Gadolinium, isiqalelo sama-64 soluhlu lweperiodic.
I-Lanthanide kwitheyibhile ye-periodic yintsapho enkulu, kwaye iimpawu zabo zeekhemikhali zifana kakhulu nomnye, ngoko kunzima ukuhlukana. Ngo-1789, usokhemisti waseFinland uJohn Gadolin wafumana ioxide yesinyithi waza wafumanisa ioksidi yomhlaba yokuqala enqabileyo.Yttrium(III) oxidengokuhlalutya, ukuvula imbali yokufunyanwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ngowe-1880, isazinzulu saseSweden uDemeriak wafumanisa izinto ezimbini ezitsha, enye yazo eyathi kamva yaqinisekiswa ukuba yiyosamarium, kwaye enye yachongwa ngokusemthethweni njengento entsha, i-gadolinium, emva kokuhlanjululwa yikhemisti yaseFransi uDebuwa Bodeland.
Isiqalelo seGadolinium sisuka kwisilicon beryllium gadolinium ore, enexabiso eliphantsi, ethambileyo kukwakheka kwayo, ilungile kwi-ductility, imagnethi kubushushu begumbi, kwaye iyinto esebenzayo enqabileyo yomhlaba. Izinzile ngokwentelekiso kumoya owomileyo, kodwa ilahlekelwa kukubengezela kwayo kukufuma, yenze iflake ekhululekileyo necandeke lula njengeeoxides ezimhlophe. Xa itshiswe emoyeni, inokuvelisa iioksidi ezimhlophe. Igadolinium ithatha kancinane ngamanzi kwaye inokunyibilika kwiasidi yenze iityuwa ezingenambala. Iimpawu zayo zeekhemikhali zifana kakhulu nezinye iLanthanide, kodwa iimpawu zayo ezibonakalayo kunye nemagnethi zahluke kancinane. I-Gadolinium yiParamagnetism kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi kunye ne-ferromagnetic emva kokupholisa. Iimpawu zayo zingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula iimagnethi ezisisigxina.
Ukusebenzisa iParamagnetism ye-gadolinium, i-agent ye-gadolinium eveliswayo iye yaba yi-arhente yomahluko elungileyo ye-NMR. Uphando lobuqu lwetekhnoloji yokucinga ngenyukliya yemagnethi iqalisiwe, kwaye kukho amaBhaso ama-6 eNobel anxulumene nalo. I-nuclear magnetic resonance ibangelwa ikakhulu kukushukuma kwe-atomic nuclei, kwaye intshukumo ye-spin yeenuclei zeathom ezahlukeneyo iyahluka. Ngokusekwe kumaza e-electromagnetic akhutshwa kukuthomalalisa okwahlukileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zolwakhiwo, indawo kunye nohlobo lwenuclei yeathomu eyenza le nto inokumiselwa, kwaye umfanekiso wesakhiwo wangaphakathi wento unokuzotywa. Phantsi kwesenzo sommandla wemagnethi, umqondiso weteknoloji yokucinga ngenyukliya yemagnethi iphuma kwi-spin yeenuclei ezithile zeathom, ezifana ne-hydrogen nuclei emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nuclei zikwazi ukujikeleza zifudunyezwa kumhlaba we-RF weresonance yemagnethi, efana neoveni yemicrowave, edla ngokwenza buthathaka umqondiso wetekhnoloji yokucinga ngemagnethi. I-Gadolinium ion ayinayo kuphela i-Spin enamandla kakhulu yomzuzu wamagnetic, onceda ukujikeleza kwe-nucleus ye-athomu, iphucula ukuqondwa kwamathuba ezicubu ezigulayo, kodwa kwakhona igcina ipholile ngokumangalisayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-gadolinium inetyhefu ethile, kwaye kwiyeza, i-chelating ligands isetyenziselwa ukufaka i-gadolinium ion ukuthintela ukuba bangene kwizicubu zomntu.
I-Gadolinium inefuthe elinamandla le-magnetocaloric kwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye ukushisa kwayo kuyahluka kunye nobukhulu bomhlaba wamagnetic, ozisa isicelo esinomdla - ifriji yamagnetic. Ngethuba lenkqubo yefriji, ngenxa yokuqhelaniswa kwe-dipole yamagnetic, i-magnetic material iya kutshisa phantsi kwendawo ethile yangaphandle yamagnetic. Xa i-magnetic field isusiwe kwaye ifakwe i-insulated, ubushushu bezinto eziphathekayo buyancipha. Olu hlobo lokupholisa kwamagnetic lunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweefriji ezifana neFreon kunye nokupholisa ngokukhawuleza. Okwangoku, ihlabathi lizama ukuphuhlisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-gadolinium kunye ne-alloys yayo kule ntsimi, kwaye ivelise i-cooler encinci kunye esebenzayo. Ngaphantsi kokusetyenziswa kwe-gadolinium, ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu bunokufezekiswa, ngoko ke i-gadolinium yaziwa ngokuba "yeyona ntsimbi ibanda kakhulu emhlabeni".
I-Gadolinium isotopes Gd-155 kunye ne-Gd-157 zinelona candelo likhulu le-thermal neutron Absorption cross cross phakathi kwazo zonke ii-isotopi zeNdalo, kwaye zingasebenzisa umlinganiselo omncinci we-gadolinium ukulawula ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Ke, i-gadolinium esekwe kwi-reactors yamanzi alula kunye ne-gadolinium Control rod yazalwa, enokuphucula ukhuseleko lwezixhobo zenyukliya ngelixa inciphisa iindleko.
I-Gadolinium nayo ineempawu ezibalaseleyo zamehlo kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-isolator yamehlo, efana ne-diode kwiisekethe, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-diode ezikhupha ukukhanya. Olu hlobo lwe-diode ekhupha ukukhanya aluvumeli nje ukukhanya ukuba kudlule kwelinye icala, kodwa luvimbela ukubonakaliswa kwe-echoes kwi-fiber optical, ukuqinisekisa ukucoceka kokuhanjiswa kwesignali ye-optical kunye nokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwamaza okukhanya. I-Gadolinium gallium garnet yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-substrate zokwenza i-isolator zamehlo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-06-2023