HafniumUnokwenza ezinye iintsimbi, oyena mntu umele i-hafnium ye-hantntium, enje ngePentacarbide Tetrantul kunye ne-hafnium (Ta4hfc5), eyona ndawo ilula yokunyibilika. Inqaku lokunyibilika kwe-pentacarblide tetrantantm kunye ne-hafnium ingafikelela kwi-4215 ℃, iyenza ukuba ibe yinto ekhoyo ngoku neyona ndawo iphakamileyo yokunyibilika.
Hafnium, kunye nofuziso lwekhemikhali hf, yinto yesinyithi ye-metallic icandelo lentsimbi. Inkangeleko yayo yesilivere yigrey kwaye ine-metric luster. Inemimoya yobunzima be-5.5, indawo yokunyibilika kwe-2233 ℃, kwaye yiplastiki. I-Hafnium inokwenza ukuba i-oxide i-oxide emoyeni, kwaye iipropathi zalo zizinzile kubushushu begumbi. I-Hownium ye-Pownium inokuguqulela ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni, kwaye inokusabela ngeoksijini kunye ne-nitrogen kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. I-Hafnium ayiphenduli ngamanzi, i-dilute acids efana ne-hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, kunye nezisombululo ezinamandla ze-alkaline. Inyibilika inyibilikisi e-Acids eqinileyo njenge-Aqua Grejiia kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid, kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu.
Intohafniumyafunyanwa ngo-1923. I-Hafnium inomxholo ophantsi kwi-rust yomhlaba, i-0.00045% kuphela. Ihlala idityaniswa ne-ziritic zeritic ze-zitricic kwaye ayina-ores ezahlukeneyo. I-Hafnium inokufumaneka kwi-zurium yemigodi, enje ngeBerylium zeRocon, iZircon, kunye nezinye izimbiwa. Iindidi ezimbini zokuqala ze-ores zinomxholo ophezulu we-hafnium kodwa oovimba abaphantsi, kwaye uZircon ngowona mthombo ophambili we-hafnium. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi liphela, itotali epheleleyo yezixhobo ze-hafnium zingaphezulu kwe-1 yezigidi zeetoni. Amazwe anezonyango ezinkulu ziquka uMzantsi Afrika, i-Australia, i-United States, iBrazil, nenye imimandla. Imigodi ye-hafnium nayo isasazwe kwiGuangxi kunye neminye imimandla yase China.
Ngo-1925, izazinzulu ezibini ezivela eSweden naseNetherlands zafumana i-hafnium ye-hafnium kunye ne-hafnium elungiselelwe i-hafnium esebenzisa i-flooricinal ye-flooricination kunye nendlela yokunciphisa i-sodium yesodium. I-Hafnium inezakhiwo ezibini zekristali kwaye zibonisa ukupakisha i-Hoxagonal Depang kwi-1300 ℃ (α- xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphezulu kwe-1300 ℃, inika i-βic egxile (i-β- ℃- i-equation). I-Hafnium ikwanazo isotopes ezintandathu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-hafnium 174, hafnium 177, i-hafnium 178, i-Hafnium ye-178, i-Haftium ye-178, i-Haftium ye-178, iFrance ngoyena mntu uphambili.
Iikhompawundi eziphambili ze-hafnium zibandakanyahafnium dioxide (Hfo2), I-Hafnium Tetracheride (Hfcl4), kunye ne-hafnium hydroxide (h4hfo4). I-Hafnium Dioxide kunye ne-Hafnium Tetharidede inokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa intsimbihafnium, hafnium dioksideIngasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i-hafnium alloys, kunye ne-hafnium hydroxide inokusetyenziswa ukulungiselela imigaqo eyahlukeneyo ye-hafnium. I-Hafnium inokwenza izabelo ngezinye izinyithi, oyena mntu umele i-Hafnium Altal Allow, njengePentacarbide Tetrantarbide kunye ne-Hafnium (Ta4hfc5), enamanqaku aphezulu. Inqaku lokunyibilika kwe-pentacarblide tetrantantm kunye ne-hafnium ingafikelela kwi-4215 ℃, iyenza ukuba ibe yinto ekhoyo ngoku neyona ndawo iphakamileyo yokunyibilika.
Ngokwe "2022-2026 UPhando lweMakethi eNzululwazi kunye neengcebiso zotyalo-mali kwiShishini leSinyithi" ekhutshwe yiZiko loPhando lwe-Xinsjie "ikhutshwe yiZiko loPhando lwe-Xinsjee, i-Iron Ray Tube i-cathodes, kunye ne-proses yesango ; I-hafnium tungsten kunye ne-hafnium ye-hafnium ye-molybdenum ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza ityhubhu ye-intertage ephezulu, ngelixa i-hafnium ye-hafntium alwium isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zokuthintela ukunganyangeki kunye nezitho zithi; I-carbide carbide (Hfc) inokusetyenziselwa i-rocket ye-rocket kunye nezikhuselo ezizandleni zenqwelomoya, ngelixa i-hafnium boride (i-HFB2) inokusetyenziswa njengamafutha obushushu obuphezulu; Ukongeza, i-itayiti yentsimbi inecandelo elikhulu le-neutron ye-neutron kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengento yolawulo kunye nesixhobo sokukhusela ukufumana ii-atomic reactors.
Abahlalutyi beShishini abavela kwi-xiinsjee bathi ngenxa yeengenelo zayo zokunganyangeki kwe-oxidation, ukuxhathisa ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nokuncipha kobushushu, kunye nokudibanisa, kunye nezinye izinto ze-elektroniki, Izixhobo ezixhaphakileyo zobushushu, izixhobo zesabelo ezinzima, kunye nezixhobo zamandla eatom. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwamashishini anje ngezixhobo ezitsha, ulwazi lwe-elektroniki, kunye ne-aerospace, amasimi esicelo eHafnium ahlala esanda, kwaye iimveliso ezintsha zihlala zisanda. Ithemba lophuhliso lwexesha elizayo liyathembisa.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: ISE-27-2023