Inqaku le-Holmium kunye neendlela zokufunyanwa eziqhelekileyo
Kwitheyibhile yamaxesha eekhemikhali, kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yiyoiHolmium, yintsimbi enqabileyo. Le nto iqinile kubushushu begumbi kwaye inendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika kunye nendawo yokubila. Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyiyo eyona nto inomdla kwi-Holmium. Umtsalane wayo wokwenyani ulele kwinto yokuba xa inemincili, ikhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Inqaku le-Holmium kule meko inomdla lifana ne-gem eluhlaza ye-gem, entle kwaye ingaqondakali. Abantu banembali emfutshane yokuqonda yengqondo ye-Holmium. Ngelixa ufunda ukungangqinelani i-Eriby, uqhele i-Holmium ngokususayttriumkwayeIsikali. Wawubiza ngokuba yi-billia bit homia (igama lesiLatin leStockholm) kunye nento eluhlaza ye-tulia. Emva koko uqhubeke ngempumelelo i-dysprosium yedysprosium eyahlulahlula i-Holmium eyahlukileyo.n itheyibhile yexesha lezinto zemichiza, i-Holmium ineempawu ezizodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa. I-Holmium yindawo enqabileyo yomhlaba enama-magnetim eyomeleleyo kakhulu, ngoko ke ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto zemagnethi. Kwangelo xesha, uHolmium wayenesalathiso esiphakamileyo sokwenza impinda, esenza ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokwenza izixhobo zamehlo kunye neentsinga ezibonakalayo. Ukongeza, uHolmium waphinda wenza indima ebalulekileyo kumacandelo amayeza, amandla, kunye nokukhusela isisingqongileyo. Namhlanje, masihambe siye kweli nqanaba lomlingo kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo - iHolmium. Jonga iimfihlakalo zayo kwaye uzive igalelo lakhe elikhulu kuluntu.
Amasimi esetyenziswayo yento yeHolmium
I-Holmium yindawo yemichiza enenombolo yeatomic ye-67 kwaye yeyothotho lweLanthanide. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwiinkalo zezicelo ze-Holmium:
1. I-Holmium Magnet:I-Holmium ineepropathi ezintle kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo sokwenza amakhathisi. Ingakumbi kumaqondo aphezulu ophando oPhezulu loPhononongo loPhando, i-Holmium Magnets ihlala isetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-Superconders ukuphucula indawo yemagnethi ye-supercondi.
2. Iglasi yeHolmium:I-Holmium inokunika iipropathi ezikhethekileyo zeglasi kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-Holmium yeglasi yeglasi. I-Holmium Lasers isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kumayeza nawo ishishini, kwaye inokusetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo zedwa, ukusika izinyithi kunye nezinye izinto, njl.njl.
3. Imveliso yeNyukliya:I-SORLIIUR ye-isotouium ye-Ilmium-165 inecandelo le-neutron eliphezulu le-neutron kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-Neutron Burgs kunye nokusasazwa kwamandla kwe-nuclear.
4. Izixhobo ze-OpticalI-Holmium ikwanokufumana ezinye izicelo kwizixhobo ze-failical, ezinje nge-Poevegaides, iifoto, iimodyuli, njl. Njl.
5. Izinto zeFluorescent:I-Holmium Compows inokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zeFluorescent ukwenza izibane zeFluorescent, i-Fluorescent Sysplescent Sys kunye nezixhobo zeFluorescent.6. I-Alloys yentsimbi:I-Holmium inokongezwa kwezinye izinyithi ukwenza izabelo zokuphucula uzinzo lobushushu, ukuxhathisa i-scodion kunye nokusebenza kwe-welding yentsimbi. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza iinjini zenqwelomoya, injini yemoto kunye nezixhobo zemichiza. I-Holmium inesicelo esibalulekileyo kwimagnethi, iiglasi zeglasi, umzi-mveliso we-Nurglear, izixhobo zokukhanya, izixhobo zeFluorescent kunye ne-Fluoscent kunye ne-alloys yentsimbi.
Iipropathi zomzimba zezinto zeHolmium
I-1. Ulwakhiwo lweatomic: Ubume be-atomic ye-Holmium yenziwa ii-elektroniki ezingama-67. Kwinkqubo yayo ye-elektroniki, kukho ii-elektroni ezi-2 kwi-elektroni zokuqala, ii-elektroni ezingama-8 kwi-outter yesibini, ii-elektroni ezili-18 kwifonti yesithathu, kunye nee-elektroni zesine. Ke ngoko, kukho izibini ezi-2 ze-elektroni kulwalo lwangaphandle.
2. Ukuxinana kunye nobunzima: Ukuxinana kwe-Holmium ngu-8.78 g / cm3, ongumntu oxineneyo. Ubunzima bayo bumalunga no-5.4 mohs ubunzima.
I-3. Indawo yokunyibilika kunye nendawo yokubila: Indawo yokunyibilika yeHolmium imalunga ne-1474 degrees Celsius kunye nendawo yokubila imalunga nama-2695 degrees malunga ne-2695 degrees.
I-4. Ibonisa i-ferromagnetism kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe uphulukana ne-maynetism yalo kubushushu obuphezulu. I-magnetism ye-Holmium yenza ukuba ibalulekile kwizicelo zabazi kunye neqondo lokuphezulu kweqondo lokungasebenzi.
5. Iimpawu zokuphuma: I-Holmium ibonisa ukufunxa gca kunye nemigca yokuphuma kwi-vectum ebonakalayo. Imigca yayo yokukhupha ikakhulu ibekwe kwi-Green kwaye ibomvu i-ranges, ikhokelela kwii-compons ze-Holmium zihlala zinemibala eluhlaza okanye ebomvu.
I-6. Ukuyekiswa kwe-thermal: I-Holmium inenkcitho ephezulu ye-16.2 w / m · salvin. Oku kwenza ukuba i-Holmium ixabiseke kwezinye izicelo ezifuna ukuqhubela phambili kwengqondo. I-Holmium sisinyithi esinobunzima obuphezulu, ubunzima kunye ne-magnetism. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimiqathango, amaqondo aphezulu obushushu, i-spectroscopy kunye nokuqhutywa kwengqondo.
Iipropathi zeekhemikhali zeHolmium
1. Ukuhlawulwa kwakhona: I-Holmium sisinyithi esizinzileyo esisebenza kancinci ngeyona nto ingekho mthethweni kunye nee-asidi. Ayisabi senzanga ngomoya kunye namanzi kubushushu begumbi, kodwa xa ifudumele amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, iphendula ngeoksijini emoyeni ukuze ibumbe iHolmium oxide.
I-2. Ukunyibilisela: I-Holmium inesimo sengqondo esihle kwisisombululo se-acidic sinokuphendula nge-sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid acid i-acid ehambelana neHolmium.
I-3. Indawo ye-oxidation: Imo ye-oxidotion ye-Holmium ihlala ingama-23. Ingayenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziko, ezinjengeeside (Ho2o3), chloride (Hocl3), i-sulftes (Ho2 (i-SO4) 3).
I-4. I-SPROSGES: I-Holmium inokwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezahlulo, ezona zixhaphakileyo zezinto ezifumanekayo kwi-Holmium (III) i-Ions. Ezi zinto zintle zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhlalutyo lweekhemikhali, i-catalysts kunye nophando lwe-biochemical.
5. Ukuhlawulwa kwakhona: IHolmium ihlala ibonakalisa ukuphinda isebenze ngokutsha kwimeko yesimo seekhemikhali. Inokuthatha inxaxheba kwiindidi ezininzi zokuphendula kweekhemikhali ezinjengokuphendula okuncitshiswa kwe-oxidation, ukuphendula ngonxibelelaniso, kunye nokuphendula okuntsonkothileyo. I-Holmium sisinyithi esizinzileyo, kwaye iipropathi zayo zekhemikhali ziboniswa ikakhulu ekukhuleni kwendawo ephantsi, i-solubious elungileyo, amazwe ahlukeneyo, kunye nokwenziwa kwee-oxidition, kunye nokwenziwa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi mpawu zenza i-Holmium isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngokuphendula kweekhemikhali, ulungelelaniso lwe-chemistry, kunye nophando lwe-biochemical.
Iipropathi zebhayoloji zeHolmium
Ipropathi yebhayoloji ye-Holmium ibizifundiswe kancinci, kwaye ulwazi esilumkileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku lincinci. Oku kulandelayo zezinye zeepropathi ze-Holmium kwizinto eziphilayo:
I-1. I-Bioaaint: I-Holmium inqabile kwindalo, ke umxholo wayo kwizinto eziphilayo uphantsi kakhulu. I-Holmium inesimo sebhayili engafumanekiyo, oko kukuthi, amandla omzimba okufaka kwaye afumane i-Holmium alinganiselwe, eso sesizathu sokuba i-Holmium emzimbeni iqondwe ngokupheleleyo ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo.
2. Umsebenzi wemibuzo: Nangona kukho ulwazi olulinganiselweyo lwemisebenzi yomzimba yeHolmium, izifundo zibonise ukuba i-Holmium inokubandakanyeka kwezinye iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zebhayiloji emzimbeni womntu. Izifundo zesayensi zibonise ukuba i-Holmium inokuhambelana nempilo kunye nempilo yemisipha, kodwa indlela ethile ayiqhelekanga.
3. Ityhefu: Ngenxa yebhayili yayo ephantsi, i-Holmium iphantsi kakhulu emzimbeni womntu. Kwi-Laboratory yezifundo, ukuveza kugxininiso oluphezulu lweengcongconi zeHolmium kunokubangela umonakalo kwisibindi kunye nezintso, kodwa ityhefu yangoku ye-Holmium ayilinganiselwe. Ipropathi yebhayoloji ye-Holmium kwizinto eziphilayo azikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Uphando lwangoku lugxile kwimisebenzi yalo yobudlelane kunye neziphumo zetyhefu kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngokuqhubela phambili phambili kwezenzululwazi netekhnoloji, uphando kwipropathi yebhayoloji yeHolmium iya kuqhubeka nokwenza nzulu.
Ukuhanjiswa kwendalo kwe-Holmium
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Holmium kwindalo kunqabile, kwaye yenye yezinto ezinomxholo ophantsi kakhulu kwi-rust yomhlaba. Oku kulandelayo kukusasazwa kwe-Holmium kwindalo:
1. Ukuhanjiswa kuMbhobho woMhlaba: Umxholo we-Holmium kwi-roust yomhlaba imalunga ne-1.3PPM (eyinxalenye enqabileyo ebukhosini emhlabeni. Ngaphandle komxholo ophantsi, uHolmium unokufumaneka kumatye kunye ne-ores, ezinjengee-ores ezinezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
2. Ubukho bezimbiwa: I-Holmium ikakhulu ikhona kwi-ores ngendlela ye-oxides, njenge-Holmium Oxide (Ho2o3). Ho2o3 yiInqabile i-oxideore equlethe uxinzelelo oluphezulu lweHolmium.
I-3. Ukubekwa kwendalo: I-Holmium ihlala i-tealisas kunye nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nenxalenye yezixhobo ze-lanthen. Inokubakho kwindalo ngohlobo lwee-oxide, i-sulfsates, iikhabhothi, njl.
4. Indawo yeNdawo yokuHanjiswa: Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Holmium ikwiyunifomu yehlabathi, kodwa imveliso yayo incinci kakhulu. Amanye amazwe anezixhobo ezithile ze-Holmium, ezinjenge China, e-Australia, iBrazil, njl njl. I-Holmium inqabile ngokwendalo kwaye ikakhulu isebenza ngendlela yee-oresis kwi-ores. Nangona umxholo uphantsi, i-tealisas kunye nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwaye zinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezithile zengqondo. Ngenxa yokufunyanwa kwayo kunye nezithintelo zokuhambisa, imigodi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Holmium kunzima kakhulu.
Ukukhupha kunye nokunyibilika kwe-Holmium
I-Holmium yimbonakalo yomhlaba onqabileyo, kwaye inkqubo yayo yokusebenza kunye nokukhupha ifana nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwimveliso kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha ye-Holmium yeNqaku:
I-1. Ukukhangela i-Holmium Ore: I-Holmium inokufumaneka kwi-ores yomhlaba onqabileyo, kunye ne-ores eqhelekileyo ye-Holmium ibandakanya i-ores oxide kunye ne-ores ye-carbonate. Ezi ores zinokubakho kwizinto eziphantsi komhlaba okanye ezivulekileyo zedipozithi.
2. Ukutyumza kunye nokugaya i-ore: emva kwemigodi, i-Holmium Ore kufuneka ityunyuzwe kwaye icoceke ibe ngamasuntswana amancinci kwaye aphuculwe ngakumbi.
I-3. Ukwahlulahlula: Ukwahlulahlula i-Holmium Ore evela kwezinye izinto zokungcola ngendlela yeFlotation. Kwinkqubo yeflotion, iarhente ye-fiuent kunye ne-foam ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-Holmium Ore Dat kumhlaba olwelo, kwaye uqhube impatho emzimbeni kunye neekhemikhali.
I-4. Ukuhamba-hydration: emva kokufuduzwa, i-Holmium Ore iya kuthatha unyango lwe-hydration ukuba liyiguqule ibe yi-Holmium. Unyango lwe-hydration luhlala lubandakanya ukuphendula isisombululo se-ore nge-diille acid ukwenza isisombululo se-Holmium Acid Acid.
I-5. Ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokufakelwa: Ngokuhlengahlengisa iimeko zokuphendula, i-Holmium kwi-Holmium kwi-Inlium Acid Acid icacisiwe. Emva koko, hluma i-chacapte ukuba ukwahlula i-Holmium eqaqambileyo.
I-6. UkuCaswa: I-Holmium preciotes kufuneka ifumane unyango. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufudumeza i-Holmium ichanekile kubushushu obuphezulu ukuyiguqula ibe yiHolmium Oxide.
I-7. Ukuncitshiswa: I-Holmium Oxide iphantsi konyango lokunciphisa i-Miltic Holmium. Ngokwesiqhelo, ukunciphisa iiarhente (ezinjenge-hydrogen) zisetyenziselwa ukuncitshiswa phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu. I-8. Ukuhlaziywa: I-Holmium yentsimbi encitshisiweyo inokuqulatha ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kwaye kufuneka ihlaziywe kwaye ihlanjululwe. Iindlela zokuhlaziya zibandakanya ukukhutshwa kweSolvent, i-electrolysis, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemichiza. Emva kwezi zinto zingasentla, ukucoceka okuphezuluI-Holmium yentsimbiinokufumaneka. Ezi zinyithi zeHolmium zinokusetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwezixhobo ze-alloys, izixhobo zemagneri, ishishini leNyukliya, kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya. Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inkqubo yemigodi kunye nokukhuphela izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba inzima kwaye ifuna itekhnoloji ecekecekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokufezekisa imveliso esebenzayo nenexabiso eliphantsi.
Iindlela zokufumanisa kweNqaku leHolmium
I-1. I-Atomic Atomic spectrometry (AAS): I-Atomic Atom Spectrometry yindlela esetyenziswayo esetyenziswayo esetyenziselwa ukufunxa i-ovects yokufumanisa ukubaluleka kwe-Holmium kwisampuli. Iyikhupha isampulu ukuba ihlolwe kwilangatye, kwaye emva koko ilinganisa ubunzulu be-Holmium kwisampulu nge-spectrometer. Le ndlela ilungele ukufunyanwa kwe-Holmium kwi-goditions ephezulu.
I-2. I-Inburmat Plassions Plasma i-SPROPE SPRECTROMETRY (i-ICP-OE): I-ICP-OESURT) Ifumana isampulu kwaye iyifake iplasma ukulinganisa i-wavevent kunye nobunzulu be-Holmium ukuphuma kwi-spectrometer.
I-3. I-Isuped Spect Spectrometry (i-ICP-MS): I-ICP-MS) I-PRASSE SMERSMA I-SPOCTROMEtry yindlela enobuthathaka kakhulu kwaye isetyenziselwe uhlalutyo lohlalutyo oluphezulu kwaye lunokusetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-isotoure. Iyikhupha isampulu kwaye iyifake iplasma yokulinganisa umyinge we-Holmium kwi-spectrometer enkulu.
I-4. I-x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (xrf): I-X-R-Ray Fluorescet SpectRomapry isebenzisa i-Fluorescer isebenzisa i-Fluoresce Spectrum eveliswe yisampulu emva kokuba inoyolo umxholo wezinto. Ingakwazi ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingonakalisi i-ilfmium yomxholo kwisampulu. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiilebhu kunye namasimi ezimveliso zohlalutyo lobungakanani kunye nolawulo oluphambili lwe-Holmium. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinje ngohlobo lwesampulu, umda wokufumana umdaniso kunye nokuchaneka kokuboniswa.
Ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwendlela ye-Holmium ye-Atomic Atomic
Kwimilinganiselo yenqaku, indlela ye-atomic ye-atomic ineemvakalelo eziphezulu kunye nemvakalelo, kwaye ibonelela ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokufunda iipropathi zekhemikhali, ubume bezinto ezihlanganisiweyo zokulinganisa umxholo we-Holmium. Amanyathelo athile ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Lungiselela isampulu ukuba ilinganiswe. Lungiselela isampulu ukuba ilinganiswe kwisisombululo, efuna ukuba ifakwe i-acid exubeneyo yenqanaba elilandelayo. Khetha i-atomic efanelekileyo ye-atomic. Ngokweepropathi zesampulu yokulinganiswa kwaye uluhlu lwe-Holmium umxholo ukuze ulinganiswe, khetha i-Atomic efanelekileyo ye-Atomic. Lungisa iiparamitha ze-Atomic Atomic AnsorMometer. Ngokwenyani yokulinganiswa kunye nemodeli yesixhobo, hlengahlengisa iiparamitha ze-atomic arutic spectrometer, kubandakanya umthombo wokukhanya, i-atomizer, njl. Njl. Beka isampulu ukuba ilinganiswe kwi-atomizer, kwaye ikhuphe imitha yokukhanya enamaza athile ngomthombo wokukhanya. Into ye-Holmium ekufuneka ilinganiswe iya kuthatha i-radious yokukhanya kwaye ivelise uluhlu lwamandla. Linganisa ukufunxa kwe-Holmium ngomgcini. Bala umxholo we-Holmium. Ngokutsho kwe-absenbed kunye nejika eliqhelekileyo, umxholo we-Holmium ubaliwe. Oku kulandelayo ziiparamitha ezithile ezisetyenziswa sisixhobo sokulinganisa i-Holmium.
I-Holmium (Ho) Inqanaba: I-Holmium Oxide (iBanga lokuhlalutya).
Indlela: ngokuchanileyo nge-1.1455G HO2O3, inyibilikisele i-20ml 5ML ye-Hydrochloric Acid, i-tilute i-1l enamanzi, i-HOX ye-1000μg / ml. Gcina kwibhotile ye-polyethylene kude nokukhanya.
Uhlobo lwedangatye: i-nitrous oxide-acetylene, idangatye elityebileyo
Iparamitha yohlalutyo: I-Wavelength (NM) 410.4 I-Bandwidth ye-Intanethi (NM) 0.2
Icebo lokucoca ulungelelwano lwe-0.6 I-CAMEX EZIQINISEKILEYO (Ma) 6
I-voltage gold (v) i-384.5
Ukuphakama kwentloko ye-quards (mm) 12
Ixesha lokudibanisa (s) 3
Uxinzelelo lomoya kunye nokuhamba kwe-ML / ML / Min) 0.25, 5000
Uxinzelelo lwe-Nitight Oxdide kunye nokuhamba (i-MP, ML / ML) 0.22, 5000
Uxinzelelo lwe-acetylene kunye nokuhamba (MP, ml / min) 0.1, 4500
I-Countral Countral Actread Appy 0.9980
Uxiniso lweempawu (μg / ml) 0.841
Ukubala indlela yendlela eqhubekayo ye-Acidity yeSisombululo se-0.5%
I-HCL ITETY ITARY:
Ijikajika eliqinisekileyo:
Ukuphazamiseka: I-Holmium i-iod ngokuyinxenye kwi-nitic-axide-acetylene idangatye. Ukongeza i-potastium ye-potassium okanye i-potassium chloride ukuya kwi-Potassium yokugqibela ye-2000μg / ml ingathintela i-ilmium. Ngokwenyani, kuyafuneka ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yomlinganiso ngokweemfuno ezithile zendawo. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuhlalutyo kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-CADMIIM kwilebhu kunye namashishini.
I-Holmium ibonise amandla amakhulu kumasimi amaninzi anepropathi yayo eyahlukileyo kunye noluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa. Ngokuqonda imbali, inkqubo yokufunyanwa,ukubaluleka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Holmium, sinokuqonda ngcono ukubaluleka nexabiso lento yomlingo. Makhe sijonge phambili kwi-Holmium sizisa ukumangalisa kwaye siphumle kuluntu kwixesha elizayo kwaye senze igalelo elikhulu ekukhuthazeni inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobugcisa kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Ngolwazi oluthe kratya okanye i-Holmium ye-Holmium yamkelekileQhagamshelana nathi
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IXESHA LOKUGQIBELA: UNv-13 ukuya ku-2004