21 Scandium kunye neendlela zayo zokuvavanya ezisetyenzisiweyo
Wamkelekile kweli lizwe lezinto ezizele yimfihlakalo kunye nomtsalane. Namhlanje, siya kuphonononga into ekhethekileyo-Isikali. Nangona le nto inokuthi ingaqhelekanga kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisayensi nemveliso.
Isikali, le nto imangalisayo, inezikhundla ezininzi ezimangalisayo. Lilungu losapho olunqabileyo lomhlaba olunqabileyo. Njengomnyeizinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, isakhiwo seatom scandium sigcwele imfihlakalo. Yizakhiwo ze-atomic ezihlukileyo ezenza i-scandium idlale indima engenakufikelelwa kwi-physics, chemistry kunye nesayensi yezixhobo.
Ukufunyanwa kwesi Scandium kugcwele ukujija kunye nokujika kunye nobunzima. Iqale ngo-1841, xa iSweden Chemist LFNISON (1840 ~ 1899) inethemba lokwahlula ezinye izinto ezihlanjululwei-erbiumUmhlaba ngelixa ufunda izinyithi. Emva kwamaxesha ali-13 okubopha inxenye ye-nitrate, ekugqibeleni wayifumana i-3.5g ye-HureytterbiumUmhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, wafumanisa ukuba ubunzima be-atomic ye-Ytterbium wayifumana ayihambelani nobunzima be-Ytterbium enikezwe nguMalinac ngaphambili. U-Nelson onentliziyo ebukhali waqonda ukuba kunokubakho into ethile ephosakeleyo kuyo. Waqhubeka eqhuba i-Ytterbium wayifumana ngenkqubo efanayo. Okokugqibela, xa kuphela isahlulo esinye nesinye sesampulu yayishiywe, ubunzima obulinganiswa i-Atomic yehle ukuya kwi-167.46. Esi siphumo sisondele kubunzima beathomum, ke uNelson obizwa ngokuba "Scandium".
Nangona uNelson wayefumene isikali, ayizange itsalele kakhulu kuluntu lwenzululwazi ngenxa yokufunyanwa kwayo kunye nobunzima bokwahlula. Kwakungekho kude kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, xa kuphanda izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zaba yimfundiso, eso skindium sasifunyenwe saza safunda.
Ke ngoko, masiqalise kolu hambo lokuhlola isikati, ukutyhila imfihlakalo yayo kwaye sikuqonde ukuba oku kubonakala ngathi kubi ngokwesiqhelo kodwa yinto enomtsalane.
Amasimi esetyenziswayo yeScandium
Isimboli seskekisi sisikali, kwaye inani layo leatom lingama-21. Inqaku liyintsimbi ethambileyo, i-Silfey-Mhlophe-emhlophe. Nangona isikali asiyonto eqhelekileyo kwi-rust yomhlaba, inemihlaba emininzi ebalulekileyo, ikakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
I-1. Ishishini le-Aerospace: I-Scandium Alumnum yindawo elula, eyomeleleyo esetyenziswe kwizakhiwo zenqwelomoya, iinxalenye ze-injini, kunye nemveliso ye-Missile kwiShishini le-Aerospace. Ukongezwa kwesiScandium kunokuphucula amandla kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-corosion ye-Allosy ngelixa kuncitshiswa ububi, ukwenza izixhobo ze-aerospace zilula ngakumbi kwaye zihlala ixesha elide.
2. Iibhayisikile kunye nezixhobo zemidlalo:I-Aluminium Alumnumikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iibhayisikile, iiklabhu zegalufa, kunye nezinye izixhobo zemidlalo. Ngenxa yamandla ayo anemikhono kunye nokukhanya,I-Scandium Walloyinokuphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo zemidlalo, ukunciphisa ubunzima, kunye nokwandisa ukuqina kwento leyo.
3. Ishishini lokukhanyisa:I-Scandium Ididerisetyenziswa njengokuthungwa kwi-filid kwi-zungun ye-Xenon ye-Xenon. Iibhalbhu ezinjalo zisetyenziswa ekufotani, ukufihla iifilimu, ukukhanya kwenqanaba, kunye nezixhobo zonyango kuba iimpawu zazo ezibonakalayo zisondele kakhulu kwilanga.
I-4. Iiseli zepetroli:I-Aluminium Alumnumikwafumana isicelo kwiiseli ze-onul eziqinileyo ze-Oxcoal (i-SOFCs). Kwezi bhetri,I-Scandium-Aluminium Allowyisetyenziswa njengezinto ezingafakwanga, ezinokuphunyezwa kwaye uzinzo, ukunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza nokusebenza kweeseli zepetroli.
5. Uphando lwenzululwazi: Isikati sisetyenziswa njengezinto ezichongiweyo kuphando lwezenzululwazi. Kwi-nuclear ye-nuclear ye-nuclear ye-nuclear kunye nee-Actlerators, i-Scandium Scalititilicys Crystals isetyenziselwa ukufumana i-radiation kunye namasuntswana.
6. Ezinye izicelo: I-Scandium ikwasetyenziswa njengeqondo leqondo eliphezulu le-Superconductor nakwiziqinisekiso ezithile zokuphucula ubume be-alloy. Ngenxa yokusebenza okuphezulu kwesi Skiimium kwinkqubo yokubonisa, ikwasetyenziswa kwimveliso yezixhobo ze-electrode zeebhetri kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngaphandle kwezicelo zayo ezininzi, ukuveliswa kukaSpandium kunye nokusetyenziswa kunqongophele kwaye kubizekile ngenxa yokunqongophala kwayo, ke iindlela zayo kunye nezinye iindlela zenziwe ngononophelo xa kuyisebenzisa.
Iipropathi zomzimba zenqaku leScandium
I-1. Ulwakhiwo lweatomic: I-nucleus yeScandium inezixhobo ezingama-21 kwaye zihlala zine-neutrons ezingama-20. Ke ngoko, ubunzima bayo obuqhelekileyo beatomic (i-atom ye-atom) imalunga ne-44.955908. In terms of atomic structure, the electron configuration of scandium is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s².
I-2. Imeko yomzimba: Scandium uqinile kubushushu begumbi kwaye inembonakalo ye-silvery-imbonakalo emhlophe. Imeko yayo yomzimba inokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kutshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo.
I-3. Ukuxinana: Ukuxinana kweScandium malunga ne-2.989 g / cm3. Ukuxinana okuphantsi kwentsimbi kwenza ukuba ibe sisinyithi.
I-4. Inqaku lokunyibilika: Indawo yokunyibilika kweScandium imalunga ne-1541 degrees celsius (i-2806 degrees fahrees), ebonisa ukuba inendawo elula kakhulu. I-5. Inqaku lokubila: I-Scandium inendawo yokubila malunga ne-2836 degrees Celsius (5137 degrees fahrees), oko kuthetha ukuba kufuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhwele.
I-6. Ukuqhutywa kombane: Scandium ngumqhubi olungileyo wombane, ngempumelelo yombane ofanelekileyo. Ngelixa kungenjalo njengezixhobo eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo ezinje ngobhedu okanye i-aluminium, isenokuba luncedo kwizicelo ezizodwa, ezinjengeeseli zombane kunye nezicelo ze-aerospace.
7. Ukuqhutywa kwe-shirmal: Scandium inengxaki yokuqhubela phambili eshushu, esenza ibe ngumqhubi ofanelekileyo we-shirmal ubushushu obuphezulu. Oku kuluncedo kwezinye iinkqubo eziphezulu zeqondo lobushushu.
8. Isakhiwo sekristali: I-Scandium inesakhiwo sekristacal esikufuphi, esithetha ukuba iiatom zayo zipakishwe kwii-hexagons ezisondeleyo kwikristale.
I-9. I-magnetic yokuziphatha kwayo inxulumene nobume bayo be-elektroniki.
10. I-radiredical: Zonke izinto ezizinzileyo scandium azisebenzi radious, ngoko yinto engenakreqatho.
I-Scandium sisibane, isinyithi esilinyibiliki esineentsimbi ezinezicelo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, ngakumbi kumzi-mveliso we-aerospace kunye nesayensi yezixhobo. Nangona kungaqhelekanga okufumaneka kwindalo, iipropathi zayo zomzimba zenza zibe luncedo olukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi.
Iipropathi zeekhemikhali zesikatium
I-Scandium yinto yentsimbi yenguqu.
I-1. Ulwakhiwo lweatomic: Isakhiwo sika-Scandium se-Atomic se-Atomic se-Atomic sine-21 yeeprotokwana kunye ne-neutrons ezingama-20. Uqwalaselo lwayo lwe-Elen² yi-1s² 2s² 2P⁶ 3s² 3P⁶ 3D¹ 4d¹ 4s² 4s², ebonisa ukuba inayo i-Orebital enye engabhalisi.
2. Isimboli yekhemikhali kunye nenombolo ye-atomic: isimboli ye-Scandium ye-SC, kunye nenombolo yayo ye-atomic yi-21.
I-3. I-Electronegativic: Scandium ine-elektronegativer ephantsi ye-1.36 (ngokomgaqo-nkqubo we-palateronegative). Oku kuthetha ukuba idla ngokuphulukana nee-elektroni ukuba zenze ii-ion ezifanelekileyo.
I-4. Isimo se-Oxidation: Scandium sihlala sikwimeko ye-Oxidotion ye-Oxivation, oko kuthetha ukuba ilahlekile ii-elektroni ezintathu zokwenza isc³⁺ ion. Le yeyona meko yayo ixhaphakileyo. Nangona i-SC²⁺ kunye ne-SC⁴⁺ inokwenzeka, azizinzanga kwaye aziqhelekanga.
I-5. Iziqulaphu Ezinye iiposti zeScandium eziqhelekileyo zibandakanyaI-Scandium Oxide (I-SC2O3) kunye ne-scandium haldes (njengeI-Scandium hloride, i-SCCL3).
I-6. Ukuhlawulwa kwakhona: Scandium yintsimbi esebenzayo, kodwa iyakukhanya ngokukhawuleza emoyeni, yenza ifilimu yesii-oxide ye-scandium oxide, ethintela okungaphezulu. Oku kukwenza ukuba isikhalium sizinzile kwaye sinokungaxhathisi.
7. Ukungasebenzi: I-Scandium iyanyibilika kancinci kwii-acids ezininzi, kodwa inyibilikise ngokulula phantsi kweemeko ze-Alkaline. Inganyibiliki emanzini ngenxa yokuba ifilimu yayo yesidima ithintela ukuphinda kwenziwe iimolekyuli zamanzi.
8. I-Lanthanaide-NjengeePhepha zeeKhemikhali ezifana ne-Scandium: IPropathi zeKhemikhali zeScandium ziyafana nezo zothotho lwe-lanthanhan (i-lanthanum, IGadilinium, I-Neodmium, njl. njl. Oku kufana kubonakaliswa ikakhulu kwi-radic radic radius, iipropathi ezihlanganisiweyo kunye nokukhuseleka.
I-9. Istopes: Scandium inee-isotopes ezininzi, inye kuphela yazo zizinzile. Eyona nto inqwenelekayo ye-SC-45, enesiqingatha sobomi obude kwaye ayisebenzi radious.
I-Scandium yinto enqabileyo, kodwa ngenxa yezixhobo zayo ezahlukileyo zekhemikhali, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi zezicelo, ngakumbi kwishishini le-Aerospace, izicelo ze-Tech kunye nezicelo ezithile zetekhnoloji.
Ipropathi yebhayoloji yeScandium
Isikali ayisiyonto eqhelekileyo kwindalo. Ke ngoko, ayinayo ipropathi yebhayoloji kwizinto eziphilayo. Iipropathi zebhayoloji zihlala zibandakanya umsebenzi webhayoloji, i-borilocal abervolky, imetabolism kunye neempembelelo zezinto eziphilayo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ukususela kwi-Scandium ayisiyonto ibalulekileyo ebomini, akukho zinto ziphilayo zinesidingo zebhayoloji okanye ukusetyenziswa kwesikali.
Isiphumo sesika-scandium kwizinto eziphilayo ikakhulu zihambelana ikakhulu kwirediyo yayo. Ezinye ii-isotopes zesikali zinerediyo, ke ukuba umzimba womntu okanye ezinye izinto ziboniswe kwisikali serediyo, inokubangela ukubonakaliswa kwemitha ye-radious. Le meko ihlala yenzeka kwiimeko ezithile ezinje ngophando lwenzululwazi yeNyukliya, i-radiotherapy okanye ingozi yenyukliya.
I-Scandium ayinxibelelani nezibonelelo kunye nezinto eziphilayo kwaye kukho ingozi yemitha. Ke ngoko, ayisiyonto ibalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo.
I-Scandium yindawo enqabileyo yekhemikhali, kwaye ukusasazeka kwayo kwindalo kuncitshisiwe. Nantsi intshayelelo eneenkcukacha yokuhanjiswa kwesikali kwindalo:
I-1. Umxholo kwindalo: I-Scandium ikhona kwiimali ezincinci emhlabeni. Umxholo ophakathi kwi-rust yomhlaba imalunga ne-0.0026 mg / kg (okanye i-2,6 yezigidi). Oku kwenza isisongelo sezona zinto zezinto ezongamileyo emhlabeni.
2. Ukufunyanwa kwezimbiwa: Ngaphandle komxholo wayo olinganiselweyo, isikam sinokufumaneka kwizimbiwa ezithile, ubukhulu becala ngohlobo lwee-oxider okanye izityalo. Ezinye iiminerali ezine-scandium zibandakanya i-scandianite kunye ne-dolomite.
3. Ukukhutshelwa kwesiScandium: Ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwayo okulinganiselweyo kwindalo, kunzima ukukhupha isikati esimsulwa. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-Scandium ifunyenwe njengenkqubo yenkqubo yokunyibilika ye-aluminium, njengoko ivela kwi-aluminium eBauxite.
4. Ukuhanjiswa kweJografi: Isikam sisasazwa kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa hayi ngokuhlwa. Amanye amazwe afana ne-China, iRussia, iNorway, iSweden kunye neBrazil ineedipozithi ezityebileyo, ngelixa ezinye iindawo zinqabile ukuba nazo.
Nangona iScandium inolwabiwo olulinganiselweyo lwendalo, lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ezithile zetekhnoloji ephezulu kunye nezamashishini, nayo
Ukukhupha kunye nokunyibilikisa inqaku leScandium
I-Scandium yindawo yentsimbi enqabileyo, kwaye iinkqubo zayo zokuziphatha kunye nokukhuphela zinzima kakhulu. Oku kulandelayo yintshayelelo eneenkcukacha kwimveliso kunye nenkqubo yokukhupha i-Scandium yeNqaku:
1. Ukukhupha isikati: i-Scandium ayikho kwifom yayo yobume bendalo, kodwa ihlala ikwixabiso le-ores. I-ores ye-scandium eziphambili ibandakanya i-dadium scandium ore, i-zircon ore, kunye ne-yttrium ore. Umxholo wesketium kwezi ores usezantsi.
Inkqubo yokukhuphela isikati ihlala ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
a. Imigodi: I-ores egxekayo inesifo sokuhamba.
b. Ukutyhoboza kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwe-ore: ukutyhoboza kunye nokulungisa i-ores yokwahlula ii-ores eziluncedo ukusuka ematyeni.
c. Iflotation: Ngenkqubo yeflotition, i-ores scandium yahlukaniswa kwezinye izinto ezigwenxa.
d. Ukuncitshiswa kunye nokuncitshiswa: I-Scandium Hydroxide idla ngokunyibilikiswa kwaye incitshiswe kwisikali se-metric ngearhente yokunciphisa (ihlala i-aluminium).
e. Ukukhutshwa kwe-electrolytic: Isikali esincitshisiweyo sikhutshwe kwinkqubo ye-electrolytic ukufumana ukucoceka okuphezuluisinyithi se-Scandium.
3. Ukuhlaziywa kwesi skindium: ngeenkqubo ezininzi zokuchitha kunye neekristali, ukucoceka kwesi scandium kunokuphuculwa ngakumbi. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokwahlulahlula kwaye ikhuphe i-scandium computers nge-chloritotion okanye iinkqubo zokuxhobisa ukufumanaIsikali esiphezulu esiphezulu.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenxa yokunqongophala kwesi skindium, i-Shondiction kunye neenkqubo zokuhlaziywa zifuna ubunjineli bemikhali yekhemikhali, kwaye zivelisa isixa esikhulu senkunkuma kunye neemveliso. Ke ngoko, ukugoba kunye nokukhutshwa kweSpandium yeyona nto inzima neyeyisiseko, ihlala idityaniswa nenkqubo yemigodi kunye nokukhuphela kwezinye izinto ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho.
Iindlela zokufumana isikali
I-1. I-Atomic Atomic Spectrometry (AAS): I-Atomic Atorction Spectrometry yindlela esetyenziswayo esetyenziswayo esetyenziselwa ukufunxwa kwi-scandingth yokufumanisa ukubaluleka kwesikali kwisampuli. Ifumana isampulu ukuba ihlolwe kwidangatye, kwaye iqhele ukulinganisa ubunzulu besi skidium kwisampulu nge-spectrometer. Le ndlela ilungele ukufunyanwa kokugxila kweskendium.
I-2. I-Inburmat Plassions Plasma i-SPROPE SPRECTROMETRY (i-ICP-OE): I-ICP-OESURT) Iyikhupha isampulu kwaye iyifake iplasma, kwaye ichaza i-wavement enye kunye nobunzulu be-scandium yokuphuma kwi-spectrometer.
I-3. I-Isuped Spect Spectrometry (i-ICP-MS): I-ICP-MS) I-PRASSE SMERSMA I-SPOCTROMEtry yindlela enobuthathaka kakhulu kwaye isetyenziselwe uhlalutyo lohlalutyo oluphezulu kwaye lunokusetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-isotoure. Ifumana isampulu kwaye iyifake iplasma, kwaye ichaza umyinge omkhulu wokuhlawula isikali kwi-scandium kwi-scactrometer enkulu. I-4. I-x-ray fluorescet spectrometry (XRF): I-X-R-Ray Fluorescet Spectrometry isebenzisa i-Fluoresce Spectrum eveliswayo emva kokuba isampulu inoyolo ngumxholo wezinto. Ingakwazi ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingonakalisa imixholo yesikali kwisampulu.
5. Ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo i-Spectrimetry: Kwaziwa njengeFowleletter yokufunda ngokuthe ngqo, yindlela yohlalutyo esetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya umxholo wesampulu yesampulu ye-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokukhupha i-atomic yokuphuma komdlalo we-atomic yokuphuma. Isebenzisa i-spark ephezulu yobushushu okanye i-ARCs ukuya ngokuthe ngqo i-vapother yesampulu yemeko eqinileyo kunye ne-EPIT SPIRL SINGL kwiLizwe elinomdla. Into nganye inomgca wokukhutshwa okhethekileyo, kwaye amandla ayo ahambelana nomxholo wento kwisampulu. Ngokulinganisa ubukhulu bele migca yophawu lwezinto ezibonakalayo, umxholo wento nganye kwisampulu inokugqitywa. Le ndlela isetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lohlalutyo lwezinyithi kunye ne-alloys, ngakumbi kwi-metallutight, i-Metal yensimbi, izayensi zenzululwazi kunye namanye amasimi.
Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwilabhoratri kunye nemveliso yohlalutyo lobungakanani kunye nolawulo oluphambili lwe-Scandium. Ukukhethwa kwendlela efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinje ngohlobo lwesampulu, umda wokufumana umdaniso kunye nokuchaneka kokuboniswa.
Ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwendlela ye-Atomium ye-Atomic Atomic
Kwimilinganiselo yenqaku, i-Atomic Atosic Specturcopy inobusiseko kwaye inobuntu, ibonelela ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunda iipropathi zekhemikhali, ubume bezinto ezihlanganisiweyo, kunye neziqulatho zezinto.
Okulandelayo, siya kusebenzisa i-atomic adncercopcopcopy yokulinganisa umxholo wento yentsimbi.
Amanyathelo athile alandelayo:
Lungiselela isampulu yokuvavanywa. Ukulungiselela isisombululo sesampulu ukuba ilinganiswe, imfuneko ngokubanzi yokusebenzisa i-acid exubeneyo yokuphelisa imilinganiselo eyalandelayo.
Khetha i-atomic efanelekileyo yokufumana i-atomic. Khetha i-atomic efanelekileyo ye-atomic yokufunxa esekwe kwipropathi yesampulu ekufuneka ihlolwe kunye noluhlu lomxholo we-scandium ukuze ulinganiswe. Lungisa iiparamitha ze-Atomic Atomic AnsorMometer. Lungisa iiparamitha ze-atomic derctrometer, kubandakanya umthombo wokukhanya, i-atomizer, i-citct, njl. Njl.
Linganisa i-absorby yento yeSpandium. Beka isampulu ukuba ivavanywe kwi-atomizer kwaye ikhuphe imitha yokukhanya kwe-wavedth ekhethekileyo ngomthombo wokukhanya. Inqaku leScindium ekufuneka livavanyiwe liza kuthatha le mitha yokukhanya kwaye ifumane inqanaba lamanqanaba. Linganisa ukufunxa kwe-Scandium yento ebhaliweyo.
Bala umxholo we-Scandium. Bala umxholo we-Scandium Scanment esekwe kwi-abtorbence kunye nejika eliqhelekileyo.
Ngokwenyani, kuyafuneka ukukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulinganisa ngokweemfuno ezithile zendawo. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuhlalutyo kunye nokufunyanwa kwentsimbi kwiilebhu kunye namashishini.
Ekupheleni kwentshayelelo yethu ebanzi yesikali, sinethemba lokuba abafundi banokuba nolwazi olunzulu kunye nolwazi ngale ndawo intle. Isikali, njengento ebalulekileyo kwitheyibhile yamaxesha amaninzi, idlala kuphela indima ephambili kwicandelo lezenzululwazi, kodwa linoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zobomi bemihla ngemihla kunye namanye amasimi.
Ngokufunda iipropathi, sebenzisa inkqubo yokufunyanwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesiScandium kwiSayensi yanamhlanje neTekhnoloji, sinokubona umtsalane owodwa kunye nokwenzeka kwale nto. Kwizixhobo ze-aerospace kwitekhnoloji yebhetri, ukusuka kwi-petrochemicals kwizixhobo zonyango, isikati idlala indima ephambili.
Ewe kunjalo, kufuneka siqonde ukuba ngelixa isakhephe esona lula ebomini bethu, ikwanayo nemingcipheko enokubakho. Ke ngoko, ngelixa kufuneka sonwabele izibonelelo zesikatiya, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ekusebenziseni okusebenzayo kunye nokusetyenziswa okumiselweyo ukuthintela iingxaki ezinokubakho.USCAKONIA yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuqhubela phambili kunye nokuqonda. Kuphuhliso lwexa elizayo lesayensi kunye netekhnoloji, silindele isikandi ukuba sidlale izibonelelo zayo ezizodwa kumasimi angaphezulu kwaye sizothuse lula kwaye sibothuse kubomi bethu.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UNv-14 ukuya ku-2004