Ingamba z’ubutaka zidasanzwe muri Amerika zigomba...Igizwe n’ibigega bimwe na bimwe by’igihugu by’ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka, gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe yo muri Amerika bizakomeza gusubukurwa binyuze mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba nshya no guhagarika ibikorwa, ndetse [ubushakashatsi n'iterambere] bijyanye no gutunganya n'ubundi buryo bushya bw'isuku idasanzwe ubutare bw'isi.Dukeneye ubufasha bwawe.
-Umunyamabanga wungirije w’ingabo n’ingabo, Ellen Lord, ubuhamya bwa komisiyo ishinzwe gutegura no gufata neza ingabo za Sena, ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2020.
Umunsi umwe mbere y’ubuhamya bwa Madamu Lord, Perezida Donald Trump yashyize umukono ku itegeko nyobozi “rivuga ko inganda z’amabuye y'agaciro zizinjira mu bihe byihutirwa” zigamije “gushishikariza umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu amabuye y’amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe afite akamaro mu ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare, mu gihe kugabanya Amerika kwishingikiriza ku Bushinwa. ". Kugaragara gutunguranye byihutirwa mu ngingo zaganiriweho gake kugeza ubu zigomba kuba zatangaje abantu benshi.
Abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya bavuga ko isi idasanzwe idakunze kubaho, ariko ni iy'agaciro.Igisubizo gisa nkamayobera kiri muburyo bworoshye.Ibintu bidakunze kubaho ku isi (REE) birimo ibintu 17 bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ibikoresho byo kwirwanaho, kandi byavumbuwe bwa mbere bikoreshwa muri Amerika.Icyakora, umusaruro ugenda uhinduka mu Bushinwa, aho usanga amafaranga make y’abakozi, agabanya kwita ku ngaruka z’ibidukikije, ndetse n’inkunga zitangwa n’igihugu zituma Repubulika y’Ubushinwa (PRC) igera kuri 97% by’umusaruro ku isi.Mu 1997, Magniquench, isosiyete ikomeye ku isi idasanzwe muri Amerika, yagurishijwe mu ishoramari riyobowe na Archibald Cox (Jr.), umuhungu w'umushinjacyaha witwa izina rimwe, Watergate.Ihuriro ryakoranye n’amasosiyete abiri ya Leta y’Ubushinwa.Isosiyete ikora ibyuma, Sanhuan Ibikoresho bishya hamwe nu Bushinwa Ibicuruzwa bidafite ingufu bitumizwa mu mahanga no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.Umuyobozi wa Sanhuan, umuhungu w’umukobwa w’umuyobozi mukuru Deng Xiaoping, yabaye umuyobozi w’ikigo.Magniquench yafunzwe muri Amerika, yimukira mu Bushinwa, yongera gufungura mu 2003, ibyo bikaba bijyanye na "Super 863 Program" ya Deng Xiaoping, yabonye ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu bikorwa bya gisirikare, harimo "ibikoresho bidasanzwe."Ibi byatumye Molycorp iheruka gusigara ikora ibintu bidasanzwe bidasanzwe muri Amerika kugeza isenyutse muri 2015.
Nk’ubuyobozi bwa Reagan, bamwe mu baterankunga batangiye guhangayikishwa n’uko Amerika yashingiye ku mutungo w’amahanga utari byanze bikunze kuba inshuti z’ibice bigize gahunda y’intwaro (cyane cyane Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti icyo gihe), ariko iki kibazo nticyashimishije rubanda rwose kwitondera.mwaka wa 2010. Muri Nzeri uwo mwaka, ubwato bw’uburobyi bw’Abashinwa bwaguye mu mato abiri y’abasirikare barinda inkombe z’Ubuyapani mu nyanja y’Ubushinwa itavugwaho rumwe.Guverinoma y’Ubuyapani yatangaje ko ishaka gushyira kapiteni w’ubwato bw’uburobyi, maze guverinoma y’Ubushinwa nyuma ifata ingamba zimwe zo kwihorera, harimo no gufatira ibihano kugurisha isi idasanzwe mu Buyapani.Ibi birashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku nganda z’imodoka z’Ubuyapani, zibangamiwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’imodoka zihenze zakozwe n’Ubushinwa.Mubindi bikorwa, ibintu bidasanzwe byisi ni igice cyingirakamaro cya moteri ya catalitike ihindura.
Iterabwoba ry’Ubushinwa ryafatanywe uburemere ku buryo Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, Ubuyapani n’ibindi bihugu byinshi batanze ikirego mu muryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO) bavuga ko Ubushinwa budashobora kugabanya ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bidasanzwe.Ariko, ibiziga byuburyo bwo gukemura WTO bigenda bihinduka buhoro: icyemezo nticyemewe nyuma yimyaka ine.Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga y’Ubushinwa yaje guhakana ko yashyizeho icyo cyemezo, ivuga ko Ubushinwa bukeneye ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka ku nganda zabwo zitera imbere.Ibi birashobora kuba ukuri: mu 2005, Ubushinwa bwari bwaragabanije ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, bitera impungenge kuri Pentagon ku bijyanye n’ibura ry’ibintu bine bidasanzwe by’ubutaka (lanthanum, cerium, euro, na), byateje ubukererwe mu gukora intwaro zimwe na zimwe.
Ku rundi ruhande, Ubushinwa bwiharira umusaruro udasanzwe ku isi bushobora no guterwa n’impamvu zunguka inyungu, kandi muri icyo gihe, ibiciro byazamutse vuba.Iherezo rya Molycorp ryerekana kandi ubuyobozi bushishoza bwa guverinoma y'Ubushinwa.Molycorp yahanuye ko ibiciro by'isi bidasanzwe bizamuka cyane nyuma y’ibyabaye hagati y’ubwato bw’uburobyi bw’Abashinwa n’abasirikare barinda inkombe z’Ubuyapani mu mwaka wa 2010, bityo bukusanya amafaranga menshi yo kubaka ibikoresho bitunganijwe neza.Icyakora, igihe guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yoroherezaga ibipimo byoherezwa mu mahanga mu 2015, Molycorp yari ifite amadeni angana na miliyari 1.7 z'amadolari y'Amerika hamwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibikorwa byayo.Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, yavuye mubikorwa byo guhomba igurishwa miliyoni 20.5 zamadorali, ayo akaba ari amafaranga make ugereranije n’umwenda wa miliyari 1.7.Isosiyete yakijijwe n’urugaga, naho Ubushinwa Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company bufite 30% by’uburenganzira bwo kudatora.Muburyo bwa tekiniki, kugira imigabane idatora bivuze ko Leshan Shenghe afite uburenganzira bwo kutarenza igice cyinyungu, kandi umubare winyungu zose ushobora kuba muto, kuburyo abantu bamwe bashobora kwibaza intego zuruganda.Nyamara, ukurikije ingano ya Leshan Shenghe ugereranije n’amafaranga asabwa kugira ngo abone 30% by'imigabane, isosiyete ishobora gufata ibyago.Ariko, imbaraga zirashobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye no gutora.Nk’uko inyandiko y'Ubushinwa yakozwe n'ikinyamakuru Wall Street Journal ibivuga, Leshan Shenghe azaba afite uburenganzira bwihariye bwo kugurisha amabuye y'agaciro ya Mountain Pass.Ibyo ari byo byose, Molycorp izohereza REE mu Bushinwa gutunganya.
Kubera ubushobozi bwo kwishingikiriza ku bubiko, inganda z’Ubuyapani ntizigeze zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku makimbirane yo mu 2010.Icyakora, ubu birashoboka ko Ubushinwa bwitwaje intwaro ku isi idasanzwe.Mu byumweru bike, impuguke z’Abayapani zasuye Mongoliya, Vietnam, Ositaraliya ndetse n’ibindi bihugu bifite ubutunzi bw’isi budasanzwe kugira ngo bukore iperereza.Kuva mu Gushyingo 2010, Ubuyapani bwagiranye amasezerano y'igihe kirekire yo gutanga amasoko na Lynas Group yo muri Ositaraliya.Ubuyapani bwemejwe mu ntangiriro z'umwaka utaha, kandi kuva bwaguka, ubu bumaze kubona 30% by'ubutaka budasanzwe bwa Lynas.Igishimishije, ni uko Leta ya Chine Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yagerageje kugura imigabane myinshi muri Lynas umwaka umwe gusa.Urebye ko Ubushinwa bufite umubare munini w’ibirombe bidasanzwe by’ubutaka, umuntu yavuga ko Ubushinwa buteganya kwiharira isoko ry’ibicuruzwa n’ibisabwa ku isi.Guverinoma ya Ositaraliya yahagaritse ayo masezerano.
Kuri Amerika, ibintu bidasanzwe by'isi byongeye kwiyongera mu ntambara y'ubucuruzi y'Ubushinwa na Amerika.Muri Gicurasi 2019, umunyamabanga mukuru w’Ubushinwa, Xi Jinping yagiriye uruzinduko rwamamaye kandi rw’ikigereranyo cyane mu birombe bya Jiangxi Rare Earth, byasobanuwe ko ari ukugaragaza uruhare guverinoma ye yagize i Washington.Ikinyamakuru Daily Daily, ikinyamakuru cyemewe cya Komite Nkuru y’ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry’Ubushinwa, cyanditse kiti: “Muri ubwo buryo gusa, dushobora kuvuga ko Amerika idakwiye gupfobya ubushobozi bw’Ubushinwa bwo kurengera uburenganzira n’uburenganzira by’iterambere.Ntukavuge ko tutakuburiye. ”Indorerezi zerekanye ziti: “Ntukavuge ko tutaburiye.Ijambo "wowe" ubusanzwe rikoreshwa gusa nibitangazamakuru byemewe mubihe bikomeye cyane, nka mbere yuko Ubushinwa butera Vietnam muri 1978 ndetse no mubibazo by’umupaka wa 2017 nu Buhinde.Mu rwego rwo kongera impungenge z’Amerika, kubera ko intwaro zateye imbere zateye imbere, hakenewe ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe ku isi.Kugira ngo utange ingero ebyiri gusa, buri murwanyi F-35 ukenera ibiro 920 by'ubutaka budasanzwe, kandi buri bwato bwo mu rwego rwa Virginia bukenera inshuro icumi ayo mafaranga.
Nubwo hari umuburo, haracyashyirwaho ingufu zo gushyiraho urwego rutanga REE rutarimo Ubushinwa.Nyamara, iyi nzira iragoye kuruta gukuramo byoroshye.Muburyo, ibintu bidasanzwe byisi bivangwa nandi mabuye y'agaciro muburyo butandukanye.Noneho, ubutare bwumwimerere bugomba kunyura murwego rwa mbere rwo gutunganya kugirango butange umusaruro, kandi kuva aho bwinjira mukindi kigo gitandukanya ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka mubintu byera cyane.Mubikorwa byitwa gukuramo solvent, "ibikoresho byashonze binyura mubyumba byamazi bitandukanya ibintu cyangwa ibice-izi ntambwe zishobora gusubirwamo inshuro magana cyangwa ibihumbi. Iyo bimaze kwezwa, birashobora gutunganyirizwa muri okiside Ibikoresho, fosifore, ibyuma, ibinyobwa na magnesi, bifashisha ibintu byihariye bya magnetiki, luminescent cyangwa amashanyarazi muri ibi bintu ", ibi bikaba byavuzwe na Scientific American.Mubihe byinshi, kuba hariho ibintu bikora radio bigora inzira.
Mu mwaka wa 2012, Ubuyapani bwahuye na euphoriya mu gihe gito, kandi byemejwe mu buryo burambuye mu mwaka wa 2018 ko havumbuwe amafaranga menshi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru yo mu rwego rwo hejuru REE yavumbuwe hafi y’izinga rya Nanniao mu karere kihariye k’ubukungu, bivugwa ko kazakenera ibinyejana byinshi.Icyakora, guhera mu 2020, ikinyamakuru cya kabiri mu bunini mu Buyapani, Asahi, cyasobanuye ko inzozi zo kwihaza ari "icyondo."Ndetse kubayapani bazi ikoranabuhanga, kubona uburyo bwo gukuramo ibicuruzwa bifatika biracyari ikibazo.Igikoresho cyitwa piston core remver ikusanya ibyondo biva kumurongo munsi yinyanja mubwimbye bwa metero 6000.Kuberako imashini ya coring ifata iminota irenga 200 kugirango igere ku nyanja, inzira irababaza cyane.Kugera no gukuramo ibyondo nintangiriro yuburyo bwo gutunganya, nibindi bibazo birakurikira.Hariho ingaruka zishobora kubangamira ibidukikije.Abahanga bahangayikishijwe n’uko "bitewe n’igikorwa cy’amazi azenguruka, inyanja y’inyanja irashobora gusenyuka igasuka isi idasanzwe ndetse n’ibyondo byacukuwe mu nyanja."Ibintu byubucuruzi bigomba nanone gusuzumwa: toni 3.500 zigomba gukusanywa buri munsi kugirango isosiyete yunguke.Kugeza ubu, toni 350 gusa zishobora gukusanywa amasaha 10 kumunsi.
Muyandi magambo, biratwara igihe kandi bihenze kwitegura gukoresha ibintu bidasanzwe byisi, haba kubutaka cyangwa inyanja.Ubushinwa bugenzura hafi ibikoresho byose bitunganyirizwa ku isi, ndetse nubutaka budasanzwe bwakuwe mubindi bihugu / uturere twoherezwa kubutunganya.Ibidasanzwe ni Lynas, yohereje amabuye yayo muri Maleziya kugira ngo ayatunganyirize.Nubwo uruhare rwa Lynas mubibazo bidasanzwe byisi bifite agaciro, ntabwo ari igisubizo cyiza.Ibiri mu butaka budasanzwe mu birombe by'isosiyete biri munsi ugereranije no mu Bushinwa, bivuze ko Lynas igomba gucukura ibikoresho byinshi byo gukuramo no gutandukanya ubutare bukomeye bw'ubutaka budasanzwe (nka s), kikaba ari kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu kubika amakuru, bityo bikiyongera ikiguzi.Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe agereranywa no kugura inka yose nk'inka: guhera muri Kanama 2020, igiciro cy'ikiro kimwe ni US $ 344.40, mu gihe igiciro cy'ikiro kimwe cy'ubutaka budasanzwe neodymium ari US $ 55.20.
Muri 2019, ikigo cya Blue Line Corporation gikorera muri Texas cyatangaje ko kizashinga umushinga uhuriweho na Lynas kubaka uruganda rutandukanya REE rutarimo Abashinwa.Icyakora, biteganijwe ko umushinga uzatwara imyaka ibiri cyangwa itatu kugirango ubeho, bigatuma abaguzi b’abanyamerika bashobora kwibasirwa n’ingamba zo kwihorera.Igihe leta ya Ositaraliya yabuzaga Ubushinwa gushaka kugura Lynas, Beijing yakomeje gushaka izindi mahanga.Isanzwe ifite uruganda muri Vietnam kandi yagiye itumiza ibicuruzwa byinshi muri Miyanimari.Muri 2018, yari toni 25.000 z'ubutaka budasanzwe, naho kuva ku ya 1 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2019, yari toni 9.217 z'ubutaka budasanzwe.Kwangiza ibidukikije n’amakimbirane byateje guhagarika ibikorwa bitemewe n’abacukuzi b’abashinwa.Iri tegeko rishobora gukurwaho ku mugaragaro mu 2020, kandi haracyari ibikorwa by’ubucukuzi butemewe ku mpande zombi z’umupaka.Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bikomeje gucukurwa mu Bushinwa hakurikijwe amategeko y’Afurika yepfo, hanyuma byoherezwa muri Miyanimari mu buryo butandukanye (nko mu Ntara ya Yunnan), hanyuma bikajyanwa mu Bushinwa kugira ngo bahunge ishyaka ry’amabwiriza.
Abaguzi b'Abashinwa na bo bagiye gushaka aho bacukura amabuye y'agaciro muri Greenland, bihungabanya Amerika na Danemark, bifite ibirindiro by'indege muri Thule, leta yigenga.Shenghe Resources Holdings ibaye umunyamigabane munini wa Greenland Minerals Co., Ltd. Mu mwaka wa 2019, yashinze umushinga uhuriweho n’ishami ry’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa gishinzwe ingufu za kirimbuzi (CNNC) mu bucuruzi no gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe ku isi.Ibigize ikibazo cyumutekano nibitagize ikibazo cyumutekano birashobora kuba ikibazo kitavugwaho rumwe hagati yimpande zombi zigenga itegeko ryigenga rya Danemark-Greenland.
Bamwe bemeza ko impungenge zijyanye no gutanga isi zidasanzwe zarakabije.Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010, imigabane yariyongereye rwose, ishobora nibura gukumira ingamba zafashwe n’Ubushinwa mu gihe gito.Ubutaka budasanzwe nabwo burashobora gutunganywa, kandi inzira zirashobora gutegurwa kunoza imikorere yibitangwa bihari.Imbaraga za guverinoma y’Ubuyapani mu gushaka uburyo bufatika bw’ubukungu bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro akungahaye mu karere kayo k’ubukungu yihariye arashobora gutsinda, kandi ubushakashatsi ku ishyirwaho ry’abasimbura isi budasanzwe.
Isi idasanzwe y'Ubushinwa ntishobora kubaho buri gihe.Ubushinwa bugenda bwita ku bidukikije nabwo bwagize ingaruka ku musaruro.Nubwo kugurisha ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka ku giciro gito bishobora guhagarika amarushanwa y’amahanga, byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro no gutunganya uturere.Amazi mabi ni uburozi cyane.Amazi y’imyanda yo mu cyuzi cy’ubudozi arashobora kugabanya umwanda w’ahantu hadasanzwe h’ubutaka, ariko amazi y’imyanda arashobora gutemba cyangwa kumeneka, bigatuma umwanda ukabije wamanuka.Nubwo nta hantu na hamwe havugwa umwanda uva mu birombe by’ubutaka bidasanzwe byatewe n’umwuzure w’uruzi rwa Yangtze mu 2020, rwose hari impungenge z’umwanda.Umwuzure wagize ingaruka zikomeye ku ruganda rwa Leshan Shenghe no kubarura.Isosiyete yagereranije igihombo cyayo kiri hagati ya miliyoni 35 na miliyoni 48 z’amadolari y’Amerika, ikaba irenze kure ubwishingizi.Urebye ko imyuzure ishobora guterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikunze kuba nyinshi, amahirwe yo kwangirika n’umwanda uterwa n’umwuzure uzaza na byo biriyongera.
Umwe mu bayobozi baturutse i Ganzhou muri ako karere wasuwe na Xi Jinping yinubira ati: “Igitangaje ni uko kubera ko igiciro cy’ubutaka budasanzwe kimaze igihe kinini ku rwego rwo hasi, inyungu ziva mu kugurisha ubwo butunzi zigereranywa n’amafaranga akenewe mu gusana bo.Nta gaciro.Ibyangiritse. "
Nubwo bimeze bityo, ukurikije inkomoko ya raporo, Ubushinwa buzakomeza gutanga 70% kugeza 77% by'ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi.Gusa mugihe ikibazo cyegereje, nko muri 2010 na 2019, Amerika irashobora gukomeza kubyitaho.Ku bijyanye na Magniquench na Molycorp, ihuriro ryabigenewe rishobora kwemeza komite ishinzwe ishoramari ry’amahanga muri Amerika (CFIUS) ko kugurisha bitazagira ingaruka mbi ku mutekano wa Amerika.CFIUS igomba kwagura inshingano zayo kugirango ishyiremo umutekano wubukungu, kandi igomba no kuba maso.Bitandukanye n’ibisubizo bigufi kandi byabayeho mu gihe cyashize, ni ngombwa ko guverinoma ikomeza kwitabwaho mu bihe biri imbere.Dushubije amaso inyuma ku magambo yavuzwe na Daily Daily muri 2019, ntidushobora kuvuga ko tutaburiwe.
Ibitekerezo byavuzwe muri iyi ngingo ni iby'umwanditsi gusa kandi ntibigaragaza byanze bikunze umwanya w'ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga.Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’ububanyi n’amahanga n’umuryango udaharanira inyungu ugamije gutangaza ingingo za politiki zitavugwaho rumwe kuri politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Amerika n’umutekano w’igihugu.Ibyingenzi.
Teufel Dreyer, Umunyeshuri mukuru muri gahunda ya Aziya ishinzwe gahunda y’ububanyi n’amahanga muri Aziya, ni umwarimu w’ubumenyi bwa politiki muri kaminuza ya Miami muri Coral Gables, muri Floride.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-09-2020