Hafniuminokwenza i-alloys kunye nezinye iintsimbi, oyena ummeli wayo yi-hafnium tantalum alloy, njenge-pentacarbide tetratantalum kunye ne-hafnium (Ta4HfC5), enendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika. Indawo yokunyibilika ye-pentacarbide tetratantalum kunye ne-hafnium inokufikelela kwi-4215 ℃, iyenze ibe yeyona nto eyaziwayo ngoku eneyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika.
Hafnium, kunye nesimboli yekhemikhali i-Hf, yinto yentsimbi ekwicandelo letsimbi yenguqu. Inkangeleko yayo yokuqala yisilivere engwevu kwaye inokukhanya kwentsimbi. Inobunzima be-Mohs be-5.5, indawo yokunyibilika ye-2233 ℃, kwaye iyiplastiki. I-Hafnium inokwenza i-oxide coating emoyeni, kwaye iipropati zayo zizinzile kwiqondo lokushisa. I-hafnium yomgubo iyakwazi ukuvutha ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni, kwaye inokusabela nge-oxygen kunye ne-nitrogen kumaqondo aphezulu. I-Hafnium ayiphenduli ngamanzi, i-dilute acids efana ne-hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, kunye nezisombululo ezinamandla ze-alkaline. Iyanyibilika kwiiasidi ezomeleleyo ezifana ne-aqua regia kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid, kwaye inokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo.
Isiqalelohafniumyafunyanwa ngo-1923. I-Hafnium inomxholo ophantsi kwi-crust yomhlaba, kuphela i-0.00045%. Ngokuqhelekileyo idibene ne-metallic zirconium kwaye ayinayo i-ores eyahlukileyo. I-Hafnium inokufumaneka kwiimigodi ezininzi ze-zirconium, ezifana ne-beryllium zircon, i-zircon, kunye nezinye iiminerali. Iintlobo ezimbini zokuqala ze-ores zinomxholo ophezulu we-hafnium kodwa oovimba abaphantsi, kwaye i-zircon iyona mthombo oyintloko we-hafnium. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, oovimba bebonke bemithombo ye-hafnium bangaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zeetoni. Amazwe anoovimba abakhulu aquka uMzantsi Afrika, iOstreliya, iMelika, iBrazil, iIndiya, kunye neminye imimandla. Imigodi yeHafnium isasazwe eGuangxi nakweminye imimandla yaseTshayina.
Ngomnyaka we-1925, izazinzulu ezimbini zaseSweden naseNetherlands zafumanisa i-element hafnium kwaye zalungiselela i-metal hafnium zisebenzisa i-fluorinated complex salt fractional crystallization method kunye nendlela yokunciphisa i-sodium yesinyithi. I-Hafnium inezakhiwo ezimbini zekristale kwaye ibonisa ukupakishwa kwe-hexagonal dense kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-1300 ℃（ α- Xa iqondo lokushisa lingaphezulu kwe-1300 ℃, libonisa njengomzimba ogxile kwi-cubic shape (β-Equation). I-Hafnium ikwanee-isotopes ezintandathu ezizinzileyo, ezizezi, i-hafnium 174, i-hafnium 176, i-hafnium 177, i-hafnium 178, i-hafnium 179, kunye ne-hafnium 180. Kwihlabathi jikelele, i-United States neFransi ngabona bavelisi bentsimbi ye-hafnium.
Iikhompawundi eziphambili ze-hafnium zibandakanyai-hafnium dioxide (HfO2), i-hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4), kunye ne-hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4). I-Hafnium dioxide kunye ne-hafnium tetrachloride ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa isinyithihafnium, i-hafnium dioxideingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-hafnium alloys, kunye ne-hafnium hydroxide ingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-hafnium. I-Hafnium inokwenza i-alloys kunye nezinye iintsimbi, oyena ummeli wayo yi-hafnium tantalum alloy, efana ne-pentacarbide tetratantalum kunye ne-hafnium (Ta4HfC5), enendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika. Indawo yokunyibilika ye-pentacarbide tetratantalum kunye ne-hafnium inokufikelela kwi-4215 ℃, iyenze ibe yeyona nto eyaziwayo ngoku eneyona ndawo iphezulu yokunyibilika.
Ngokutsho kwe "2022-2026 iNgxelo yoPhando lweMarike eNzulu kunye neeNgcebiso zeSicwangciso soTyalo-mali kuShishino lweMetal Hafnium" ekhutshwe liZiko loPhando loShishino iXinsijie, i-hafnium yentsimbi ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza imicu yesibane ye-incandescent, i-X-ray tube cathodes, kunye neprosesa yesango le-dielectrics. ; I-alloy ye-hafnium tungsten kunye ne-hafnium molybdenum alloy ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-electrode ye-tube discharge high-voltage, ngelixa i-hafnium tantalum alloy ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto zokuxhathisa kunye neentsimbi zesixhobo; Carbide carbide (HfC) ingasetyenziselwa imibhobho ye-rocket kunye neenqwelo-moya zokukhusela ngaphambili, ngelixa i-hafnium boride (HfB2) ingasetyenziselwa njenge-alloy ephezulu yokushisa; Ukongeza, i-metal hafnium inomnqamlezo omkhulu we-neutron wokufunxa kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokulawula kunye nesixhobo sokukhusela kwi-reactors ye-athomu.
Abahlalutyi bemizi-mveliso baseXinsijie bathi ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo zokuxhathisa i-oxidation, ukuxhathisa ukubola, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokucutshungulwa ngokulula, i-hafnium inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezisezantsi kwisinyithi, i-alloys, iikhompawundi kunye nezinye iinkalo, ezifana nezixhobo zombane, imathiriyeli yokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, imathiriyeli yealloyi eqinile, kunye nemathiriyeli yamandla eathom. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamashishini afana nezixhobo ezitsha, ulwazi lwe-elektroniki, kunye ne-aerospace, iindawo zokusetyenziswa kwe-hafnium zihlala zisanda, kwaye iimveliso ezintsha zihlala zivela. Ithemba lophuhliso lwexesha elizayo liyathembisa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-27-2023