Njengoko sijonga umhlaba omangalisayo wezinto,erbiumitsala ingqalelo yethu ngeempawu zayo ezizodwa kunye nexabiso lesicelo esinokubakho. Ukusuka kulwandle olunzulu ukuya kwindawo engaphandle, ukusuka kwizixhobo zombane zanamhlanje ukuya kwiteknoloji yamandla ohlaza, ukusetyenziswa kweierbiumkwinkalo yenzululwazi iyaqhubeka isanda, ibonisa ixabiso layo elingenakuthelekiswa nanto.
I-Erbium yafunyanwa yi-chemist yaseSweden uMosander kwi-1843 ngokuhlalutya i-yttrium. Ekuqaleni wathi i-oxide ye-erbium njengei-terbium oxide,ngoko kuncwadi lwamandulo lwesiJamani, i-terbium oxide kunye neerbium oxide zabhideka.
Kwade kwasemva kowe-1860 apho yalungiswayo. Ngexesha elifanayo xalanthanumkwafunyanwa, uMosander wahlalutya kwaye wafunda oko kwafunyanwa kuqalaiyttrium, kwaye yapapasha ingxelo ngo-1842, icacisa ukuba ifunyenwe ekuqaleniiyttriumyayingeyo elementi oxide enye, kodwa yioksidi yezinto ezintathu. Uthe ke esambiza ke ngoko omnye wabo, wathi nguYitriyo, wathi ke omnye kuboierbia(umhlaba we-erbium). Uphawu lwesiqalelo lusetwe njengeEr. Ithiywe ngendawo apho i-yttrium ore yaqala ukufunyanwa khona, idolophu encinci yaseYtter kufutshane neStockholm, eSweden. Ukufunyanwa kwe-erbium kunye nezinye izinto ezimbini,lanthanumkwayeterbium, wavula umnyango wesibini ekubhaqweni kweizinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, elilinqanaba lesibini lokufunyanwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Ukufunyanwa kwabo sisithathu kwizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba emvai-ceriumkwayeiyttrium.
Namhlanje, siza kuqalisa kolu hambo lokuhlola kunye ukuze sifumane ukuqonda okunzulu kweempawu ezizodwa ze-erbium kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kubuchwephesha bale mihla.
Iinkalo zesicelo ze-erbium element
1. Itekhnoloji yeLaser:I-Erbium element isetyenziswa kakhulu kwitekhnoloji yelaser, ngakumbi kwiilaser eziqinileyo. I-Erbium ion inokuvelisa iilaser ezinobude obumalunga ne-1.5 ye-microns kwizinto eziqinileyo zelaser, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kumasimi anjengonxibelelwano lwefiber-optic kunye notyando lwelaser yonyango.
2. Unxibelelwano lweFayibha-optic:Kuba into ye-erbium inokuvelisa ubude obufunekayo ukuze isebenze kunxibelelwano lwefiber-optic, isetyenziswa kwi-fiber amplifiers. Oku kunceda ukunyusa umgama wothumelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemiqondiso ye-optical kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kothungelwano lonxibelelwano.
3. Utyando lwelaser yonyango:Iilaser ze-Erbium zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwintsimi yezonyango, ngakumbi ukusika izicubu kunye nokudibanisa. Ukukhetha ubude bayo be-wavelength kuvumela i-erbium lasers ukuba ifunxwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye isetyenziselwe utyando lwe-laser oluchanekileyo, olufana notyando lwamehlo.
4. Izinto zemagneti kunye nemagnethi imaging resonance (MRI):Ukongezwa kwe-erbium kwezinye izinto zamagnetic kunokutshintsha iimpawu zabo zamagnetic, zibenze izicelo ezibalulekileyo kwi-imaging resonance imaging (MRI). I-Erbium-eyongeziweyo yezinto eziphathekayo zingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukungafani kwemifanekiso ye-MRI.
5. Izikhulisa-zwi zamehlo:I-Erbium ikwasetyenziswa kwiiamplifiers zamehlo. Ngokungongeza i-erbium kwi-amplifier, ukuzuza kunokufezekiswa kwinkqubo yokunxibelelana, ukwandisa amandla kunye nomgama wokudlulisa umqondiso we-optical.
6. Ushishino lwamandla enyukliya:I-Erbium-167 isotope ine-neutron ephezulu yecandelo lomnqamlezo, ngoko ke isetyenziswa njengomthombo we-neutron kushishino lwamandla enyukliya ukuze kubhaqwe neutron nolawulo lwezixhobo zenyutroni.
7. Uphando kunye neelebhu:I-Erbium isetyenziswa njengesixhobo esikhethekileyo kunye nesiphawuli kwilabhoratri yophando kunye nezicelo zaselabhoratri. Iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo ze-spectral kunye nezixhobo zamagnetic zenza ukuba zidlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphando lwesayensi.
I-Erbium idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisayensi yanamhlanje kunye neteknoloji kunye neyeza, kwaye iimpawu zayo ezizodwa zibonelela ngenkxaso ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.
IiPropati zoMzimba ze-Erbium
Imbonakalo: I-Erbium yisilivere emhlophe, isinyithi esiqinileyo.
Ubuninzi: I-Erbium inoxinano malunga ne-9.066 g/cm3. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-erbium yintsimbi eshinyeneyo.
Indawo ekunyibilika kuyo: I-Erbium ineqondo lokunyibilika eliyi-1,529 degrees Celsius (2,784 degrees Fahrenheit). Oku kuthetha ukuba kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, i-erbium inokutshintsha ukusuka kwindawo eqinileyo ukuya kwimeko engamanzi.
Indawo yokubila: I-Erbium ineqondo lokubila elizii-2,870 degrees Celsius (5,198 degrees Fahrenheit). Le yindawo apho i-erbium iguquka ukusuka kwimeko yolwelo ukuya kwimeko yegesi kumaqondo aphezulu.
I-Conductivity: I-Erbium yenye yeentsimbi eziqhuba kakhulu kwaye inokusebenza kakuhle kombane.
I-Magnetism: Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, i-erbium sisixhobo se-ferromagnetic. Ibonisa i-ferromagnetism engaphantsi kobushushu obuthile, kodwa ilahlekelwa yile propati kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Umzuzu weMagnetic: I-Erbium inomzuzu omkhulu wemagnethi, oyenza ibaluleke kwimathiriyeli kazibuthe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemagnethi.
Ubume beCrystal: Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ulwakhiwo lwekristale lwe-erbium lunehexagonal esondeleyo ukupakisha. Esi sakhiwo sichaphazela iimpawu zayo kwisimo esiqinileyo.
I-Thermal conductivity: I-Erbium ine-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal, ebonisa ukuba yenza kakuhle kwi-thermal conductivity.
I-Radioactivity: I-Erbium ngokwayo ayisiyonto ye-radioactive, kwaye i-isotopi zayo ezizinzileyo zininzi kakhulu.
Iimpawu zeSpectral: I-Erbium ibonisa imigca ethile yokufunxa kunye nokukhupha kwiindawo ezibonakalayo kunye ne-infrared spectral, eyenza ibe luncedo kwi-laser technology kunye nezicelo ze-optical.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-erbium element ziyenza isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-laser teknoloji, unxibelelwano lwe-optical, amayeza kunye nezinye iinkalo zenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe.
Iimpawu zeKhemikhali ze-erbium
Isimboli yekhemikhali: Isimboli yekhemikhali ye-erbium yi-Er.
Imeko ye-oxidation: I-Erbium ikholisa ukubakho kwi-+3 yemeko ye-oxidation, eyona meko ixhaphakileyo ye-oxidation. Kwii-compounds, i-erbium inokwenza i-Er^3+ ion.
Ukusebenza kwakhona: I-Erbium izinzile kwiqondo lokushisa, kodwa iya kuhlanjululwa ngokukhawuleza emoyeni. Isabela ngokucothayo emanzini nakwi-asidi, ngoko ke inokuhlala izinzile kwezinye iinkqubo.
Ukunyibilika: I-Erbium inyibilika kwii-asidi ze-inorganic eziqhelekileyo ukuvelisa iityuwa ze-erbium ezihambelanayo.
Ukusabela ngeoksijini: I-Erbium idibana neoksijini yenze iioksidi, ikakhuluEr2O3 (i-erbium dioxide). Esi sisiqina esibomvu-ebomvu esiqhele ukusetyenziswa kwi-ceramic glazes kunye nezinye izicelo.
Ukusabela nge-halogens: I-Erbium inokusabela kunye ne-halogens ukwenza i-halides ehambelanayo, njengei-erbium fluoride (ErF3), I-erbium chloride (ErCl3), njl.
Ukusabela ngesulfure: I-Erbium inokusabela ngesulfure ukwenza iisulfides, ezifanai-erbium sulfide (Er2S3).
Ukusabela ngenitrogen: I-Erbium idibana nenitrogen ukuze yakheI-erbium nitride (ErN).
I-Complexes: I-Erbium yenza iindidi ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kwi-organometallic chemistry. Ezi zakhiwo zinexabiso lesicelo kwi-catalysis kunye nezinye iinkalo.
I-isotopi ezizinzileyo: I-Erbium ine-isotophu ezininzi ezizinzileyo, eyona ininzi kuzo yi-Er-166. Ukongeza, i-erbium ine-isotopes ye-radioactive, kodwa ubuninzi bayo obunxulumene buphantsi.
Iimpawu zeekhemikhali ze-element erbium zenza ukuba ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezicelo ezininzi ze-high-tech, ebonisa ukuguquguquka kwayo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
Iimpawu zebhayoloji ze-erbium
I-Erbium ineempawu ezimbalwa zebhayoloji kwizinto eziphilayo, kodwa ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba inokuthatha inxaxheba kwezinye iinkqubo zebhayoloji phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
Ubukho bebhayoloji: I-Erbium sisixhobo sokulandelela izinto ezininzi eziphilayo, kodwa ukufumaneka kwayo ngebhayoloji kwizinto eziphilayo kuphantsi.ILanthanumIiion kunzima ukufunxwa kwaye zisetyenziswe zizinto eziphilayo, ngoko ke azifane zidlale indima ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo.
Ubuthi: I-Erbium ithathwa ngokuba inetyhefu ephantsi, ngakumbi xa ithelekiswa nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Iikhompawundi ze-Erbium zithathwa njengezingenabungozi kwiindawo ezithile. Nangona kunjalo, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-lanthanum ion kunokuba nemiphumo eyingozi kwizinto eziphilayo, ezifana nomonakalo weseli kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yomzimba.
Uthatho-nxaxheba lwebhayoloji: Nangona i-erbium inemisebenzi embalwa kwizinto eziphilayo, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba ingathatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezithile zebhayoloji. Ngokomzekelo, olunye uhlolisiso luye lwabonisa ukuba i<em>erbium inokudlala indima ethile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula nokudubula kwezityalo.
Izicelo zonyango: I-Erbium kunye neekhompawundi zayo nazo zinezicelo ezithile kwicandelo lezonyango. Ngokomzekelo, i-erbium ingasetyenziswa kunyango lwe-radionuclides ethile, njenge-agent echaseneyo kwi-gastrointestinal tract, kunye ne-additive supplement yamachiza athile. Kwimifanekiso yezonyango, iikhompawundi ze-erbium ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziswa njengeejenti ezichaseneyo.
Isiqulatho emzimbeni: I-Erbium ikhona kumanani amancinci kwindalo, ngoko umxholo wayo kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo uphantsi. Kwezinye izifundo, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ezinye ii-microorganisms kunye nezityalo ziyakwazi ukufunxa kwaye ziqokelele i-erbium.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-erbium ayiyona nto ibalulekileyo kumzimba womntu, ngoko ke ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo yezinto eziphilayo kusenomda. Okwangoku, olona setyenziso luphambili lwe-erbium lusagxile kwiinkalo zobugcisa ezifana nesayensi yezinto, i-optics, kunye neyeza, endaweni yebhayoloji.
Imigodi kunye nokuveliswa kwe-erbium
I-Erbium yinto enqabileyo yomhlaba enqabileyo ngokwendalo.
1. Ubukho bomhlaba: I-Erbium ikhona kumhlaba, kodwa umxholo wayo uphantsi. Umxholo wayo ophakathi malunga ne-0.3 mg / kg. I-Erbium ikhona ikakhulu ngohlobo lwentsimbi ekrwada, kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
2. Ukusasazwa kwi-ores: I-Erbium ikhona ikakhulu ngohlobo lwe-ores. Iintsimbi eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-yttrium erbium ore, ilitye le-aluminiyam i-erbium, ilitye le-potassium le-erbium, njl. Ezi ore zidla ngokuba nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ngexesha elinye. I-Erbium ihlala ikhona kwifom ye-trivalent.
3. Amazwe amakhulu okuveliswa kwemveliso: Amazwe amakhulu okuvelisa i-erbium aquka i-China, i-United States, i-Australia, iBrazil, njl. La mazwe adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
4. Indlela yokukhupha: I-Erbium idla ngokutsalwa kwi-ores ngenkqubo yokutsalwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. Oku kubandakanya uthotho lweekhemikhali kunye namanyathelo okunyibilikisa ukwahlula kunye nokucoca i-erbium.
5. Ubudlelwane kunye nezinye izinto: I-Erbium ineepropati ezifanayo kwezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ngoko ke kwinkqubo yokukhupha kunye nokwahlula, kudla ngokuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuhlalisana kunye nefuthe elilinganayo kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
6. Iinkalo zesicelo: I-Erbium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwintsimi yesayensi kunye nethekhnoloji, ngokukodwa kwi-optical communication, laser technology kunye ne-imaging yezokwelapha. Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezichasene ne-reflection kwiglasi, i-erbium isetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kweglasi yeglasi.
Nangona i-erbium inqabile kuqweqwe lomhlaba, ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa kwezinye izicelo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, imfuno yayo iye yanda ngokuthe ngcembe, okukhokelela kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye nophuculo lokwembiwa kwemigodi kunye nobuchwephesha bokusulungekiswa.
Iindlela zokuFumana eziqhelekileyo ze-Erbium
Iindlela zokubona i-erbium zihlala zibandakanya iindlela zokuhlalutya chemistry. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwiindlela eziqhele ukusetyenziswa zeerbium:
1. I-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS): I-AAS yindlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yokuhlalutya ubungakanani obufanelekileyo ekumiseleni umxholo wezinto zetsimbi kwisampuli. Kwi-AAS, isampuli i-atomized kwaye idluliselwe kwi-beam yokukhanya kwe-wavelength ethile, kunye nobukhulu bokukhanya okufakwe kwisampulu kuchongiwe ukumisela ukuxinwa kwento.
2. I-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): I-ICP-OES yindlela yokuhlalutya enovakalelo olufanelekileyo olufanelekileyo kuhlalutyo lwezinto ezininzi. Kwi-ICP-OES, isampuli idlula kwi-plasma edibeneyo edibeneyo ukuvelisa i-plasma yobushushu obuphezulu obuvuyisa i-athomu kwisampulu ukuba ikhuphe i-spectrum. Ngokubona ubude bobude kunye nobunzulu bokukhanya okukhutshiweyo, ukuxinana kwento nganye kwisampulu kunokumiselwa.
3. I-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): I-ICP-MS idibanisa ukuveliswa kwe-plasma edibeneyo kunye nesisombululo esiphezulu se-mass spectrometry kwaye ingasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo olusisiseko kwiindawo eziphantsi kakhulu. Kwi-ICP-MS, isampuli i-vaporized kwaye i-ionized, kwaye ifunyenwe yi-spectrometer yobuninzi ukuze ifumane i-mass spectrum yento nganye, ngaloo ndlela imisela ukugxila kwayo.
4. I-Fluorescence spectroscopy: I-Fluorescence spectroscopy imisela ugxininiso ngokuvuyisa into ye-erbium kwisampulu kunye nokulinganisa umqondiso we-fluorescence okhutshiweyo. Le ndlela isebenza ngokukodwa ekulandeleni izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba.
5. I-Chromatography: I-Chromatography ingasetyenziselwa ukwahlula kunye nokufumanisa i-erbium compounds. Umzekelo, i-ion exchange chromatography kunye ne-reverse phase liquid chromatography zinokusetyenziswa zombini kuhlalutyo lwe-erbium.
Ezi ndlela zihlala zifuna ukwenziwa kwindawo yelabhoratri kwaye zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphambili kunye nezixhobo. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokufumanisa efanelekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke kubume besampulu, uvakalelo olufunekayo, isisombululo, kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo zebhubhoratri.
Ukusetyenziswa okuthe ngqo kwendlela yokufunxa iatom yokulinganisa i-erbium element
Kumlinganiselo wento, indlela yokufunxa iathom inokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye novakalelo, kwaye ibonelela ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokufunda iipropathi zekhemikhali, ukubunjwa kwekhompawundi kunye nomxholo wezinto.
Emva koko, sisebenzisa indlela yokufunxa iathom ukulinganisa umxholo we-erbium element. Amanyathelo athile ngala alandelayo:
Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela isampuli equlethe i-erbium element. Isampulu inokuba lukhuni, ulwelo okanye igesi. Kwiisampuli eziqinileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukunyibilika okanye ukunyibilika kwinkqubo elandelayo ye-atomization.
Khetha i-spectrometer efanelekileyo yokufunxa iathom. Ngokweempawu zesampulu eziza kulinganiswa kunye noluhlu lomxholo we-erbium oza kulinganiswa, khetha i-spectrometer efanelekileyo yokufunxa i-athomu.
Lungisa iiparameters zespectrometer yokufunxa iathom. Ngokwento ekufuneka ilinganiswe kunye nemodeli yesixhobo, hlengahlengisa iiparamitha ze-atomic absorption spectrometer, kubandakanywa nomthombo wokukhanya, i-atomizer, i-detector, njl.
Ukulinganisa ukufunxa kwe-erbium element. Beka isampuli ukuba ivavanywe kwiatomizer, kwaye ukhuphe ukukhanya kwemitha yobude obuthile ngomthombo wokukhanya. I-erbium element eza kuvavanywa iyakufunxa le mitha yokukhanya kwaye ivelise inguqu yenqanaba lamandla. Ukufunxwa kwesixhobo se-erbium kulinganiswa ngesixhobo.
Bala umxholo we-erbium element. Bala umxholo we-erbium element ngokusekelwe kwi-absorption kunye ne-curve esemgangathweni.
Kwinqanaba lezenzululwazi, i-erbium, eneempawu zayo ezingaqondakaliyo kunye neyodwa, yongeze umtsalane omangalisayo kuphononongo lwetekhnoloji yabantu kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ukususela kubunzulu bomhlaba ukuya kwi-high-tech applications kwilabhoratri, uhambo lwe-erbium luye lwabona ukukhangela okungagungqiyo komntu kwimfihlelo yento. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunxibelelwano lwamehlo, itekhnoloji yelaser kunye namayeza kuye kwafaka amathuba amaninzi kubomi bethu, okusivumela ukuba sijonge kwiindawo ebezikade zisithele.
Kanye njengokuba i-erbium ikhanya ngeqhekeza leglasi yeglasi kwi-optics ukukhanyisa indlela engaziwayo ngaphambili, ivula umnyango wenzonzobila yolwazi kubaphandi kwiholo yesayensi. I-Erbium ayikho nje inkwenkwezi ekhanyayo kwitafile ye-periodic, kodwa iphinde ibe ngumncedisi onamandla woluntu ukuba anyukele phezulu kwisayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Ndiyathemba ukuba kwiminyaka ezayo, sinokuhlola imfihlelo ye-erbium ngokunzulu kwaye simbe izicelo ezimangalisayo ngakumbi, ukuze le "nkwenkwezi ye-element" iqhubeke nokukhanya kwaye ikhanyise indlela eya phambili kwindlela yophuhliso lomntu. Ibali le-element erbium liyaqhubeka, kwaye sijonge phambili kwimimangaliso ezayo i-erbium eya kusibonisa yona kwinqanaba lesayensi.
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