Yintoni i-neodimium kunye neendlela zawo zovavanyo ezisetyenzisiweyo?

Ubusazi? Inqaku le-neodimuum yafunyanwa kwi-vienna ngo-1885 yiKarl Auer. Xa ufunda i-Amomoium Dadicrate Tetrahdrate, i-Order -th shrium kunye ne-neodium kwayeI-Praseodziyoiumukusuka kumxube we-neodiyoum kunye ne-raseodymuum ngokuhlalutyo lwe-spectroscopic. Ukwenzela ukukhumbula umntu oqinisekileyoyttrium, i-chemist yaseJamani yaseJamani yase-Wellbach, Orc ogama linguNedymium "I-Neodmium", ethathwe kumagama amaGrike" i-neos "intsingiselo" entsha "kunye ne" Doymos "" ethetha "ngamawele".

Emva kwe-orr wafumana intoI-Neodmium, Abanye oochwephesha babethandabuza ekufumaneni. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1925, kwaveliswa isampulu yokuqala yentsimbi. Kwiminyaka yoo-1950s, i-LindSSIAY COCAL BRAYIKI

Ukuqhutywa kokucocwa kwezorhwebo nge-neodium ngeendlela ngeendlela zotshintshiselwano.

Kangangexesha elithile emva kokufunyanwa kwe-neredium, yayingasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuphuhliswa kwesayensi kunye netekhnoloji, into ye-neodium, i-neodium iqalisile ukuba isetyenziswe kumasimi amaninzi ngenxa yepropathi yayo eyodwa emzimbeni nasezikhemikhali. Ngeminyaka yee-1930s, i-neodimium yorhwebo yayisetyenziswa njengediglasi yeglasi, kwaye neglasi ye-neodiyoum yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-reddish okanye iglasi yeorenji.

I-NeodmiumUtsalele ingqalelo kakhulu ngenxa yepropathi yayo eyahlukileyo yomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kweI-NeodmiumKwimimandla emininzi iqhubekile nokwandisa, kwaye ixabiso layo liye landa ngakumbi. Ke, yintoni eyahlukileyo kwi-neoditium? Namhlanje, makhe siphole imfihlakalo ye-neodium.

Amasimi esetyenziswayo ye-neodium yento

I-1. Izixhobo zemagneti: Esona sicelo siqhelekileyo se-neoditium kukwenze i-manynets esisigxina. Ngokukodwa, i-neodimium ye-goron magnets (dufeb) iphakathi kwelona laziwayo laziwaImagnethi esisigxina. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuguqula kwaye zigcine amandla kwizixhobo ezinjengeemoto, iimveliso ze-generators, izixhobo ze-magnetic, iidrives zokuqhuba, izithethi kunye nezithuthi zombane.

I-2. NDFEBIcandelo lezemoto kunye nezinye izixhobo zokusebenza eziphezulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.

I-3. I-neodimium-intsimbi ye-neodyysium inakho ukwabelwa nge-iron ukwenza izixhobo ze-magnetic yokusebenza eziphezulu, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kweemoto kunye nemveliso kwizithuthi zombane.

I-4. Unyango lwamanzi: I-Neodysium Compountium inokusetyenziswa kunyango lwamanzi, ngakumbi ukususa i-phosphates kumanzi amdaka aphumeleleyo. Oku kuneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kukhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo kunye nolawulo lwamanzi.

I-5. I-nyanilmild: I-NDFEYMIUM idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni iipowders, ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweemagnethi ezisisigxina. ​ ​

I-6.

7. I-Neodmium Compows: I-Neodmium Compountium ikwasetyenziswa kumanye amaqondo amaqondo aphezulu kunye ne-catalysts.

Iipropathi zemagnethi kunye nekhemikhali ye-neodimium yenza ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kumasimi amaninzi, ngakumbi kwi-elektroniki, amandla kunye nesayensi yezixhobo.

Iipropathi zomzimba ze-neoditiumI-NeodmiumIsimboli yekhemikhali: Inombolo ye-ND, inombolo yeatomic: 60. Yinto enqabileyo yomhlaba onoluhlu lweepropathi ezizodwa. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwiipropathi ezibonakalayo ze-neodimium:

1. Ukuxinana: Ukuxinana kwe-neoditium malunga ne-7.01 g / i-cuic cuntimeter. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula kunezinye izinto ezininzi, kodwa kusenokutya.

2. Iinyibilikisi kunye neendawo zokubila: Indawo yokunyibilika ye-neodiyoum iphantse i-1024 degrees celsius (1875 degrees fahrees celsius (5565 degrees fahrees). Oku kubonisa ukuba i-nehedmuum inee-eltings ezinqabileyo kwaye inyibilike, iyenza ibe zizinzile kwiindawo zobushushu obuphakamileyo.

3. Ulwakhiwo lwekristali: I-neodiyom iya kubonisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zekristali kubushushu obahlukeneyo. Kumaqondo obushushu egumbi, inesakhiwo esineempawu ezikufutshane ne-hexagonal, kodwa utshintsho kumzimba ogxile kwi-cuide xa iqondo lobushushu liphakanyiswa malunga ne-863 degrees Celsius.

4. I-Magnetism:I-NeodmiumNgaba iParamagnetic kubushushu begumbi, okuthetha ukuba itsalelekile kumabala e-magonetive yangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, xa uphononongwa kakhulu kubushushu obuphakathi

5. Ukuqhutywa kombane: I-NOIDMIUMIUMIUMIUMTYA NGOKUGQIBELA UMNYANGO WOKWENZA Umbane, ngokuhamba kombane ophantsi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ayingomqhubi olungileyo wombane kwaye ayifanelekanga kwizicelo ezinje ngeengcingo ze-elektroniki.

I-6. Ukuqhutywa kwe-thermal: i-nehedysium ikwanokuphumelela okuphantsi kwe-thermac, kusenza kungafanelekanga ukuba kusetyenziswe izicelo zokuphumelela.

I-7. Faka umbala kunye ne-luster: ne-neodium yintsimbi emhlophe ye-slick ene-metallic eqaqambileyo.

8. Iiradiyo: Zonke izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zine-radious, kodwa ne-neodimium ibuthathaka kakhulu, ngoko umngcipheko wemitha emzimbeni uphantsi kakhulu.

Iipropathi zomzimba ze-neodimium zenza ukuba zibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezithile, ngakumbi ekwenzeni izixhobo ze-ferromagnetic kunye nefreyimu ephezulu yobushushu. Iipropathi zayo zeParamagnetic kunye ne-antiferroomagnetic nazo zenza ukuba zibaluleke ekufundeni izixhobo zemagneti kunye nezixhobo zenani.

Iipropathi zeekhemikhali ze-neodium

 I-Neodmium(Isimboli yekhemikhali: I-ND) yinto yomhlaba onqabileyo nothotho lwezinto ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwipropathi yekhemikhali ye-neodium:

1. Ukuhlawulwa kwakhona: I-NEODMIUMIUMIUMO UCWANGCISO LWEZOBUCHULE NGEZOBUCHULE BENKONZO. Emoyeni, i-neodimium iqala ngokukhawuleza ngeoksijini yokwenza i-neodissium ye-neodile. Oku kwenza ukuba i-neodllium ingakwazi ukugcina umphezulu wayo qaqambile kubushushu begumbi kwaye uya kunyanzeleka.

2. Ukuluka: I-NOEDMYMIUM inokuchithwa kwezinye ii-AIDD, ezinje nge-witric acid (HNo3) kunye ne-Hydrochloric Acid acid (i-HCL), kodwa i-sloblity ye-hid, kodwa i-sloblity ecekeceke.

I-3. I-quagesysium: I-NEODMIUM ingenza iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo, zihlala ngeoksijini, i-halogn, i-Sulfur kunye nezinye izinto ukwenza imiqathango, i-sull, njl.

I-4. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, i-The +2 oxidation ikwasekwe.

I-5. I-ALTY STOTION: I-NEODYSIUM inokuqulunqwa izabelo nezinye izinto, ngakumbi ngentsimbi efana nentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium ukuba izenze i-neoreys. Ezi alloys zihlala zinezicelo ezibalulekileyo kwizixhobo zemagnethi kunye nezakhiwo.

6. Ukulahla inkunkuma

7. Ipropathi ye-oxiding: Ngenxa yobume bayo bokusebenza, i-nehedimium inokuthatha iarhente ye-oxidiching malunga nokuphendula kweekhemikhali, kubangela ezinye izinto zokuphulukana nee-elektroni.

Iipropathi zeekhemikhali ze-neodimium yenza ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwimimandla ethile yesicelo, ngakumbi kwizixhobo zemagnethi, izazisi eziphezulu kunye nophando lwenzululwazi.

Ipropathi yebhayoloji ye-neodium

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-neodimium kwintsimi ye-biomedical kulinganiselwe kuba ayisiyo into efunekayo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nerediyo ibuthathaka, iyenza ingafanelekanga ukuba icinga ngamayeza enyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye zophando kunye neendawo zokufunda ezibandakanya i-neodium. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwiipropathi ze-biomedical ze-neodium:

I-1. I-Magnetic Remoning (Mri) Iarhente yeNgangali: Nangona ingeyiyo iarhente yekliniki yekliniki, i-neodium ingasetyenziselwa iarhente ye-MRI. Ukudibanisa i-Ionsmium ye-neodiyoum kwi-molecular ekhethekileyo yemolekyuli inokuphucula umahluko wemifanekiso ye-MRI, esenza izicubu ezithile okanye izilonda ezithile okanye zilula ukuyibona. Esi sicelo sisekwinqanaba lophando kodwa sinokubakho kwingcinga ye-biomedical.

2. I-Nanopalium ye-naremium: Abaphandi baphuhlise i-nanopalium ngokusekwe kwi-nanopaligus enokusetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kweziyobisi kunye nonyango lomhlaza. Ezi zibano ze-nanopalical zinokwaziswa emzimbeni kwaye emva koko zikhuphe iziyobisi kwiiseli zabafumani okanye zenze unyango olunjengonyango lobushushu. Iipropathi zemagneti zala masuntswana nazo zinokusetyenziselwa ukukhokela nokubeka iliso kwikhosi yonyango.

3. Unyango lwethumba: Nangona lungaphantsi uthotho oluthe ngqo, uphando lubonisa ukuba iimagnethi ze-nehedimium zingasetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo nolunye unyango, ezinje ngonyango lwe-magnetic. Kule ndlela, i-neodimium yemagnethi yaziswa emzimbeni emva koko ifudumele iphantsi kwempembelelo yemagnethi yangaphandle yokutshabalalisa iiseli ze-gomor. Olu lunyango lovavanyo kwaye lusafundwa.

4. Izixhobo zophando: Ezinye iikhompomthi ze-neodium ingasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zovavanyo kuPhando lwe-biodical, njengakwisifundo sebhayoloji nemolekyuli. Ezi computer zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukufundisisa iindawo ezifana nokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi, i-biaanalysis, kunye nemolekyuli.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-neodium kwintsimi ye-biomedical intsha kwaye iphantsi kophuhliso oluqhubekayo nophando. Izicelo zayo ziphele kuphela yipropathi yakhe enqabileyo kunye nerediyo kwaye zifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo. Xa usebenzisa i-neodiyoum okanye imitshini yayo, ukhuseleko kunye nezikhokelo zezokuziphatha kufuneka ilandelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba azinazo iziphumo ezibi ebantwini kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ukusasazwa kwendalo kwi-neodium

I-neodiyoum yindawo enqabileyo yomhlaba esasazwa ngokubanzi kwindalo. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha yokusasazwa kwe-neodium kwindalo:

I-1. Ukubekho emhlabeni we-nodimy yenye yezona zinto zinqabileyo zomhlaba ezikhoyo emhlabeni, kwaye intabalala yayo iphantse ibe malunga ne-38 mg / kg / kg / kg. Oku kwenza ukuba i-neodllion ininzi kwi-rust yomhlaba, isikhundla sobubini phakathi kwemihlaba enqabileyo, emva kwequrium. I-nehedmium yenzeka kwintabala kaninzi kunezinyezezi eziqhelekileyo ezinje nge-tungsten, khokela kunye ne-tin.

2. Kwiminerali yomhlaba onqabileyo: I-nehedysium ihlala ingekho ngendlela yezinto zasimahla, kodwa ngohlobo lwemilinganiselo kwiMinerali yomhlaba onqabileyo. I-neodiyoum iqulethwe kwezinye ii-ores ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezifana neMonazite kunye ne-bastnäsite. I-neodimium kwezi ores zinokwahlulwa kwiinkqubo zokunyibilika kunye nokukhupha iinkqubo zokuthengisa.

I-3. Kwizixhobo zentsimbi ezixabisekileyo: I-nehedysium ngamanye amaxesha zinokufumaneka kwiidipozithi zentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, ezinje ngegolide, isilivere, iidipozithi ze-Uranium kunye ne-Uranium kunye ne-Uranium. Nangona kunjalo, ihlala ikho ngemali encinci.

4. Amanzi olwandle: Nangona i-neodimuum ikho kumanzi olwandle, uxinzelelo lwalo luphantsi, ihlala ikwinqanaba le-microgram / yelitha. Ke ngoko, ukukhupha i-neodiyoum ukusuka kumanzi olwandle ngokubanzi ayisiyo indlela efanelekileyo yezoqoqosho.

I-Neodimium inentabalala ethile kwi-rust yomhlaba, kodwa ifumaneka ikakhulu kwimilenze yomhlaba onqabileyo. Ukukhupha nokuzikhetha i-neodium kuhlala kufuna ukunyibilikisa kunye nokuhlaziya iinkqubo zokuhlangabezana nezicelo zezicelo zorhwebo kunye nemizi mveliso. Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezifana ne-nehedysium Dlala iindima ezibalulekileyo kwitekhnoloji yale mihla kunye neMizi-mveliso, ke zophando nolawulo lubalulekile.

Imigodi, yokukhupha kunye nokunyibilika kwe-neodium

Imigodi kunye nemveliso ye-neoditium yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:

I-1. Imigodi yedipozithi yomhlaba onqabileyo: i-nehedysium ifumaneka kwi-ores enqabileyo ye-ores, ezinjengeMonazi kunye ne-BalstNäsite. I-ored enqabileyo yomhlaba linyathelo lokuqala ekuvelisweni kwe-neodium. Oku kubandakanya ukubonwa kwejografi, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, ukumbiwa kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-ore.

2. Ukuqhubekeka kwe-Ore: Nje ukuba i-ore yemigodi ikhutshelwe, kufuneka iqhubeke nothotho lwamayeza emzimbeni nasemichiza ukuze ahlukane kwaye akhuphe i-neodium yomhlaba. La manyathelo onyango angabandakanyi ukuthunyelwa, ukugaya, ukugqobhoza, i-achid leaching kunye nokuchitheka.

3. Ukwahlula kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-neodiyoum: emva kokuqhubekeka kwe-ore, i-slickry enezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zihlala zifuna ukwahlukana kunye nokukhupha. Oku kudla ngokubandakanya iindlela zokwahlula imichiza ezifana nokukhutshelwa kweSolvent okanye i-ion yotshintshiselwano. Ezi ndlela zivumela izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ukuba zihlukane ngokuthe ngcembe.

I-4. Ukucaciswa kwe-neodiyoum: Nje ukuba i-neodiyoum ibe yedwa, ihlala iqhubeka nenkqubo yokuphucula okungaphezulu yokususa ukungafezeki kunye nokuphucula ubunyulu. Oku kunokubandakanya iindlela ezifana nokukhupha, ukuncitshiswa kunye ne-electrolysis.

5. I-Alloy: Ezinye izicelo ze-nehedumium zifuna ukuba ziyibe nezinye izinto zesinyithi, njengentsimbi, i-boron ne-bominum, ukulungisa izabelo ze-neorellium zokwenza izinto ze-noremiting okanye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

6. Ukulungiselela kwiimveliso: Izinto ze-nehediyoum zingasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela iimveliso ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengemagazini, iimazi ze-magnetic, njl. Njl.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imigodi kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ehlala ifuna imigangatho engqongqo yendawo esingqongileyo. Ukongeza, i-chain yonikezo lwemigodi yehlabathi elinqabileyo kunye nemveliso iyachaphazeleka kukuphazamiseka kwe-geopolics kunye nokuhla kwemarike, ke ukuveliswa kunye nokubonelela ngezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zitsalele ingqalelo yehlabathi.

Indlela yokufunyanwa kwenqaku le-neodium

I-1. I-Atomic Atomic Spectrimetry (AAS): I-Atomic Atomuction Spectrometry yindlela esetyenziswayo yohlalutyo olusetyenziswa ngobungakanani, efanelekileyo ngokulinganisa umxholo wezinto zentsimbi. Ngokuguqula isampulu ukuba ilinganiswe kwiatom enye okanye i-ions, iphazamise isampulu yomthombo wokukhanya kwaye ilingane nokukhanya kokukhanya, umxholo wesinyithi unokumiswa. I-AAS ineengenelo zobuntununtunu, ukukhetha okuhle kunye nokusebenza ngokulula.

2. Indlela yokujonga iskena: Indlela yokujonga isketral ibeka umxholo wezinto ngokulinganisa ukufunxa okanye ukuqaqamba kokukhanya kwiisandi ezahlukeneyo zesampulu. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kweskena ezisetyenziswayo ziquka i-Ultraviot-i-Speciot SpeciotCopy (i-UV-Vis), i-Fluorescence Specturcopy, kunye ne-Atomic Emmscopy (AES). Ezi ndlela zinokulinganisa umxholo we-neodium kwiisampuli ngokukhetha amaza afanelekileyo kunye nokulawula imilinganiselo yesixhobo.

I-3. I-X-ray fluorescence specturtrometry (xrf): I-X-R-Ray Fluorescet Spectrometry yindlela yokuhlalutya intshabalalo elungele ukulinganisa umxholo, ulwelo kunye neegesi. Le ndlela imisela umxholo wezinto ngokuvelisa imitha ye-fluoresces emva kokuba isampulu inemincili zii-X-rays, kwaye ilinganise i-piewores spectrum. I-XRF ineengenelo zokuzila ngokukhawuleza, ezibuthathaka nezilinganisiweyo zezinto ezininzi.

I-4. I-Inf.ayike i-Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): ICP-NS yindlela enobuthathaka kakhulu ngendlela enomdla kakhulu kwicandelo elifanelekileyo lokulandela umkhondo kunye nezinto ze-ultra. Le ndlela imisela umxholo wezinto ngokuguqula isampulu ukuba ilinganiswe kwi-ions, isebenzisa iplasma yeqondo eliphezulu eveliswe yi-Plasma ye-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-SECCHROMETATER YOKUGQIBELA YOKUFUNDA NGOKUFANELEKILEYO. I-ICP-NS ineemvakalelo eziphakamileyo kakhulu, ukukhetha kunye nokukwazi ukulinganisa izinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye.

I-5. I-Inburmat ye-Plasma yokuphuma ePlasma Off Spectrometry (i-ICP-OE): Umgaqo wokuSebenza we-ICP-OE usebenzisa i-atom ye-ICP-oes kukusebenzisa i-atom ye-apsma eneqondo lobushushu (i-ICP) kwiPlasma ye-PRASMA eyenziwe ngeplasma ye-SPASMA. . Kuba into nganye inemigca yobungqina obahlukeneyo, izinto ezikwimodeli inokugqitywa ngokulinganisa le migca ibonakalayo

Ezi ndlela zokufunyanwa zinokukhethwa njengoko kufuneka, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesampulu, imvakalelo yokufumanisa imfuneko kunye neemeko zokuhlaziya. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo inokukhethwa ukumisela umxholo we-raseodymium ngokusekelwe kuphando okanye kwiimfuno zemveliso.

Ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwendlela yeatomic ye-atomic yokufumana i-neodium

Kwimilinganiselo yenqaku, indlela ye-atomic yokufumana i-Atomic ineemvakalelo eziphezulu kunye nemvakalelo, ibonelela ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunda iipropathi zekhemikhali, ukwenziwa komxholo kunye nomxholo wezinto.

Okulandelayo, sisebenzise i-Atomic Amanyathelo athile alandelayo:

Lungiselela isampulu yokuvavanywa. Ukulungisa isampulu ukuba ilinganiswe kwisisombululo, kuyimfuneko ngokubanzi ukusebenzisa i-acid exubeneyo yokuqhuba imilinganiselo elandelayo.

Khetha i-atomic efanelekileyo ye-atomic. Khetha i-atomic efanelekileyo ye-atomic yokufunxa esekwe kwipropathi yesampulu ukulinganiswa kunye noluhlu lomxholo we-neoresium ekufuneka ulinganiswe.

Lungisa iiparamitha ze-Atomic Atomic AnsorMometer. Ngokwenyani yokulinganiswa kunye nemodeli yesixhobo, hlengahlengisa iiparamitha ze-atomic arutiction, kubandakanya umthombo wokukhanya, i-Atomizer, njl.

Linganisa i-absorby ye-neoditium. Isampulu yokuvavanywa ibekwe kwi-atomizer, kwaye ukukhanya kwe-radiation ye-wavelength ekhethekileyo kukhutshwe ngomthombo wokukhanya. Inqaku le-neodium eliya kulinganiswa liya kuthatha le mitha yokukhanya kwaye ivelise inguqu yenqanaba lamandla. Ukuthathwa kwe-neodiyoum kulinganiswa nge-citctuctor.calcle umxholo we-neredium. Ngokusekwe ekufunxani kunye nejika eliqhelekileyo, umxholo we-neodium yebaliwe.

Ngomxholo ungasentla, sinokuqonda ngokucacileyo ukubaluleka nobunye be-neodium. Njengomnye wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, i-neodimium inezinto ezizodwa zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, ezenza basetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwisayensi yale mihla kunye neTekhnoloji. Ukusuka kwizixhobo zemagnethi kwizixhobo zamehlo, ukusuka kwi-catalysis kwi-aerospace, ne-neodimuum idlala indima ephambili. Nangona zisekhona izinto ezininzi azikwazi ukuqonda kwethu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-neodium, kunye nokuhambela phambili okuqhubekayo kwesayensi kunye netekhnoloji, sinesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba siya kukwazi ukuqonda ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo kwaye sisebenzise iipropathi zayo ezongezelelekileyo ukuzisa iingenelo zophuhliso loluntu. Yiza kumathuba amaninzi kunye neentsikelelo.