I-Holmium Element kunye neNdlela eziQhelekileyo zokuFumana
Kwitheyibhile yeperiodic yezinto zekhemikhali, kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yiiholmium, eyintsimbi enqabileyo. Le element iqinile kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi kwaye inendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika kunye nenqanaba lokubilisa. Nangona kunjalo, le ayisiyiyo inxalenye ekhangayo ye-holmium element. Umtsalane wayo wokwenene kukuba xa inemincili, ikhupha ukukhanya okuhle okuluhlaza. I-element ye-holmium kule meko inomdla ifana negugu eliluhlaza elikhanyayo, elihle kwaye liyimfihlakalo. Abantu banembali emfutshane yolwazi ye-holmium element.Ngo-1879, usokhemisti waseSweden uPer Theodor Klebe waqala wafumanisa i-holmium element waza wayibiza ngegama ledolophu yakowabo. Ngoxa wayefunda i-erbium engcolileyo, wafumanisa ngokuzimeleyo i-holmium ngokuyisusaiyttriumkwayescandium. Wathiya into emdaka ngebala iHolmia (igama lesiLatini leStockholm) kunye nento eluhlaza nguThulia. Emva koko wahlula ngempumelelo i-dysprosium ukwahlula i-holmium ecocekileyo. Kwitheyibhile yeperiodic yezinto zekhemikhali, i-holmium ineempawu ezikhethekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa. IHolmium yinto enqabileyo yomhlaba enemagnethi eyomeleleyo, ngoko isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza imathiriyeli yamagnetic. Kwangaxeshanye, i-holmium inesalathiso esiphezulu se-refractive, esenza ukuba ibe yimathiriyeli efanelekileyo yokwenza izixhobo zamehlo kunye neefiber zamehlo. Ukongeza, i-holmium ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo zonyango, amandla, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Namhlanje, makhe singene kule nto yomlingo enoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo - holmium. Phonononga iimfihlakalo zayo kwaye uzive igalelo layo elikhulu kuluntu.
Iinkalo zesicelo se-holmium element
I-Holmium yinto yekhemikhali enenombolo ye-athomu ye-67 kwaye yeyoluhlu lwe-lanthanide. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwezinye iindawo zesicelo se-holmium element:
1. Imagnethi yeHolmium:IHolmium ineempawu ezilungileyo zemagnethi kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu njengesixhobo sokwenza iimagnethi. Ngokukodwa kuphando oluphezulu lobushushu obuphezulu, iimagnethi ze-holmium zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-superconductors ukukhulisa imagnethi ye-superconductors.
2. Iglasi yeHolmium:IHolmium inokunika iglasi iipropathi ezikhethekileyo zamehlo kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza iilaser zeglasi yeholmium. I-Holmium lasers isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumayeza nakwishishini, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo zamehlo, ukusika isinyithi kunye nezinye izinto, njl.
3. Ishishini lamandla enyukliya:IHolmium's isotope holmium-165 ine-neutron ephezulu yokubamba icandelo lomnqamlezo kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukuguquguquka kwe-neutron kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla kwezixhobo zenyutroni.
4. Izixhobo zamehlo: I-Holmium nayo inezinye izicelo kwizixhobo ezibonakalayo, ezifana ne-optical waveguides, i-photodetectors, i-modulators, njl. kunxibelelwano lwefiber optical.
5. Imathiriyeli yeFluorescent:Iikhompawundi zeHolmium zinokusetyenziswa njengezinto ezizibane ze-fluorescent ukwenza izibane ze-fluorescent, izikrini zokubonisa i-fluorescent kunye nezibonakaliso ze-fluorescent.6. Iingxube zentsimbi:I-Holmium inokongezwa kwezinye iintsimbi ukwenza i-alloys ukuphucula ukuzinza kwe-thermal, ukumelana nokubola kunye nokusebenza kwe-welding yesinyithi. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza iinjini zenqwelomoya, iinjini zeemoto kunye nezixhobo zekhemikhali. IHolmium inezicelo ezibalulekileyo kwiimagnethi, iilaser zeglasi, ishishini lamandla enyukliya, izixhobo zokukhanya, imathiriyeli yefluorescent kunye nealloys zentsimbi.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-holmium element
1. Ubume be-athomu: Isakhiwo se-athomu ye-holmium yenziwe ngee-electron ezingama-67. Kulungelelwaniso lwayo lwe-elektroniki, kukho ii-electron ezi-2 kumaleko wokuqala, ii-electron ezisi-8 kumaleko wesibini, ii-electron ezili-18 kumaleko wesithathu, kunye nee-electron ezingama-29 kumaleko wesine. Ke ngoko, kukho izibini ezi-2 zodwa zee-elektroni kumaleko angaphandle.
2. Ubuninzi kunye nobulukhuni: Ubuninzi be-holmium yi-8.78 g / cm3, eyona nto iphezulu kakhulu. Ubunzima bayo bumalunga ne-5.4 Mohs ubunzima.
3. Indawo yokunyibilika kunye neqondo lokubila: Indawo yokunyibilika yeholmium imalunga ne-1474 degrees celcius kwaye iqondo lokubila limalunga ne-2695 degrees celcius.
4. IMagnetism: IHolmium yintsimbi enemagnethi elungileyo. Ibonisa i-ferromagnetism kumaqondo aphantsi, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ilahlekelwa yimagnetism kumaqondo aphezulu. I-magnetism ye-holmium yenza ukuba ibaluleke kwizicelo zemagneti kunye nophando oluphezulu lobushushu obuphezulu.
5. Iimpawu zeSpectral: I-Holmium ibonisa imigca ecacileyo yokufunxa kunye ne-emission kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo. Imigca yayo yokukhupha ifumaneka ikakhulu kuluhlu oluluhlaza kunye nobomvu bembonakalo, okukhokelela kwiikhompawundi zeholmium zihlala zinemibala eluhlaza okanye ebomvu.
6. I-Thermal conductivity: I-Holmium ine-thermal conductivity ephezulu malunga ne-16.2 W/m·Kelvin. Oku kwenza ukuba i-holmium ixabiseke kwezinye izicelo ezifuna i-thermal conductivity egqwesileyo. I-Holmium yintsimbi enoxinano oluphezulu, ukuqina kunye nemagnethi. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimagnethi, i-high-temperature superconductors, i-spectroscopy kunye ne-thermal conductivity.
Iimpawu zeKhemikhali ze-holmium
1. Ukuphinda kusebenze: IHolmium sisinyithi esizinzileyo esisebenza ngokucothayo kunye nezinto ezininzi ezingezizo ezentsimbi kunye neeasidi. Ayisebenzi emoyeni nangamanzi kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, kodwa xa ifudunyezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo, idibana neoksijini esemoyeni yenze iholmium oxide.
2. I-Solubility: I-Holmium ine-solubility efanelekileyo kwi-acidic solutions kwaye inokusabela nge-concentrated sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid kunye ne-hydrochloric acid ukuvelisa i-holmium salts ehambelanayo.
3. Imeko ye-oxidation: Imeko ye-oxidation ye-holmium idla ngokuba yi +3. Inokwenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zeekhompawundi, njengee-oxides (Ho2O3iikloridi (HoCl3iisulfates (Ho2(SO4)3), njl. Ukongeza, i-holmium inokuphinda ibonise iindawo ze-oxidation ezifana ne-+2, +4 kunye ne-+5, kodwa ezi ndawo zokuxilisa azixhaphakanga kangako.
4. Ii-Complexes: I-Holmium inokwenza iindidi ezahlukeneyo, ezona ziqhelekileyo ziyi-complex ezisekelwe kwi-holmium (III) ion. Ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhlalutyo lweekhemikhali, i-catalysts kunye nophando lwe-biochemical.
5. I-Reactivity: I-Holmium idla ngokubonisa ukuphinda kusebenze kancinci kwiikhemikhali. Inokuthatha inxaxheba kwiindidi ezininzi zeekhemikhali ezifana neempendulo zokunciphisa i-oxidation, ukusabela kokulungelelanisa, kunye neempendulo ezinzima. I-Holmium sisinyithi esizinzile ngokwentelekiso, kwaye iipropathi zayo zeekhemikhali zibonakaliswa ikakhulu kwi-reactivity ephantsi ngokwentelekiso, ukunyibilika kakuhle, iimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-oxidation, kunye nokwakheka kwee-complexes ezahlukeneyo. Ezi mpawu zenza i-holmium isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-chemical reaction, i-chemistry yokulungelelanisa, kunye nophando lwe-biochemical.
Iimpawu zebhayoloji ze-holmium
Iimpawu zebhayoloji ze-holmium zifundwe kancinci, kwaye ulwazi esilwaziyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku lulinganiselwe. Ezi zilandelayo zezinye zeempawu zeholmium kwizinto eziphilayo:
1. I-Bioavailability: I-Holmium inqabile ngokwendalo, ngoko umxholo wayo kwizinto eziphilayo uphantsi kakhulu. I-Holmium ine-bioavailability embi, oko kukuthi, amandla omntu okutya kunye nokufunxa i-holmium alinganiselwe, esinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni imisebenzi kunye nemiphumo ye-holmium emzimbeni womntu ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo.
2. Umsebenzi we-Physiological: Nangona ulwazi olulinganiselwe lwemisebenzi ye-physiological ye-holmium, uphando lubonise ukuba i-holmium inokubandakanyeka kwezinye iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical emzimbeni womntu. Izifundo zenzululwazi zibonise ukuba i-holmium inokunxulumana nempilo yamathambo kunye nezihlunu, kodwa indlela ethile ayikacaci.
3. Ubutyhefu: Ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-bioavailability ephantsi, i-holmium inetyhefu ephantsi kumzimba womntu. Kwizifundo zezilwanyana zaselabhoratri, ukuba sesichengeni kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lweekhompawundi ze-holmium kunokubangela umonakalo othile esibindini nasezintso, kodwa uphando lwangoku malunga netyhefu ebukhali kunye nengapheliyo ye-holmium ilinganiselwe. Iimpawu zebhayoloji ze-holmium kwizinto eziphilayo azikaqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Uphando lwangoku lujolise kwimisebenzi yalo enokwenzeka ye-physiological kunye nemiphumo eyityhefu kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngokuqhubela phambili okuqhubekayo kwesayensi kunye neteknoloji, uphando malunga neempawu zebhayoloji ze-holmium ziya kuqhubeka zinzulu.
Ukuhanjiswa kwendalo kwe-holmium
Ukusasazwa kwe-holmium kwindalo kunqabile kakhulu, kwaye yenye yezinto ezinomxholo ophantsi kakhulu emhlabeni. Oku kulandelayo kukusasazwa kwe-holmium kwindalo:
1. Ukusasazwa kuqweqwe lomhlaba: Umxholo we<em>holmium kuqweqwe lomhlaba umalunga ne-1.3ppm (iinxalenye ngesigidi), nto leyo enqabileyo ngokwentelekiso kumhlaba. Nangona isezantsi, iholmium inokufunyanwa kwamanye amatye nakwintsimbi ekrwada, njengentsimbi ekrwada enezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
2. Ubukho kwiiminerali: I-Holmium ikhona ikakhulu kwi-ores ekwimo yeeoxides, ezifana ne-holmium oxide (Ho2O3). Ho2O3 yiioksidi yomhlaba enqabileyointsimbi ekrwada equlethe uxinaniso oluphezulu lweholmium.
3. Ukubunjwa kwendalo: IHolmium idla ngokuhlala kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nenxalenye yezinto zelanthanide. Inokuthi ibe khona kwindalo ngendlela ye-oxides, i-sulfates, i-carbonates, njl.
4. Indawo yokusasazwa kwejografi: Ukuhanjiswa kweholmium kuyafana kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa imveliso yayo ilinganiselwe kakhulu. Amanye amazwe anemithombo ethile ye-holmium ore, efana neTshayina, iOstreliya, iBrazil, njalo njalo. Nangona umxholo uphantsi, uhlala kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwaye unokufumaneka kwiindawo ezithile zejoloji. Ngenxa yokunqaba kwayo kunye nezithintelo zokusasazwa, ukumbiwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-holmium kunzima.
Ukutsalwa kunye nokunyibilikiswa kweHolmium Element
IHolmium sisiqalelo somhlaba esinqabileyo, kwaye ukumbiwa kwayo kunye nenkqubo yokukhutshwa kuyafana nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha malunga nenkqubo yokwembiwa kwemigodi neyokukhutshwa kwe-holmium element:
1. Ukukhangela i-holmium ore: I-Holmium inokufumaneka kwiindawo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kunye ne-holmium ores eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-oxide ores kunye ne-carbonate ores. Ezi ore zisenokubakho phantsi komhlaba okanye kwimingxuma yezimbiwa evulekileyo.
2. Ukutyunyuzwa nokuSila kwentsimbi ekrwada: Emva kokwembiwa kwentsimbi, i-holmium ore kufuneka icolwe kwaye icolwe ibe ngamasuntswana amancinane kwaye icocwe ngakumbi.
3. I-Flotation: Ukwahlulwa kwe-holmium ore ukusuka kobunye ukungcola ngendlela ye-flotation. Kwinkqubo yokudada, i-ejenti ye-diluent kunye ne-foam ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-holmium ore idada kumphezulu wolwelo, kwaye emva koko iqhube unyango lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali.
4. I-Hydration: Emva kokudada, i-holmium ore iya kungena kunyango lwe-hydration ukuyijika ibe yityuwa ye-holmium. Ukunyangwa kwe-Hydration ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukusabela kwe-ore kunye nesisombululo se-asidi edibeneyo ukwenza isisombululo setyuwa ye-holmium.
5. Imvula kunye nokucoca: Ngokulungelelanisa iimeko zokuphendula, i-holmium kwisisombululo setyuwa se-holmium iyancipha. Emva koko, hluza imvula ukwahlula i-holmium precipitate ecocekileyo.
6. Ukubala: I-Holmium precipitates idinga ukunyangwa ngokubala. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufudumeza i-holmium precipitate kubushushu obuphezulu ukuyiguqula ibe yiholmium oxide.
7. Ukunciphisa: I-Holmium oxide ifumana unyango lokunciphisa ukuguqula kwi-metallic holmium. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-agent zokunciphisa (ezifana ne-hydrogen) zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zokushisa. 8. Ukucokiswa: I-holmium yensimbi encitshisiweyo inokuquka ezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kwaye kufuneka zicocwe kwaye zihlanjululwe. Iindlela zokucoca ziquka ukutsalwa kwe-solvent, i-electrolysis, kunye nokunciphisa imichiza. Emva kwamanyathelo angasentla, ubunyulu obuphezuluintsimbi ye-holmiuminokufumaneka. Ezi zinyithi ze-holmium zingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa ialloys, imathiriyeli yemagnethi, ishishini lamandla enyukliya, kunye nezixhobo zelaser. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba inkqubo yemigodi kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinzima kwaye zifuna iteknoloji ephezulu kunye nezixhobo zokuphumeza imveliso esebenzayo kunye nexabiso eliphantsi.
Iindlela zokujonga i-holmium element
1. I-Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): I-Atomic absorption spectrometry yindlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yokuhlalutya ubungakanani esebenzisa i-spectra yokufunxa ye-wavelengths ethile ukumisela ukuxinwa kwe-holmium kwisampuli. Iyenza iatomize isampuli ukuba ivavanywe kwidangatye, kwaye emva koko ilinganise ubunzulu bokufunxa kwe-holmium kwisampulu nge-spectrometer. Le ndlela ifanelekile ukufunyanwa kwe-holmium kwiindawo eziphezulu.
2. I-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): I-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry yindlela ebukhali kakhulu kwaye ekhethiweyo yokuhlalutya esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuhlalutyo lwezinto ezininzi. I-atomize isampuli kwaye yenze i-plasma ukulinganisa ubude obuthile kunye nobukhulu bokukhutshwa kwe-holmium kwi-spectrometer.
3. I-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): I-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yindlela yokuhlalutya enobucayi kunye nesisombululo esiphezulu esingasetyenziselwa ukumisela umlinganiselo we-isotope kunye nohlalutyo lwento yokulandelela. I-atomize isampuli kwaye yenza i-plasma ukulinganisa umlinganiselo we-mass-to-charge we-holmium kwi-spectrometer yobunzima.
4. I-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): I-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry isebenzisa i-fluorescence spectrum eveliswa yisampuli emva kokuvuyiswa yi-X-rays ukuhlalutya umxholo wezinto. Iyakwazi ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingonakalisi umxholo we-holmium kwisampulu. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiilabhoratri nakwiindawo zoshishino ukuhlalutya ubungakanani kunye nokulawulwa komgangatho we-holmium. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nohlobo lwesampulu, umda wokufumanisa ofunekayo kunye nokuchaneka kokufumanisa.
Ukusetyenziswa okuthe ngqo kwendlela yokufunxa i-holmium atomic
Kumlinganiselo wento, indlela yokufunxa iathom inokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye novakalelo, kwaye ibonelela ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokufunda iipropathi zekhemikhali, ukwakheka kwekhompawundi kunye nomxholo wezinto.Okulandelayo, sisebenzisa indlela yokufunxa i-athomu ukulinganisa umxholo we-holmium. Amanyathelo athile anjengala alandelayo: Lungiselela isampuli ukuba ilinganiswe. Lungiselela isampuli ukuba ilinganiswe kwisisombululo, esifuna ngokubanzi ukugaywa kunye ne-asidi exutywe kwimilinganiselo elandelayo. Khetha i-spectrometer efanelekileyo yokufunxa iathom. Ngokweempawu zesampulu eziza kulinganiswa kunye noluhlu lomxholo we-holmium oza kulinganiswa, khetha i-spectrometer efanelekileyo yokufunxa i-athomu. Lungisa iiparameters zespectrometer yokufunxa iathom. Ngokwento ekufuneka ilinganiswe kunye nemodeli yesixhobo, lungisa iiparamitha ze-athom yokufunxwa spectrometer, kuquka umthombo wokukhanya, atomizer, detector, njl. Linganisa ukufunxwa kwe holmium. Beka isampuli ukuba ilinganiswe kwiatomizer, kwaye ukhuphe ukukhanya kwemitha yobude obuthile ngomthombo wokukhanya. I-holmium element eza kulinganiswa iyakufunxa ezi mitha zokukhanya kwaye ivelise utshintsho kwinqanaba lamandla. Ukulinganisa ukufunxwa kweholmium ngesixhobo sokujonga. Bala umxholo we-holmium. Ngokutsho kwe-absorbence kunye ne-curve standard, umxholo we-holmium ubalwa. Ezi zilandelayo ziiparamitha ezithile ezisetyenziswa sisixhobo sokulinganisa i-holmium.
I-Holmium (Ho) umgangatho: i-holmium oxide (ibakala lokuhlalutya).
Indlela: Ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-1.1455g Ho2O3, ichithe kwi-20mL 5Mole i-hydrochloric acid, ihlambulule kwi-1L ngamanzi, i-concentration ye-Ho kule isisombululo yi-1000μg / mL. Gcina kwibhotile ye-polyethylene kude nokukhanya.
Uhlobo lomlilo: i-nitrous oxide-acetylene, idangatye elityebileyo
Iiparamitha zokuhlalutya: Ubude bobude (nm) 410.4 I-Spectral bandwidth (nm) 0.2
I-coefficient yesihluzi 0.6 Isibane esicetyiswayo sangoku (mA) 6
Amandla ombane aphezulu angalunganga (v) 384.5
Ubude bentloko yokutsha (mm) 12
Ixesha lokudibanisa (S) 3
Uxinzelelo lomoya kunye nokuhamba (MP, mL / min) 0.25, 5000
Uxinzelelo lwe-nitrous oxide kunye nokuhamba (MP, mL / min) 0.22, 5000
Uxinzelelo lwe-acetylene kunye nokuhamba (MP, mL / min) 0.1, 4500
Umgca wolungelelwaniso i-coefficient 0.9980
Uxinzelelo lweempawu (μg/mL) 0.841
Indlela yokubala Indlela yokubala eqhubekayo Isisombululo seasidi 0.5%
Itheyibhile yomlinganiselo weHCl:
Ulungelelwaniso lwegophe:
Uphazamiseko: IHolmium ifakwe ionini ngokuyinxenye kwidangatye lenitrous oxide-acetylene. Ukongeza i-nitrate ye-potassium okanye i-potassium chloride kwi-concentration yokugqibela ye-potassium ye-2000μg / mL inokuthintela i-ionization ye-holmium. Kumsebenzi wangempela, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yokulinganisa ngokweemfuno ezithile zesayithi. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuhlalutyo kunye nokufumanisa i-cadmium kwiibhubhoratri kunye namashishini.
I-Holmium ibonise amandla amakhulu kwiinkalo ezininzi kunye neempawu zayo ezizodwa kunye noluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa. Ngokuqonda imbali, inkqubo yokufumanisa,ukubaluleka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-holmium, sinokuqonda ngakumbi ukubaluleka kunye nexabiso lale nto yomlingo. Masijonge phambili kwi-holmium ukuzisa izinto ezothusayo kunye nokuphumelela kuluntu kwixesha elizayo kunye nokwenza igalelo elikhulu ekukhuthazeni inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi okanye umbuzo Holmium wamkelekile kuQhagamshelana nathi
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