i-Intel icwangcisa ukusebenzisa izixhobo eziphezulu ze-k Xa kuthelekiswa nesizukulwana esidlulileyo seTekhnoloji ye-65nm, inkqubo ye-45nm ye-45nm yonyusa ukuxinana kwezemali kabini, ivumela ukwanda kwenani elipheleleyo lendlela yokuhambisa okanye ukuncitshiswa kwevolumu yeprojektha. Ukongeza, amandla afunwayo ukutshintshela kwe-translator iphantsi, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla malunga ne-30%. Unxibelelwano lwangaphakathi lwenziwa ngocingo lobhedu lwe-kiopric kractric, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kwaye isantya sokutshintsha simalunga ne-20% ngokukhawuleza
Ukuhanjiswa kweeminerali:
I-Hafnium inenzondelelo ephezulu ye-crustal kunezinyibilikisi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa njenge-bismuth, ikhadmium, kunye ne-mercury, kwaye ilingana nomxholo ukuya eBerryllium, ne-Uranium. Zonke izimbiwa eziqukethe i-ziirconium zine-hafnium. UZircon osetyenziswa kumzi mveliso uqulethe i-0.5-20 hafnium. I-Berylium Zircon (i-alvite) kwi-birconium yesibini ye-ore inokuqulatha ukuya kwi-15% hafnium. Kukho nohlobo lwe-metamorphic niircon, i-cyrtilite, enama-5% HFO. Oovimba beeminerali ezimbini zincinci kwaye abakamkelwanga kwishishini. I-Hafnium ibuyiselwa ikakhulu ngexesha lokuveliswa kwe-ziirconium.
Ikhona kwii-i-zure ezininzi ze-ziirconium. [18] [19] Ngenxa yokuba mncinci umxholo omncinci kwi-crust. Ihlala i-quiscon kunye ne-zirconium kwaye ayinawo ore ohlukileyo.
Indlela yokulungiselela:
1. Inokulungiswa yi-magnesium yokuncitshiswa kwe-haftnium ye-haftnium ye-haftnium okanye i-themermoral ye-thermal ye-IFMONIM IIDINIDIDE. I-HFCL4 kwaye k2hff2 inokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo eziluhlaza. Inkqubo yemveliso ye-electrolytic kwi-NACL KCL4 okanye k2hff6 inyibilike ifana nemveliso ye-eirkonium.
I-2. I-Hafnium Coexists nge-ziirconium, kwaye akukho zixhobo zahlukileyo ze-hafnium. Izinto ezingafunekiyo ze-hafnium yemveliso ye-hafde hafnium oxide eyahluliweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso ye-ziirconium. Ukukhupha i-hafnium oxide usebenzisa i-ion yokutshintshiselana, kwaye emva koko usebenzise indlela efanayo ne-ziirconium ukuze ilungiselele i-hafnium ye-hafnium evela kule hafnium ye-hafnium diaside.
3. Inokulungiswa nge-hafnium ye-hafnium Tetracheride (HFCL4) nge-sodium ngokuncitshiswa.
Iindlela zokuqala zokwahlula i-ziirconium kunye ne-hafnium yayiziikristali zekristali ye-scoreficination ye-starts kunye nolinganiso lwe-phosphates. Ezi ndlela zixineneyo ukuba zisebenze kwaye zinqunyelwe ekusebenziseni i-labhoratri. Itekhnoloji entsha yokwahlula i-ziirconium kunye ne-hafnium, njengokuphathwa kweqhinga, ukutshintshelwa kweSolvent, i-Ion Assortion, ihluleke emva kwenye, ngokukhupha i-Solvent yokukhupha okungakumbi. Iinkqubo ezimbini ezisetyenzisiweyo zokwahluka ezisetyenzisiweyo yinkqubo ye-cyclocyXahexXanone kunye neRfontswali phosqhote ye-fowuni ye-Nitra. Iimveliso ezifunyenwe kwezi ndlela zingasentla yiyonke i-hafnium hydroxide, kwaye i-hafnium emsulwa i-hafnium ifunyenwe ngokuhlawulelwa. I-Hafnium ephezulu ye-hafnium inokufunyanwa yindlela yokutshintshiselana.
Kumzi mveliso, ukuveliswa kwentsimbi yentsimbi kuhlala kubandakanya zombini inkqubo ye-k yokubamba kunye nenkqubo ye-debor. Inkqubo ye-k yokubandakanya ukuncitshiswa kwe-hatocracheride ye-hatohloride isebenzisa i-mettic magnesium:
I-2mg + hfcl4- → 2mgcl2 + hf
Indlela ye-Debwer, ekwabizwa ngokuba yindlela ye-ICARTER, isetyenziselwa ukucoca isiponji njenge-hafnium kwaye ufumane i-hafnium yesinyithi.
I-5. Ukunyibilika kwe-hafnium kubaluleke ngokufana ne-ziirconium:
Inyathelo lokuqala kukungalunganga kwe-ore, ebandakanya iindlela ezintathu: i-chlority ye-ziircon ukufumana (i-ZR, HF) cl. I-alkali inyibilika ye-ziircon. I-zircon melts nge-nah nge-600, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-90% ye (ZR, HF) o Uguqulwe kwi-NASO iguqulwe ibe yi-Nasio, echithwe emanzini ukuze isuswe. I-NA Nangona kunjalo, ubukho be-siol colloids yenza isahlulelo sokukhutshelwa kweselvent kube nzima. Isono nge-ksif kwaye inyathela emanzini ukuze ufumane i-k (ZR, HF) F Isisombululo sinokwahlula i-ziirconium kunye ne-hafnium nge-crystal yokuqhawula;
Inyathelo lesibini kukwahlulahlula i-ziirconium kunye ne-hafnium, enokuthi ifezekiswe kusetyenziswa iindlela zokwahlulahlulahlula-hlula i-hydrochloric acid i-sypy (i-methyl isobyl ye-statone) inkqubo. Itekhnoloji yenqanaba lamanqanaba emigangatho yamanqanaba amaninzi usebenzisa umahluko kuxinzelelo lwe-vapor phakathi kwe-HFCL kunye ne-ZRCL Melts phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-HFCL kunye ne-Ilcl Pilts phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-HFCL kunye ne-20 le-20 kudala ifundwe, inciphisa iindleko. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yengxaki ye-colosion ye (ZR, HF) Cl kunye ne-HFL, akukho lula ukufumana izinto ezilungelelanisiweyo zenxalenye, kwaye ziya kunciphisa i-ZRCL kunye ne-HFCL, ukwandisa iindleko zokucoca. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, yayisekwinqanaba lokuvavanywa kwesiPhakathi phakathi;
Inqanaba lesithathu liyi-chlority ye-HFO yokufumana i-hfcl ye-hfcl yokuncitshiswa;
Inqanaba lesine kukuhlanjululwa kwe-HFCL kunye nokuncitshiswa kweMagnesium. Le nkqubo iyafana nokucocwa kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-ZRCL, kunye nemveliso egqityiweyo egqityiweyo yi-haarne sponge hafnium;
Inyathelo lesihlanu kukufumana i-valuum distric sponge hafnium ukuze isuse i-MGCL kwaye iphinde ibuyise i-magnesis yentsimbi engaphezulu, ekhokelela kwimveliso egqityiweyo ye-sponge sconge hafnium hafnium hafnium. Ukuba iarhente yokuncitshiswa isebenzisa i-sodium endaweni ye-magnesium, inyathelo lesihlanu kufuneka itshintshelwe ukuntywiliselwa kwamanzi
Indlela yokugcina:
Gcina kwindawo epholileyo nenomoya. Hlala kude neentlantsi kunye nemithombo yobushushu. Ifanele igcinwe ngokwahlukeneyo kwii-oxidants, i-acids, ii-halogens, njl njl. Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya kwesibane kunye nezixhobo zomoya. Thintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoomatshini kunye nezixhobo ezithambekele kwiintlantsi. Indawo yogcino kufuneka ixhotywe ngezinto ezifanelekileyo zokuvuza.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UPE-25 ukuya ku-2023