CeO2yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Iinto yomhlaba enqabileyo i-ceriuminesakhiwo sangaphandle se-elektroniki esisodwa - 4f15d16s2. Umaleko wayo okhethekileyo we-4f unokugcina ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ukhulule ii-electron, ukwenza i-cerium ion iziphathe kwi-+3 ye-valence kunye ne-4 ye-valence state. Ke ngoko, izinto ze-CeO2 zinemingxuma yeoksijini eninzi, kwaye zinamandla amakhulu okugcina kunye nokukhulula ioksijini. Ukuguqulwa okufanayo kwe-Ce (III) kunye ne-Ce (IV) kwakhona kunika izixhobo ze-CeO2 kunye nezakhono ezizodwa zokunciphisa i-oxidation. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto ezininzi, i-nano CeO2, njengohlobo olutsha lwezinto ezingabonakaliyo, ifumene ingqwalasela ebanzi ngenxa yendawo ephezulu ephezulu, ukugcinwa kwe-oksijini egqwesileyo kunye nokukwazi ukukhulula, i-oxygen ion conductivity, ukusebenza kwe-redox, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu be-oxygen vacancy diffusion. isakhono. Okwangoku kukho inani elikhulu leengxelo zophando kunye nezicelo ezinxulumene nazo usebenzisa i-nano CeO2 njenge-catalysts, catalyst carriers okanye izongezo, amacandelo asebenzayo, kunye nee-adsorbents.
1. Indlela yokulungiselela i-nanometeri-cerium oxide
Okwangoku, iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokulungiselela i-nano ceria ziquka indlela yeekhemikhali kunye nendlela yomzimba. Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali, iindlela zeekhemikhali zinokwahlulwa zibe yindlela yemvula, indlela ye-hydrothermal, indlela ye-solvothermal, indlela ye-sol gel, indlela ye-microemulsion kunye nendlela ye-electrodeposition; Indlela yomzimba yeyona ndlela yokugaya.
1.1 Indlela yokugaya
Indlela yokugaya yokulungiselela i-nano ceria ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa ukugaya isanti, enenzuzo yexabiso eliphantsi, ubuhlobo bendalo, isantya sokucubungula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokukwazi ukusetyenzwa okuqinileyo. Okwangoku yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokucubungula kwishishini le-nano ceria. Ngokomzekelo, ukulungiswa kwe-nano cerium oxide powder polishing ngokubanzi kwamkela indibanisela yokubala kunye nokusila kwesanti, kunye nezinto eziluhlaza ze-cerium based denitration catalysts nazo zixutywe unyango lwangaphambili okanye ukunyangwa emva kokubala usebenzisa ukugaya isanti. Ngokusebenzisa ubungakanani besuntswana lesanti yokusila i-bead ratios, i-nano ceria ene-D50 ukusuka kumashumi ukuya kumakhulu e-nanometers inokufumaneka ngohlengahlengiso.
1.2 Indlela yemvula
Indlela yemvula ibhekiselele kwindlela yokulungisa umgubo oqinileyo ngemvula, ukwahlula, ukuhlamba, ukomiswa, kunye nokubala kwezinto ezikrwada ezinyityilisiweyo kwizinyibilikisi ezifanelekileyo. Indlela yemvula isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekulungiseleleni umhlaba onqabileyo kunye ne-doped nanomaterials, kunye neenzuzo ezifana nenkqubo yokulungisa elula, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Yindlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukulungiselela i-nano ceria kunye nezixhobo zayo ezidibeneyo kwishishini. Le ndlela inokulungiselela i-nano ceria kunye ne-morphology eyahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu be-particle ngokutshintsha ukushisa kwemvula, ukugxininiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ixabiso le-pH, isantya semvula, isantya esishukumisayo, i-template, njl. kunye nokulungiswa kwe-nano ceria microspheres ilawulwa yi-citrate ions. Kungenjalo, iiyoni ze-cerium zinokugqithwa yi-OH-eveliswe kwi-hydrolysis ye-sodium citrate, kwaye emva koko ifakwe kunye ne-calcined ukulungiselela i-flake njenge-nano ceria microspheres.
1.3 Iindlela ze-Hydrothermal kunye ne-solvothermal
Ezi ndlela zimbini zibhekisela kwindlela yokulungiselela iimveliso ngobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiqondo lokushisa elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo evaliweyo. Xa i-solvent yokusabela ingamanzi, ibizwa ngokuba yi-hydrothermal method. Ngokuhambelanayo, xa isinyibilikisi esisabelayo sisinyibilikisi esiphilayo, sibizwa ngokuba yi-solvothermal method. Iingqungquthela ze-nano ezihlanganisiweyo zinobunyulu obuphezulu, ukusabalalisa okulungileyo kunye neengqungquthela ezifanayo, ngokukodwa i-nano powders kunye ne-morphologies ehlukeneyo okanye ubuso obukhethekileyo be-crystal evelele. Dissolve i-cerium chloride emanzini adibeneyo, ugxobhoze kwaye ungeze isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide. Ukuphendula i-hydrothermal kwi-170 ℃ ngeeyure ze-12 ukulungiselela i-cerium oxide nanorods evezwe (111) kunye ne-110) iinqwelomoya zekristale. Ngokuhlengahlengisa iimeko zokusabela, umlinganiselo (110) weendiza zekristale kwiiplani zekristale eziveziweyo zinokunyuswa, ngakumbi ukuphucula umsebenzi wabo we-catalytic. Ukulungelelanisa i-solvent reaction kunye ne-surface ligands inokuvelisa i-nano ceria particles kunye ne-hydrophilicity ekhethekileyo okanye i-lipophilicity. Ngokomzekelo, ukongeza i-acetate ions kwisigaba samanzi kunokulungiselela i-monodisperse hydrophilic cerium oxide nanoparticles emanzini. Ngokukhetha i-solvent ye-non-polar kunye nokwazisa i-oleic acid njenge-ligand ngexesha lokuphendula, i-monodisperse lipophilic ceria nanoparticles inokulungiswa kwii-solvents ze-organic non-polar. (Jonga umfanekiso 1)
Umzobo 1 iMonodisperse spherical nano ceria kunye nenano ceria emile okwentonga
1.4 Indlela yejeli yeSol
Indlela ye-sol gel yindlela esebenzisa ezinye okanye iikhompawundi ezininzi njenge-precursors, iqhuba ukuphendula kweekhemikhali ezifana ne-hydrolysis kwisigaba solwelo ukwenza i-sol, kwaye yenza ijeli emva kokuguga, kwaye ekugqibeleni yome kunye ne-calcines ukulungiselela i-ultrafine powders. Le ndlela ifanelekile ngokukhethekileyo ukulungiselela i-multi-component multi-component nano ceria composite nanomaterials, njenge-cerium iron, i-cerium titanium, i-cerium zirconium kunye nezinye i-nano oxides ezidibeneyo, eziye zaxelwa kwiingxelo ezininzi.
1.5 Ezinye iindlela
Ukongeza kwezi ndlela zingentla, kukwakho ne-micro lotion method, i-microwave synthesis method, indlela ye-electrodeposition, indlela yokutshisa i-plasma flame, i-ion-exchange membrane electrolysis method kunye nezinye iindlela ezininzi. Ezi ndlela zinokubaluleka okukhulu kuphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-nano ceria.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-2-nanometer cerium oxide kunyango lwamanzi
I-Cerium yeyona nto ininzi kakhulu phakathi kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ezinamaxabiso aphantsi kunye nezicelo ezibanzi. I-Nanometer ceria kunye nee-composites zayo ziye zatsala ingqalelo enkulu kwintsimi yonyango lwamanzi ngenxa yommandla wabo ophezulu ophezulu, umsebenzi ophezulu we-catalytic kunye nozinzo oluhle kakhulu lwesakhiwo.
2.1 Ukusetyenziswa kweNano Cerium oxidekunyango lwaManzi nge-Adsorption Method
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngophuhliso lwamashishini afana neshishini le-elektroniki, isixa esikhulu samanzi amdaka aqulathe ungcoliseko olunje nge-ion zentsimbi enzima kunye nee-fluorine ions ziye zakhutshwa. Nakummandla wokulandela umkhondo, kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini nakwindawo ehlala abantu. Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka i-oxidation, i-flotation, i-osmosis eguqukayo, i-adsorption, i-nanofiltration, i-biosorption, njl. Izixhobo zeNano CeO2 zinendawo ethile ephezulu yendawo ephezulu kunye nomsebenzi ophakamileyo womsebenzi njengee-adsorbents, kwaye kuye kwakho iingxelo ezininzi malunga nokuhlanganiswa kwe-nano CeO2 ene-porous kunye nezixhobo zayo ezihlanganisiweyo ezine-morphologies ezahlukeneyo zokubhengeza kunye nokususa iiyoni eziyingozi emanzini.
Uphando lubonise ukuba i-nano ceria inomthamo oqinileyo we-adsorption we-F - emanzini phantsi kweemeko ezibuthathaka ze-asidi. Kwisisombululo esinogxininiso lokuqala lwe-F - lwe-100mg / L kunye ne-pH = 5-6, umthamo we-adsorption we-F - ngu-23mg / g, kunye nesantya sokususwa kwe-F - yi-85.6%. Emva kokuyilayisha kwibhola ye-polyacrylic acid resin (imali yokulayisha: 0.25g / g), ukukwazi ukususwa kwe-F - kunokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-99% xa uphatha umthamo olinganayo we-100mg / L ye-F - isisombululo samanzi; Xa kusetyenzwa ngamaxesha angama-120 umthamo, ngaphezu kwe-90% ye-F - inokususwa. Xa isetyenziselwa i-adsorb phosphate kunye ne-iodate, umthamo we-adsorption unokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-100mg / g phantsi kwe-adsorption state ehambelanayo. Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zingaphinda zisetyenziswe emva kwe-desorption elula kunye ne-neutralization yonyango, enenzuzo ephezulu yezoqoqosho.
Kukho izifundo ezininzi malunga ne-adsorption kunye nonyango lwesinyithi esinetyhefu enzima njenge-arsenic, i-chromium, i-cadmium, kunye nelothe esebenzisa i-nano ceria kunye nezixhobo zayo ezidibeneyo. I-adsorption efanelekileyo pH iyahluka kwi-ion zentsimbi enzima kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-valence. Ngokomzekelo, imeko ye-alkaline ebuthathaka kunye ne-neutral bias ineyona ndawo ingcono kakhulu ye-adsorption state ye-As (III), ngelixa i-adsorption state ye-As (V) ifezekiswa phantsi kweemeko ezibuthathaka ze-acidic, apho umthamo we-adsorption unokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-110mg / g phantsi kwazo zombini. iimeko. Lilonke, ulungelelwaniso olulungisiweyo lwe-nano ceria kunye nezixhobo zayo ezidibeneyo zinokufikelela kwintengiso ephezulu kunye namazinga okususwa kwee-ion ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi enzima kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-cerium oxide esekelwe kwi-nanomaterials nayo inomsebenzi obalaseleyo kwi-adsorbing organics kumanzi amdaka, njenge-acid orange, i-rhodamine B, i-congo ebomvu, njl. amandla e-adsorption ekususeni idayi eziphilayo, ngakumbi ekususweni kwe-Congo ebomvu, kunye nomthamo we-adsorption 942.7mg/g kwimizuzu engama-60.
2.2 Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nano ceria kwinkqubo ye-Advanced oxidation
Inkqubo ye-oxidation ephezulu (ii-AOPs ngokufutshane) icetywayo ukuphucula inkqubo ekhoyo yonyango lwe-anhydrous. Inkqubo ye-oxidation ephezulu, eyaziwa ngokuba yiteknoloji ye-oxidation enzulu, ibonakala ngokuveliswa kwe-hydroxyl radical (· OH), i-superoxide radical (· O2 -), i-oksijini ye-singlet, njl. Ngaphantsi kweemeko zokusabela kobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, umbane, isandi, ukukhanya kwe-irradiation, i-catalyst, njl. Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa i-radicals yamahhala kunye neemeko zokusabela, zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-photochemical oxidation, i-oxidation emanzi e-catalytic, i-sonochemistry oxidation, i-ozone. i-oxidation, i-electrochemical oxidation, i-Fenton oxidation, njl. (jonga umfanekiso 2).
Umzobo we-2 uHlelo kunye neTeknoloji yokudibanisa inkqubo ye-oxidation ePhezulu
Nano ceriasisixhobo esine-heterogeneous catalyst esiqhele ukusetyenziswa kwi-Advanced oxidation process. Ngenxa yoguquko olukhawulezayo phakathi kwe-Ce3 + kunye ne-Ce4 + kunye nesiphumo esikhawulezileyo sokunciphisa i-oxidation esiziswa kukufunxa komoya-mpilo kunye nokukhululwa, i-nano ceria inamandla okwenza i-catalytic. Xa isetyenziswe njengomgqugquzeli we-catalyst, inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo isakhono se-catalytic kunye nokuzinza. Xa i-nano ceria kunye nezixhobo zayo ezidibeneyo zisetyenziselwa njengezinto ezithintekayo, iipropati ze-catalytic zihluka kakhulu kunye ne-morphology, ubukhulu be-particle size, kunye neenqwelo ze-crystal eziveziweyo, eziyizinto eziphambili ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba amancinci amancinci kunye nobukhulu bendawo ethile, indawo esebenzayo ehambelanayo, kwaye inamandla amandla okwenza i-catalytic. Ikhono le-catalytic ye-crystal surface eveziweyo, ukusuka konamandla ukuya kubuthathaka, kulandelelwano (100) i-crystal surface> (110) i-crystal surface> (111) i-crystal surface, kwaye ukuzinza okuhambelanayo kuchasene.
I-Cerium oxide yimathiriyeli ye-semiconductor. Xa i-nanometer cerium oxide ihlanjululwa ngamafotoni anamandla aphezulu kune-gap yebhendi, i-electron band ye-valence iyavuya, kwaye i-transition recombination behavior iyenzeka. Oku kuziphatha kuya kukhuthaza izinga lokuguqulwa kwe-Ce3 + kunye ne-Ce4 +, okukhokelela kumsebenzi onamandla we-photocatalytic we-nano ceria. I-Photocatalysis inokufezekisa ukuthotywa ngokuthe ngqo kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphandle kokungcoliseka kwesibini, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwayo yeyona teknoloji ifundwayo kakhulu kwintsimi ye-nano ceria kwi-AOPs. Okwangoku, eyona nto iphambili kugxininiso kunyango lokuthotywa kwe-azo, i-phenol, i-chlorobenzene, kunye namanzi amdaka amayeza kusetyenziswa ii-catalysts ezine-morphology ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo ezihlanganisiweyo. Ngokutsho kwengxelo, phantsi kwendlela ephuculweyo ye-catalyst synthesis kunye neemeko zemodeli ye-catalytic, umthamo wokuthotywa kwezi zinto unokufikelela ngokubanzi ngaphezulu kwe-80%, kwaye amandla okususwa kweTotal organic carbon (TOC) inokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-40%.
I-Nano cerium oxide catalysis yokuthotywa kwezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo ezifana ne-ozone kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide yenye iteknoloji efundwa ngokubanzi. Ngokufana ne-photocatalysis, iphinda igxininise kwisakhono se-nano ceria kunye ne-morphologies eyahlukeneyo okanye iindiza zekristale kunye ne-cerium esekelwe kwi-composite catalytic oxidants kwi-oxidize kunye nokunciphisa ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo. Kwiimpendulo ezinjalo, ii-catalysts zinokubangela ukuveliswa kwenani elikhulu leeradicals ezisebenzayo ezivela kwi-ozone okanye i-hydrogen peroxide, ezihlasela ungcoliseko lwendalo kwaye zifezekiseke ngakumbi amandla okuthotywa kwe-oxidative. Ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwee-oxidants kwi-reaction, ukukwazi ukususa i-organic compounds kuphuculwe kakhulu. Kwiimpendulo ezininzi, izinga lokugqibela lokususa into ekujoliswe kuyo linokufikelela okanye lisondele kwi-100%, kwaye izinga lokususa i-TOC nalo liphezulu.
Kwindlela ye-electrocatalytic advanced oxidation, iipropathi zemathiriyeli ye-anode ene-oxygen evolution overpotential imisela ukukhethwa kwe-electrocatalytic advanced oxidation method yokunyanga izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo. Izinto ze-cathode ziyinto ebalulekileyo emisela ukuveliswa kwe-H2O2, kwaye ukuveliswa kwe-H2O2 kugqiba ukusebenza kwe-electrocatalytic advanced oxidation method yokuphatha izinto ezingcolileyo eziphilayo. Uphononongo lokuguqulwa kwezinto ze-electrode usebenzisa i-nano ceria ifumene ingqwalasela ebanzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Abaphandi ikakhulu bazisa i-nano cerium oxide kunye nezixhobo zayo ezidibeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali ukuguqula izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-electrode, ukuphucula umsebenzi wabo we-electrochemical, kwaye ngaloo ndlela bandise umsebenzi we-electrocatalytic kunye nenqanaba lokugqibela lokususa.
I-Microwave kunye ne-ultrasound zihlala zibalulekile amanyathelo ancedisayo kule mifuziselo ye-catalytic engentla. Ukuthatha uncedo lwe-ultrasonic njengomzekelo, usebenzisa amaza omsindo we-vibration kunye ne-frequencies ephezulu kune-25kHz ngomzuzwana, izigidi zamaqamza amancinci kakhulu ziveliswa kwisisombululo esenziwe nge-arhente yokucoca eyilwe ngokukodwa. La maqamza amancinci, ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo kunye nokwandiswa, ahlala evelisa i-bubble implosion, evumela izixhobo ukuba zitshintshe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zisasazeke kumphezulu we-catalyst, zihlala ziphucula ngokubonakalayo ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-catalytic.
3 Isiphelo
I-Nano ceria kunye nezixhobo zayo ezidibeneyo zinokuphatha ngokufanelekileyo i-ion kunye nezingcolisi eziphilayo emanzini, kwaye zibe namandla okusebenza okubalulekileyo kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi kwixesha elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluninzi lusekwinqanaba lebhubhoratri, kwaye ukuze kuphunyezwe ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kunyango lwamanzi kwixesha elizayo, le miba ilandelayo isafuna ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza:
(1) Ixabiso eliphezulu lokulungiselela i-nanoCeO2izinto ezisekelwe zihlala ziyinto ebalulekileyo kuninzi lwezicelo zabo kunyango lwamanzi, ezisekho kwinqanaba lophando lwebhubhoratri. Ukuphonononga iindleko eziphantsi, iindlela ezilula kunye nezisebenzayo zokulungiselela ezinokulawula i-morphology kunye nobukhulu bezinto ezisekelwe kwi-nano CeO2 kuseyingqwalasela yophando.
2 I-composite yayo kunye nemathiriyeli ye-resin okanye imathiriyeli yamagnetic iya kuba sisikhokelo sophando esiphambili sokulungiswa kwezinto kunye neteknoloji yokubuyisela kwakhona.
(3) Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo edibeneyo phakathi kwe-nano CeO2 esekelwe kwi-teknoloji yokucocwa kwamanzi kunye nobuchwepheshe bokucoca ugutyulo lwemveli luya kukhuthaza kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwe-nano CeO2 esekelwe kwi-teknoloji ye-catalytic kwintsimi yokucoca amanzi.
(4) Kusekho uphando olulinganiselweyo malunga nobutyhefu bezinto ezisekelwe kwi-nano CeO2, kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kokusingqongileyo kunye neendlela zokwenza ubuthi kwiinkqubo zokunyanga amanzi ayikagqitywa okwangoku. Eyona nkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka isoloko ibandakanya ukuhlalisana kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezininzi, kwaye ukungcola okukhoyo kuya kusebenzisana, ngaloo ndlela kutshintshe iimpawu zomphezulu kunye nobutyhefu obunokubakho benanomaterials. Ke ngoko, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokwenziwa kophando olongezelelekileyo kwimiba enxulumene noko.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-22-2023