Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyozibalulekile kuphuhliso lobuchwephesha obuphezulu njengamandla amatsha kunye nemathiriyeli, kwaye zinexabiso lesicelo esibanzi kwimimandla efana ne-aerospace, ukhuselo lwesizwe, kunye noshishino lomkhosi. Iziphumo zemfazwe yanamhlanje zibonisa ukuba izixhobo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zilawula ibala ledabi, iingenelo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zetekhnoloji zimele iingenelo zobuchwepheshe bomkhosi, kwaye ukuba nemithombo kuqinisekisiwe. Ke ngoko, imihlaba enqabileyo nayo iye yaba yimithombo yobuchule ekhuphisana noqoqosho olukhulu kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye amacebo aphambili ezinto ezibonakalayo afana nomhlaba onqabileyo ahlala ephakama kumaqhinga esizwe. IYurophu, iJapan, iUnited States kunye namanye amazwe kunye nemimandla inika ingqwalasela ngakumbi kwizinto eziphambili ezifana nomhlaba onqabileyo. Kwi-2008, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zidweliswe "njengesicwangciso sezinto eziphambili" yiSebe lezaMandla laseMelika; Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, i-European Union yabhengeza ukusekwa kwendawo yokugcina umhlaba onqabileyo; Kwi-2007, iSebe lezeMfundo laseJapan, iNkcubeko, iSayensi kunye neTeknoloji, kunye neSebe lezoQoqosho, iShishini kunye neTeknoloji, sele licebise "iSicwangciso seSicwangciso se-Element" kunye nesicwangciso se "Rare Metal Alternative Materials". Bathathe amanyathelo aqhubekayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo koovimba bemithombo, inkqubela phambili yobuchwepheshe, ukufumana izixhobo, kunye nokukhangela ezinye izixhobo. Ukuqala kweli nqaku, umhleli uya kwazisa ngokweenkcukacha imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kunye neyimfuneko yophuhliso lwembali kunye neendima zezi zinto zinqabileyo zomhlaba.
Terbium ukwinqanaba lemihlaba enzima enqabileyo, enobuninzi obuphantsi kumhlaba ongaphezulu kwi-1.1 ppm kuphela.I-Terbium oxideibalelwa ngaphantsi kwe-0.01% yomhlaba onqabileyo uwonke. Nakuhlobo lwe-yttrium ion ephezulu enzima enqabileyo yomhlaba enomxholo ophezulu we-terbium, umxholo we-terbium ubalela kuphela i-1.1-1.2% yomhlaba onqabileyo uwonke, obonisa ukuba uyinxalenye yodidi "oluhloniphekileyo" lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. I-Terbium yintsimbi yesilivere engwevu kunye ne-ductility kunye ne-texture ethambileyo, enokuthi inqunywe ivuleke ngemela; Indawo yokunyibilika 1360 ℃, indawo yokubilisa 3123 ℃, ingxinano 8229 4kg/m3. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100 ukususela ekufumaneni i-terbium ngo-1843, ukunqongophala kwayo kunye nexabiso lithintele ukusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo ixesha elide. Kuphela kwiminyaka eyi-30 edlulileyo apho i-terbium ibonise italente yayo ekhethekileyo.
Ukufunyanwa kweTerbium
Ngexesha elifanayo xalanthanumyafunyanwa, uKarl G. Mosander waseSweden wahlalutya oko kwafunyanwa ekuqaleniiyttriumkwaye yapapasha ingxelo ngo-1842, icacisa ukuba umhlaba we-yttrium owafunyanwa ekuqaleni wawungeyona i-elemental oxide, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Ngo-1843, uMossander wafumanisa i-element terbium ngophando lwakhe kwi-yttrium earth. Wathi ke omnye wabo yttrium umhlaba kunye nomnye waboi-erbium oxide. Kwada kwangowe-1877 apho yathiywa ngokusemthethweni igama elithi terbium, kunye nophawu lwesiqalelo uTb. Igama layo livela kumthombo ofanayo ne-yttrium, isuka kwilali yase-Ytterby kufutshane neStockholm, eSweden, apho i-yttrium ore yafunyanwa khona okokuqala. Ukufunyanwa kwe-terbium kunye nezinye izinto ezimbini, i-lanthanum kunye ne-erbium, kwavula umnyango wesibini ekufumaneni izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, eziphawula isigaba sesibini sokufunyanwa kwazo. Yahlanjululwa okokuqala nguG. Urban ngo-1905.
Mossander
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium
Ukusetyenziswa kweterbiumubukhulu becala ibandakanya imimandla yobugcisa obuphezulu, obunzulu bobugcisa kunye neeprojekthi ezihlaba ikhwelo lolwazi olunzulu, kwakunye neeprojekthi ezineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zoqoqosho, ezinamathemba ophuhliso anomtsalane. Ezona ndawo zisetyenziswayo zibandakanya: (1) ukusetyenziswa ngendlela yomhlaba oxubeneyo onqabileyo. Umzekelo, isetyenziswa njengesichumiso esinqabileyo somhlaba kunye nesongezo sokutya kwezolimo. (2) I-activator yomgubo oluhlaza kwiipowder ezintathu eziphambili ze-fluorescent. Izinto zale mihla ze-optoelectronic zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosphors, eyile, ebomvu, eluhlaza, nebhlowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala eyahlukeneyo. Kwaye i-terbium licandelo eliyimfuneko kwiipowder ezininzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu eziluhlaza. (3) Isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokugcina imagneto. I-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy films ezicekethekileyo zisetyenzisiwe ukwenza iidiskhi zemagneto optical ezisebenza kakhulu. (4) Ukuvelisa iglasi yemagnethi yamehlo. Iglasi yeFaraday ejikelezayo equlethe i-terbium yinto ephambili yokuvelisa ii-rotators, i-isolator, kunye nee-circulators kwi-teknoloji ye-laser. (5) Uphuhliso kunye nophuhliso lwe-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) luvule izicelo ezitsha ze-terbium.
Kwezolimo nemfuyo
I-terbium yomhlaba enqabileyoinokuphucula umgangatho wezityalo kwaye inyuse izinga lephotosynthesis phakathi koluhlu oluthile loxinaniso. I-complex ye-terbium inomsebenzi ophezulu we-biological, kunye ne-ternary complexes ye-terbium, i-Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, ineempembelelo ezilungileyo ze-antibacterial kunye ne-bactericidal kwi-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Bacillus subtilis, kunye ne-Escherichia coli, ene-antibacterial spectrum ebanzi. iipropati. Uphononongo lwezi zikhompleksi lubonelela ngomkhombandlela omtsha wophando kumachiza ale mihla abulala iintsholongwane.
Isetyenziswe kwintsimi ye-luminescence
Izinto zale mihla ze-optoelectronic zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibala emithathu esisiseko yephosphors, eyile, ebomvu, eluhlaza, nebhlowu, enokusetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala eyahlukeneyo. Kwaye i-terbium licandelo eliyimfuneko kwiipowder ezininzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu eziluhlaza. Ukuba ukuzalwa kombala onqabileyo womhlaba we-TV obomvu we-fluorescent powder uye wavuselela imfuno ye-yttrium kunye ne-europium, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuphuhliswa kwe-terbium kuye kwakhuthazwa ngumhlaba onqabileyo wemibala emithathu ephambili ye-powder fluorescent eluhlaza kwizibane. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, uPhilips wayila isibane sokuqala sefluorescent esihlangeneyo sokuqala kwihlabathi kwaye wasinyusa ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi jikelele. I-Tb3+ion ingakhupha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okunobude obungamaza angama-545nm, kwaye phantse zonke iipowders ezinqabileyo zomhlaba eziluhlaza zisebenzisa i-terbium njenge-activator.
Umgubo oluhlaza osetyenzisiweyo we-TV we-cathode ray tubes (CRTs) usoloko usekelwe kwi-sulfide ye-zinc ephantsi kunye nesebenzayo, kodwa i-terbium powder ibisoloko isetyenziswa njengombala we-TV ye-powder eluhlaza, njenge-Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, kunye neLaOBr: Tb3+. Ngokuphuhliswa kwesikrini esikhulu se-high-definition kamabonakude (i-HDTV), i-powder eluhlaza ye-fluorescent ephezulu yokusebenza ye-CRT nayo iyaphuhliswa. Ngokomzekelo, i-powder hybrid green fluorescent iye yaphuhliswa ngaphandle, equka i-Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, kunye ne-Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, ene-luminescence egqwesileyo kwi-high density yangoku.
I-X-ray fluorescent powder yesiko yi-calcium tungstate. Kwiminyaka ye-1970 kunye ne-1980, umhlaba onqabileyo owenziwe ngumgubo we-fluorescent wezikrini ze-sensitization zenziwa, ezifana ne-terbium esebenzayo i-lanthanum sulfide oxide, i-terbium isebenze i-lanthanum bromide oxide (yezikrini eziluhlaza), kunye ne-terbium esebenzayo i-yttrium sulfide oxide. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-calcium tungstate, i-powder fluorescent enqabileyo yomhlaba inokunciphisa ixesha le-X-ray irradiation kwizigulane nge-80%, ukuphucula isisombululo seefilimu ze-X-ray, ukwandisa ixesha lokuphila kwee-tubes ze-X-ray, kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. I-Terbium iphinda isetyenziswe njenge-activator ye-fluorescent powder kwizikrini zokuphucula i-X-ray, enokuphucula kakhulu uvakalelo lwe-X-ray yokuguqulwa kwimifanekiso ebonakalayo, ukuphucula ukucaca kweefilimu ze-X-ray, kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu idosi yokuvezwa kwe-X- imitha emzimbeni womntu (ngaphezu kwama-50%).
TerbiumIkwasetyenziswa njenge-activator kwi-phosphor emhlophe ye-LED evuyiswa kukukhanya okuluhlaza kokukhanya okutsha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, isebenzisa i-blue light etting diode njengemithombo yokukhanya yokuvuselela, kunye ne-fluorescence eveliswayo ixutywe kunye nokukhanya okukhuphayo ukuvelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe okucocekileyo.
Izinto ze-electroluminescent ezenziwe kwi-terbium ikakhulu ziquka i-zinc sulfide eluhlaza umgubo we-fluorescent kunye ne-terbium njenge-activator. Ngaphantsi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, i-organic complexes ye-terbium inokukhupha i-fluorescence eluhlaza eyomeleleyo kwaye inokusetyenziswa njengefilimu ebhityileyo yezixhobo ze-electroluminescent. Nangona inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe kuphononongo lweefilimu ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezintsonkothileyo ze-electroluminescent, kusekho umsantsa othile ovela kwi-practical, kwaye uphando malunga neefilimu ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ze-electroluminescent kunye nezixhobo zisebunzulu.
Iimpawu ze-fluorescence ze-terbium zikwasetyenziswa njenge-fluorescence probes. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) entsonkothileyo kunye ne-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) yaphononongwa kusetyenziswa i-fluorescence kunye ne-spectra yokufunxa, efana ne-fluorescence probe ye-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba i-ofloxacin Tb3+probe inokwenza igroove ebopha iimolekyuli ze-DNA, kwaye i-deoxyribonucleic acid inokuphucula kakhulu i-fluorescence ye-ofloxacin Tb3+system. Ngokusekelwe kolu tshintsho, i-deoxyribonucleic acid inokumiselwa.
Kwiimathiriyeli zemagneto optical
Izixhobo ezineFaraday effect, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimagneto-optical materials, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiilaser kunye nezinye izixhobo zamehlo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zezixhobo zemagneto optical: iikristale zemagneto optical kunye negilasi yemagneto optical. Phakathi kwazo, iikristale ze-magneto-optical (ezifana ne-yttrium iron garnet kunye ne-terbium gallium garnet) zineenzuzo zokuguquguquka okusebenzayo kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal, kodwa zibiza kwaye kunzima ukwenza. Ukongeza, iikristale ezininzi zemagneto-optical ezineengile ezijikelezayo zeFaraday zinokufunxa okuphezulu kuluhlu olufutshane lwamaza, olunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-magneto optical crystals, i-magneto optical glass ine-advanteji yokuhanjiswa okuphezulu kwaye kulula ukuba yenziwe ibe ziibhloko ezinkulu okanye iifiber. Okwangoku, iiglasi zemagneto-optical ezinefuthe eliphezulu leFaraday ikakhulu zinqabile iindondo ze-ion doped earth.
Isetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zemagneto
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-multimedia kunye ne-automation ye-ofisi, imfuno entsha yeediski ezinomthamo ophezulu iye yanda. I-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy films ezicekethekileyo zisetyenzisiwe ukwenza iidiskhi zemagneto optical ezisebenza kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo, ifilimu ye-TbFeCo ye-alloy encinci inokusebenza kakuhle. I-Terbium esekelwe kwi-magneto-optical materials iye yaveliswa kwinqanaba elikhulu, kwaye iidiski ze-magneto-optical ezenziwe kuzo zisetyenziswa njengamacandelo okugcinwa kwekhompyutheni, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kwanda ngamaxesha angama-10-15. Zineenzuzo zomthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya sokufikelela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zinokusulwa kwaye zigqunywe amashumi amawaka amaxesha xa zisetyenziselwa ukuxinana okuphezulu kweediski zamehlo. Zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiteknoloji yokugcina ulwazi lwe-elektroniki. Eyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-magneto-optical material kwi-band ebonakalayo kunye ne-infrared-infrared bands yi-Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) i-crystal eyodwa, eyona nto ingcono kakhulu ye-magneto-optical material yokwenza i-Faraday rotators kunye ne-isolator.
Kwiglasi yemagnethi yamehlo
I-Faraday magneto optical glass ine-transparency elungileyo kunye ne-isotropy kwimimandla ebonakalayo kunye ne-infrared, kwaye inokwenza iimilo ezahlukeneyo ezinzima. Kulula ukuvelisa iimveliso ezinobungakanani obukhulu kwaye inokutsalwa kwiifiber ezibonakalayo. Ke ngoko, inamathemba osetyenziso olubanzi kwizixhobo zemagneto optical ezifana nemagneto optical isolator, imagneto optical modulators, kunye nefiber optic sensors yangoku. Ngenxa yomzuzu wayo omkhulu wemagnethi kunye ne-coefficient encinci yokufunxa kuluhlu olubonakalayo kunye ne-infrared, i-Tb3 + ion sele isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ii-ion zomhlaba kwiiglasi zemagneto optical.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive ingxubevange
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nokuqhubekela phambili kwenguqu yeteknoloji yehlabathi, izixhobo ezitsha zokusetyenziswa komhlaba ezinqabileyo zazivela ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-1984, iYunivesithi yase-Iowa State, i-Ames Laboratory yeSebe lezaMandla lase-US, kunye neZiko loPhando lweSikhali se-US Navy Surface Weapons (apho abasebenzi abaphambili be-Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) eyasungulwa kamva) basebenzisana nokuphuhlisa inqabileyo entsha. izinto ezikrelekrele zomhlaba, ezizezi terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive imathiriyeli. Esi sixhobo esitsha esikrelekrele sineempawu ezibalaseleyo zokuguqula ngokukhawuleza amandla ombane kumandla oomatshini. Ii-transducers ezingaphantsi kwamanzi kunye ne-electro-acoustic ezenziwe ngolu hlobo lwe-magnetostrictive giant ziye zamiselwa ngempumelelo kwizixhobo ze-naval, izithethi zokubona kakuhle i-oyile, iinkqubo zokulawula ingxolo kunye ne-vibration, kunye nokuhlola ulwandle kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano eziphantsi komhlaba. Ke ngoko, yakuba nje i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive imathiriyeli yazalwa, yafumana ingqwalasela ebanzi evela kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela. I-Edge Technologies e-United States yaqala ukuvelisa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ngo-1989 yaza yayithiya igama elithi Terfenol D. Emva koko, iSweden, iJapan, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, kunye ne-Australia nazo zavelisa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Ukususela kwimbali yokuphuhliswa kwesi sixhobo e-United States, zombini ukuveliswa kwezinto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwangaphambili kwe-monopolistic kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo noshishino lwezomkhosi (ezifana ne-navy). Nangona amasebe omkhosi waseTshayina kunye nokhuselo ngokuthe ngcembe asomeleza ukuqonda kwabo kwesi sixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokonyuso olubalulekileyo lwamandla elizwe laseTshayina eliphangaleleyo, imfuno yokuphumeza isicwangciso-qhinga sokukhuphisana nomkhosi wenkulungwane yama-21 kunye nokuphucula amanqanaba ezixhobo ngokuqinisekileyo iya kungxamiseka kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kwe-terbium dysprosium yentsimbi enkulu ye-magnetostrictive imathiriyeli ngamasebe omkhosi kunye nelizwe lokhuselo iya kuba yimfuneko yembali.
Ngamafutshane, ezininzi iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zeterbiumyenze ibe lilungu eliyimfuneko lezinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye nesikhundla esingenakuthathelwa indawo kwezinye iindawo zesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu le-terbium, abantu bebefunda indlela yokuphepha kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso. Umzekelo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zemagneto-optical kufuneka zisebenzise ixabiso eliphantsi le-dysprosium iron cobalt okanye i-gadolinium terbium cobalt kangangoko kunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa umxholo we-terbium kwi-powder fluorescent eluhlaza ekufuneka isetyenziswe. Ixabiso libe yinto ebalulekileyo ethintela ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-terbium. Kodwa izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo, ngoko kufuneka sibambelele kumgaqo "wokusebenzisa insimbi enhle kwi-blade" kwaye uzame ukugcina ukusetyenziswa kwe-terbium kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-07-2023