Nanometer izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, amandla amatsha kwinguqu kwezoshishino

I-Nanotechnology licandelo elitsha lezifundo ezahlukeneyo elaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980s nasekuqaleni koo-1990. Ngenxa yokuba inamandla amakhulu okudala iinkqubo ezintsha zokuvelisa, izinto ezintsha kunye nemveliso emitsha, iya kuqalisa inguqu entsha yezoshishino kwinkulungwane entsha.Inqanaba lophuhliso lwangoku lwe-nanoscience kunye ne-nanotechnology lifana nelo lekhompyutha kunye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi kwi-1950. Uninzi lwezazinzulu ezizibophelele kulo mmandla ziqikelela ukuba uphuhliso lwe-nanotechnology luya kuba nefuthe elibanzi nelibanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi zobuchwepheshe. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ineepropathi ezingaqhelekanga kunye nokusebenza okungaqhelekanga,Iziphumo eziphambili zokuvalelwa ezikhokelela kwiipropathi ezingaqhelekanga ze-nano ezinqabileyo zezinto zomhlaba zisiphumo esithe ngqo somphezulu, isiphumo sobungakanani obuncinci, isiphumo sojongano, isiphumo esingafihliyo, isiphumo setonela kunye nesiphumo se-macroscopic quantum. Ezi ziphumo zenza iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-nano system zihluke kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ekukhanyeni, umbane, ukushisa kunye nemagnetism, kwaye zibonise iimpawu ezininzi zenoveli.Kwixesha elizayo, kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zenzululwazi ukuphanda nokuphuhlisa i-nanotechnology: ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa. i-nanomaterials esebenza ngokugqwesileyo; Yila kwaye ulungiselele izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-nano kunye nezixhobo; Ukufumanisa kunye nokuhlalutya iimpawu ze-nano-regions. Okwangoku, umhlaba onqabileyo we-nano unezikhokelo zesicelo ezilandelayo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufuneka kuphuhliswe ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo.

Nanometer lanthanum oxide (La2O3)

I-Nanometer lanthanum oxide isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-piezoelectric, izinto ze-electrothermal, izixhobo zombane, izixhobo ze-magnetoresistance, izinto ezikhanyayo (umgubo oluhlaza), izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, iglasi ekhanyayo, izixhobo ze-laser, izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-alloy, ii-catalysts zokulungiselela iimveliso zemichiza ephilayo, kunye ne-catalysts yokungathathi hlangothi. ukukhutshwa kwemoto, kunye neefilimu zokuguqula ukukhanya kwezolimo zikwasetyenziswa kwi-nanometer lanthanum oxide.

Nanometer cerium oxide (CeO2)

Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-nano cerium oxide ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1. Njengesingezelelo seglasi, i-nano cerium oxide inokubamba imisebe ye-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared ray, kwaye isetyenziswe kwiglasi yemoto. Ayinakuthintela kuphela imisebe ye-ultraviolet, kodwa inciphisa ubushushu ngaphakathi kwemoto, ngaloo ndlela igcina umbane womoya womoya. 2. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nano cerium oxide kwi-automobile exhaust purification catalyst inokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ubuninzi begesi yokukhupha imoto ukuba ikhutshwe emoyeni.3. I-Nano-cerium oxide ingasetyenziswa kwi-pigment ukufaka umbala kwiiplastiki, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukugquma, i-inki kunye nemizi-mveliso yephepha. 4. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nano cerium oxide kwizinto zokupholisa kuye kwaqatshelwa ngokubanzi njengemfuneko ephezulu yokuchaneka kwe-silicone wafers kunye ne-sapphire single crystal substrates.5. Ukongeza, i-nano cerium oxide inokufakwa kwizinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto zombane ezitshisayo, i-nano cerium oxide tungsten electrode, i-ceramic capacitors, i-piezoelectric ceramics, i-nano cerium oxide silicon carbide abrasives, iiseli zamafutha ekrwada, izixhobo zepetroli, ezinye izixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina, iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo ze-alloy kunye neentsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous, njl.

Inanometer praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11)

Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-nanometer praseodymium oxide ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1. Isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi kwi-ceramics yokwakha kunye ne-ceramics yokusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke. Inokuxutywa ne-ceramic glaze ukwenza i-glaze enemibala, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa njenge-pigment engaphantsi kwe-pigment yodwa. I-pigment elungisiweyo iphuzi ephuzi kunye nethoni ecocekileyo kunye nenhle. 2. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane kunye neenjini. 3. Isetyenziselwa i-petroleum catalytic cracking.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha kunye nokuzinza kwe-catalysis kunokuphuculwa. 4. I-Nano-praseodymium oxide nayo ingasetyenziselwa ukupolisha kwe-abrasive. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-nanometer praseodymium oxide kwintsimi ye-fiber optical ininzi kwaye ibanzi. INanometer neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) INanometer neodymium oxide iye yaba yindawo eshushu emarikeni iminyaka emininzi ngenxa yendawo yayo ekhethekileyo kwibala lomhlaba onqabileyo. I-Nano-neodymium oxide iphinda isetyenziswe kwizinto ezingezizo i-ferrous.Ukongeza i-1.5% ~ 2.5% ye-nano neodymium oxide kwi-magnesium okanye i-alloy ye-aluminium inokuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu, ukuxinwa komoya kunye nokumelana nokubola kwe-alloy, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-aerospace. izinto zokubhabha. Ukongeza, i-nano yttrium aluminium garnet efakwe i-nano neodymium oxide ivelisa i-laser beam efutshane, esetyenziselwa ukuwelda kunye nokusika izinto ezincinci ezinobunzima obungaphantsi kwe-10mm kwishishini. Kwicala lezonyango, iNano-YAG laser doped nano-Nd _ 2O _ 3 isetyenziselwa ukususa amanxeba otyando okanye ukubulala iintsholongwane endaweni yeemela zotyando. I-nanometer neodymium oxide ikwasetyenziselwa ukufaka imibala kwiglasi kunye nezixhobo ze-ceramic, iimveliso zerabha kunye nezongezo.

I-Samarium oxide nanoparticles (Sm2O3)

Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-nano-size samarium oxide zezi: i-nano-sized samarium oxide i-yellow yellow, esetyenziswe kwi-ceramic capacitors kunye ne-catalysts. Ukongeza, i-nano-size samarium oxide ineempawu zenyukliya, kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengezinto zokwakha, imathiriyeli ekhuselayo kunye nemathiriyeli yokulawula yereactor yamandla eathom, ukuze amandla amakhulu aveliswa yi-fission yenyukliya asetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo. I-Europium oxide nanoparticles (Eu2O3) isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-phosphors.I-Eu3 + isetyenziselwa i-activator ye-phosphor ebomvu, kwaye i-Eu2 + isetyenziswe njenge-phosphor eluhlaza. I-Y0O3: I-Eu3 + yeyona phosphor igqwesileyo ekusebenzeni okukhanyayo, ukuzinza kwengubo, iindleko zokubuyisela, njl., kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokuphuculwa kokusebenza okukhanyayo kunye nokwahlukileyo. Kutshanje, i-nano europium oxide ikwasetyenziselwa ukukhutshwa kwe-phosphor kwi-X-ray entsha yenkqubo yokuxilongwa kwezonyango. I-Nano-europium oxide ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iilensi ezinemibala kunye nezihluzi ze-optical, kwizixhobo zokugcina i-bubble bubble, kwaye ingabonisa iitalente zayo izixhobo zokulawula, izinto ezikhuselayo kunye nezixhobo zesakhiwo seeathom zeathom. I-particle ecocekileyo ye-gadolinium europium oxide (Y2O3: Eu3 +) iphosphor ebomvu yalungiswa ngokusebenzisa i-nano yttrium oxide (Y2O3) kunye ne-nano europium oxide (Eu2O3) njengezinto eziluhlaza. Xa uyisebenzisa ukulungisa i-rare earth tricolor phosphor, kwafunyaniswa ukuba: (a) inokuxutywa kakuhle kwaye ifakwe ngokufanayo kunye nomgubo oluhlaza kunye nomgubo oluhlaza; (b) Ukusebenza kakuhle kokugquma; C

I-Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3)

Ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuphambili ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1. I-complex yeparamagnetic ene-soluble yamanzi inokuphucula umqondiso we-NMR wokucinga womzimba womntu kunyango lwezonyango. 2. Isiseko se-sulphur oxide singasetyenziswa njengegridi ye-matrix ye-oscilloscope ityhubhu kunye nesikrini se-X-ray ngokukhanya okukhethekileyo. 3. I-Nano-gadolinium oxide kwi-nano-gadolinium gallium garnet yeyona substrate ifanelekileyo yenkumbulo yeqamza lamagnetic. 4. Xa kungekho Camot umjikelo umda, Inokusetyenziswa njengendlela eqinileyo magnetic ukupholisa medium. 5. Isetyenziswa njengesithinteli ekulawuleni inqanaba letsheyini lokusabela kwimizi-mveliso yamandla enyukliya ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweentshukumo zenyukliya. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-nano-gadolinium oxide kunye ne-nano-lanthanum oxide kunceda ukutshintsha indawo ye-vitrification kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kweglasi ye-thermal. I-nano gadolinium oxide ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-capacitors kunye ne-X-ray yokuqinisa izikrini. Okwangoku, ihlabathi lenza imizamo emikhulu yokuphuhlisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-nano-gadolinium oxide kunye ne-alloys yayo kwifriji yamagnetic, kwaye yenza inkqubela phambili.

I-Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb4O7)

Iinkalo zesicelo eziphambili zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1. I-Phosphors isetyenziselwa i-activators ye-powder eluhlaza kwi-phosphors ye-tricolor, njenge-phosphate matrix eyenziwa yi-nano terbium oxide, i-matrix ye-silicate eqhutywe yi-nano terbium oxide kunye ne-nano cerium oxide i-magnesium aluminate matrix isebenze yi-nano terbium. oxide, apho zonke zikhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwimeko yochulumanco. 2. Izinto zokugcina iMagneto-optical, Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izixhobo ze-nano-terbium oxide magneto-optical ziye zaphandwa kwaye zaphuhliswa. I-magneto-optical disk eyenziwe ngefilimu ye-amorphous ye-Tb-Fe isetyenziswe njengento yokugcina ikhompyutha, kwaye umthamo wokugcina unokunyuswa ngama-10 ~ 15 amaxesha. 3. Iglasi ye-Magneto-optical, i-Faraday iglasi esebenza kakuhle ene-nanometer terbium oxide, yinto ephambili yokwenza ii-rotators, i-isolators, i-annulators kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-laser technology.I-Nanometer terbium oxide nanometer i-dysprosium oxide isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-sonar, kwaye iye yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi, ezifana nenkqubo yokutofa ngamafutha, ulawulo lwevalvu yolwelo, indawo encinci, i actuator yomatshini, indlela kunye iphiko lokulawula iteleskopu yendawo yenqwelomoya. Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kweDy2O3 nano dysprosium oxide zezi:1. I-Nano-dysprosium oxide isetyenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor, kunye ne-trivalent nano-dysprosium oxide yi-ion ethembisayo ye-tricolor luminescent materials kunye neziko elilodwa le-luminescent. Ikakhulu iqulathe iibhendi ezimbini zokukhupha, enye iphuma ukukhanya okutyheli, enye iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunye nezixhobo zeluminescent ezifakwe i-nano-dysprosium oxide zingasetyenziswa njenge-tricolor phosphors.2. I-Nanometer i-dysprosium oxide yinto efunekayo yentsimbi ekrwada ukulungiselela ingxubevange ye-Terfenol ene-alloy enkulu ye-magnetostrictive nano-terbium oxide kunye ne-nano-dysprosium oxide, enokuqonda imisebenzi ethile echanekileyo yokunyakaza koomatshini. 3. I-Nanometer i-dysprosium oxide yensimbi ingasetyenziselwa njengento yokugcina i-magneto-optical enesantya esiphezulu sokurekhoda kunye nokuqonda ukufunda. 4. Isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwesibane se-nanometer i-dysprosium oxide lamp.Into esebenzayo esetyenziswe kwisibane se-nano dysprosium oxide yi-nano dysprosium oxide, enenzuzo yokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omhle, ukushisa kombala ophezulu, ubungakanani obuncinci kunye ne-arc ezinzileyo, kwaye iye yaba luncedo. isetyenziswe njengomthombo wokukhanyisa kwifilimu kunye nokushicilela. 5. I-nanometer i-dysprosium oxide isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla e-neutron okanye njenge-neutron absorber kushishino lwamandla e-atom ngenxa ye-neutron enkulu yokubamba indawo enqamlezayo.

Ho _ 2O _ 3 Nanometer

Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili kwe-nano-holmium oxide ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1. Njengesongezo sesibane se-halogen yensimbi, isibane se-halogen sensimbi luhlobo lwesibane sokukhupha igesi, esiphuhliswa ngesiseko sesibane se-mercury esiphezulu, kunye neempawu zayo. ukuba ibhalbhu izaliswe ziihalides ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Okwangoku, i-iodide yomhlaba enqabileyo isetyenziswa kakhulu, ekhupha imigca ye-spectral eyahlukeneyo xa igesi iphuma.Into esebenzayo esetyenziswe kwisibane se-nano-holmium oxide yi-nano-holmium oxide iodide, enokufumana i-concentration ye-athomu yensimbi ephezulu kwi-arc zone, ngaloo ndlela. iphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemitha. 2. I-Nanometer holmium oxide ingasetyenziselwa njenge-additive ye-yttrium iron okanye i-yttrium aluminium garnet; 3. I-Nano-holmium oxide ingasetyenziswa njenge-yttrium iron aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG), ekwazi ukukhupha i-2μm laser, kunye nesantya sokufunxa kwezicubu zomntu kwi-2μm laser iphezulu. YAG0. Ngoko ke, xa usebenzisa i-Ho: YAG i-laser yokusebenza kwezonyango, ayikwazi nje ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuchaneka, kodwa nokunciphisa indawo yomonakalo we-thermal kubukhulu obuncinci. I-beam yamahhala eveliswa yi-nano holmium oxide crystal inokuphelisa amanqatha ngaphandle kokuvelisa ukushisa okukhulu, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa umonakalo obushushu obangelwa zizicubu eziphilileyo. utyando. 4. Kwi-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D, inani elincinci le-nano-sized holmium oxide nalo lingadityaniswa ukunciphisa intsimi yangaphandle efunekayo kwi-saturation magnetization ye-alloy.5. Ukongezelela, i-fiber optical ifakwe nge-nano-holmium oxide ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zonxibelelwano ze-optical fiber lasers, i-fiber optical amplifiers, i-fiber optical sensors, njl.

INanometer yttrium oxide (Y2O3)

Usetyenziso oluphambili lwe-nano yttrium oxide lulandelayo: 1. Izongezo zensimbi kunye ne-nonferrous alloys. I-alloy ye-FeCr ihlala iqulethe i-0.5% ~ 4% ye-nano yttrium oxide, enokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwe-oxidation kunye ne-ductility yezi zinsimbi ezingenasici Emva kokongeza umthamo ofanelekileyo womxube onqabileyo womhlaba ocebileyo kwi-nanometer yttrium oxide kwi-alloy ye-MB26, iipropati ezibanzi ze-alloy zazicacile. iphuculwe izolo, ingathatha indawo yealloyi ephakathi kunye neyomeleleyo ye-aluminiyam kumacandelo anoxinzelelo lwenqwelomoya; Ukongeza inani elincinci le-nano yttrium oxide yomhlaba onqabileyo kwi-Al-Zr alloy inokuphucula ukuqhutyelwa kwe-alloy; I-alloy yamkelwe ngobuninzi beefektri zocingo e-China. I-Nano-yttrium oxide yongezwa kwi-alloy yobhedu ukuphucula i-conductivity kunye namandla omatshini. 2. Izinto ze-Silicon nitride ceramic eziqulethe i-6% nano yttrium oxide kunye ne-2% ye-aluminium.Ingasetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa iinxalenye ze-injini. 3. Ukugaya, ukusika, i-welding kunye nokunye ukucutshungulwa komatshini kuqhutyelwa kumacandelo amakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-nano neodymium oxide i-aluminium garnet laser beam ngamandla angama-400 watts. 4. Isikrini se-electron microscope enziwe nge-Y-Al garnet ikristale enye inokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, ukufunxa okuphantsi kokukhanya okuthe saa, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokunxiba ngoomatshini.5. I-alloy ye-nano yttrium oxide ephezulu ye-alloy equkethe i-90% ye-nano gadolinium oxide ingasetyenziswa kwi-aviation kunye nezinye iziganeko ezifuna ukuxinana okuphantsi kunye nendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika. 6. Izinto eziphezulu zokushisa iproton conductive eziqukethe i-90% nano yttrium oxide zibaluleke kakhulu ekuveliseni iiseli zepetroli, iiseli ze-electrolytic kunye ne-gas sensors ezifuna ukunyibilika kwe-hydrogen ephezulu. Ukongeza, iNano-yttrium oxide ikwasetyenziswa njengezinto ezixhathisayo kubushushu obuphezulu, idiluent yamafutha eathom yereactor, isongezelelo semathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina kunye ne-getter kushishino lombane.

Ukongeza koku ngasentla, i-nano enqabileyo yomhlaba i-oxides ingasetyenziselwa kwimpahla yempahla yokunakekelwa kwempilo yabantu kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ukususela kwiiyunithi zangoku zophando, zonke zinezikhokelo ezithile: imisebe ye-anti-ultraviolet; Ungcoliseko lomoya nemitha ye<em>ultraviolet zichanabeke kwizifo zolusu nomhlaza wolusu; Ukuthintela ungcoliseko kwenza kube nzima ukuba izinto ezingcolisayo zibambelele empahleni; Kwakhona kufundwa kwicala lokugcinwa kwe-anti-ukufudumala.Ngenxa yokuba isikhumba sinzima kwaye kulula ukuguga, sithandwa kakhulu kwi-mildew kwiintsuku zemvula. Isikhumba sinokuthanjiswa nge-bleaching nge-nano enqabileyo yomhlaba i-cerium oxide, engelula ukuguga kunye ne-mildew, kwaye ikhululekile ukuyinxiba. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izinto zokugubungela i-nano nazo zijolise kuphando lwe-nano-materials, kwaye uphando oluphambili lujolise kwiingubo ezisebenzayo. I-Y2O3 ene-80nm e-United States ingasetyenziswa njenge-infrared shielding coating.Ukusebenza kokubonisa ukushisa kuphezulu kakhulu. I-CeO2 inesalathisi esiphezulu se-refractive kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu. Xa i-nano enqabileyo yomhlaba i-yttrium oxide, i-nano lanthanum oxide kunye ne-nano cerium oxide powder yongezwa kwi-coating, udonga lwangaphandle lunokumelana nokuguga, kuba udonga lwangaphandle luyakwazi ukuguga kunye nokuwa ngenxa yokuba ipeyinti ibonakaliswe ekukhanyeni kwelanga kunye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet. ixesha elide, kwaye inokumelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet emva kokongeza i-cerium oxide kunye ne-yttrium oxide.Ngaphezu koko, ubukhulu bayo buncinci kakhulu, kwaye I-nano cerium oxide isetyenziselwa i-ultraviolet absorber, ekulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe ukuthintela ukuguga kweemveliso zeplastiki ngenxa yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, iitanki, iimoto, iinqanawa, iitanki zokugcina ioli, njl., ezinokukhusela ngokufanelekileyo iibhodi ezinkulu zangaphandle kunye nokuthintela ukubola. , ukufuma kunye nokungcoliswa kweengubo zangaphakathi zodonga. Ngenxa yobukhulu balo obuncinci, uthuli alulula ukunamathela eludongeni.Kwaye lunokuhlanjululwa ngamanzi. Kusekho ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kwe-nano enqabileyo yomhlaba i-oxides ekufuneka iphandwe ngakumbi kwaye iphuhliswe, kwaye sithemba ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba iya kuba nekamva eliqaqambileyo.