Aimvugo ngereranyo isanzwe ni uko niba amavuta ari maraso yinganda, nonehoisi idasanzweni vitamine yinganda.
Ntibisanzweni impfunyapfunyo yitsinda ryibyuma.Ntibisanzwe IsiIbintu, REE) byavumbuwe nyuma yikinyejana cya 18.Hariho ubwoko 17 bwa REE, harimo 15 lanthanide mumeza yibihe byimiti-lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium.Hafi buri myaka 3-5, abahanga barashobora kuvumbura imikoreshereze mishya yisi idasanzwe, kandi kimwe mubintu bitandatu byavumbuwe ntigishobora gutandukanaisi idasanzwe.
Ubushinwa bukizeisi idasanzweamabuye y'agaciro, akaza ku mwanya wa mbere mu isi itatu: uwambere mu bubiko bw'umutungo, bingana na 23%;Ibisohoka nibyambere, bingana na 80% kugeza 90% byibicuruzwa bidasanzwe ku isi;Ingano yo kugurisha niyambere, hamwe 60% kugeza 70% byibicuruzwa bidasanzwe byoherezwa hanze.Muri icyo gihe, Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu cyonyine gishobora gutanga amoko 17 yose y’ubutaka budasanzwe, cyane cyane hagati n’uburemereisi idasanzwehamwe n’imikoreshereze idasanzwe ya gisirikare. Umugabane wa Chine urashari.
Rni isini umutungo w'ingirakamaro, uzwi nka "inganda monosodium glutamate" na "nyina wibikoresho bishya", kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubumenyi bugezweho n'ikoranabuhanga n'inganda za gisirikare.Nk’uko Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ibitangaza, ibikoresho bikora nkaisi idasanzwerukuruzi ihoraho, luminescence, kubika hydrogène hamwe na catalizike byahindutse ibikoresho byingirakamaro mu nganda zikorana buhanga cyane nko gukora ibikoresho bigezweho, ingufu nshya n’inganda zivuka.Bikoreshwa kandi cyane mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki, inganda za peteroli, metallurgie, imashini, ingufu nshya, urumuri inganda, kurengera ibidukikije, ubuhinzi n'ibindi..
Nko mu 1983, Ubuyapani bwashyizeho uburyo bwo kubika amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe, na 83% by'imbere mu gihuguisi idasanzweyaturutse mu Bushinwa.
Ongera urebe Amerika, iyayoisi idasanzweububiko ni ubwa kabiri nyuma y'Ubushinwa, ariko ubwabwoisi idasanzwebyose ni umucyoisi idasanzwe, bigabanijwemo uburemereisi idasanzwen'isi idasanzwe.Biremereyeisi idasanzwebihenze cyane, kandi isi yoroheje yoroheje ntisanzwe mubucukuzi bwanjye, bwahindutse impimbanoisi idasanzwes n'abantu mu nganda.80% by'Amerikaisi idasanzweibitumizwa mu mahanga biva mu Bushinwa.
Mugenzi Deng Xiaoping yigeze kuvuga ati: "Mu burasirazuba bwo hagati hari peteroli kandiisi idasanzwe"Ubusobanuro bw'amagambo ye burigaragaza. Isi idasanzwe ntabwo ari" MSG "ikenewe gusa ku bicuruzwa bya tekinoroji yo mu rwego rwa 1/5 ku isi, ahubwo ni n’ubucuruzi bukomeye ku Bushinwa ku meza y'ibiganiro ku isi. ejo hazaza. Kurinda no gukoresha siyanseisi idasanzweumutungo, Byahindutse ingamba zigihugu zahamagariwe nabantu benshi bafite ibitekerezo byiza mumyaka yashize kugirango birinde agaciroisi idasanzweumutungo wo kugurishwa buhumyi no koherezwa mubihugu byiburengerazuba.Mu 1992, Deng Xiaoping yavuze neza ko Ubushinwa buhagaze nezaisi idasanzweigihugu.
Urutonde rwo gukoresha isi 17 idasanzwe
1.lanthanumikoreshwa mubikoresho bivangwa na firime yubuhinzi
2.Ceriumikoreshwa cyane mubirahuri byimodoka
3 praseodymiumikoreshwa cyane muri ceramic pigment
4.Neodymiumikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byo mu kirere
5 .Promethium itanga ingufu zifasha satelite
6.GusabaSamariummumashanyarazi ya Atome
7Uburayigukora lens hamwe na kirisiti yerekana
8.Gadoliniumkubuvuzi bwa magnetic resonance imaging
9.Terbiumikoreshwa mu kugenzura amababa yindege
10.Erbiumikoreshwa muri laser rangefinder mubibazo bya gisirikare
11.Dysprosiumikoreshwa nkumucyo utanga firime no gucapa
12.Holmiumni Byakoreshejwe Gukora Ibikoresho Byitumanaho
13.Thuliumikoreshwa mugupima kwa muganga no kuvura ibibyimba
14.Ytterbiuminyongera kubintu bya mudasobwa yibuka
15.Gusabalutetiummu buhanga bwa batiri yingufu
16.Yttriumikora insinga nimbaraga zindege
17.Scandiumni Byakunze Gukoreshwa
Ibisobanuro ni ibi bikurikira:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
Mu ntambara yo mu kigobe, igikoresho cyo kureba nijoro hamwe naisi idasanzweelementlanthanumyahindutse isoko ikomeye ya tanki yo muri Amerika. Ishusho hejuru irerekanalanthanum chlorideifu map Ikarita yamakuru)
Lanthanumikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya piezoelectric, ibikoresho bya electrothermal, ibikoresho bya termoelektrike, ibikoresho bya magnetoresistive, ibikoresho bya luminescent (ifu yubururu), ibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène, ibirahuri bya optique, ibikoresho bya laser, ibikoresho bitandukanye bivangavanze, nibindi.Lanthanumikoreshwa kandi muri catalizator mugutegura ibicuruzwa byinshi kama kama, abahanga bavuzelanthanum"super calcium" kubera ingaruka zayo ku bihingwa.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriumirashobora gukoreshwa nka catalizator, arc electrode nikirahure kidasanzwe.Ceriumirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibice byindege map Ikarita yamakuru)
(1)Cerium, nk'inyongeramusaruro y'ibirahure, irashobora gukurura imirasire ya ultraviolet na infragre, kandi yakoreshejwe cyane mubirahuri by'imodoka. Ntabwo ishobora gukumira imirasire ya ultraviolet gusa, ahubwo ishobora no kugabanya ubushyuhe buri mumodoka, kugirango ibike amashanyarazi kugirango ihumeke. Kuva 1997 , ceria yongewe mubirahuri byose byimodoka mubuyapani.Mu 1996, byibuze toni 2000 za ceria zakoreshejwe mu kirahure cy’imodoka, na toni zirenga 1000 muri Amerika.
(2) Kugeza ubu,ceriumirakoreshwa muri catalizike yo gusohora ibinyabiziga, bishobora gukumira neza umubare munini wa gaze ya moteri isohoka mu kirere.Ikoreshwa ryaCeriummuri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika zibara ica gatatu c'ibikoreshwa byoseisi idasanzwe.
(3) Cerium sulfide irashobora gukoreshwa muri pigment aho gukoresha gurş, kadmium nibindi byuma byangiza ibidukikije nabantu.Irashobora gukoreshwa mu gusiga amabara plastike, impuzu, wino n'inganda. Kugeza ubu, isosiyete iyoboye ni Igifaransa Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: Sisitemu ya laser ya LiSAF ni lazeri ikomeye-yakozwe na Amerika.Irashobora gukoreshwa mugutahura intwaro zibinyabuzima nubuvuzi mugukurikirana ubunini bwa tripitofani.Ceriumikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi.Hafi yisi yose idasanzwe ikoreshwa irimocerium.Nkuko ifu isya, ibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène, ibikoresho bya termoelektrike,ceriumtungsten electrode, ubushobozi bwa ceramic, ceramics piezoelectric,cerium silicon karbideabrasives, lisansi yibikoresho fatizo, catiseri ya lisansi, ibikoresho bya magnetiki bihoraho, ibyuma bitandukanye bivangwa nibyuma bidafite ferrous.
3
Praseodymium(PR)
(1)Praseodymiumikoreshwa cyane mukubaka ububumbyi nubukorikori bwa buri munsi.Irashobora kuvangwa na ceramic glaze kugirango ikore ibara, kandi irashobora no gukoreshwa nka pigment ya underglaze.Ibara ryumuhondo ryerurutse rifite ibara ryiza kandi ryiza.
(2) Ikoreshwa mugukora magnesi zihoraho. Ukoresheje bihendutsepraseodymiumnaicyuma cya neodymiummu mwanya wa PureIcyuma cya Neodymiumgukora ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, kurwanya ogisijeni hamwe nubukanishi biragaragara ko byateye imbere, kandi birashobora gutunganyirizwa mumaseti yuburyo butandukanye.Bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki na moteri zitandukanye.
.praseodymiumnaneodymiummuri Y zeolite ya molekile ya elegitoronike yo gutegura peteroli yamenagura peteroli.Ubushinwa bwatangiye gukoreshwa mu nganda mu myaka ya za 70, kandi ibicuruzwa biriyongera.
(4)Praseodymiumirashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukata abrasive.Iyongeyeho,praseodymiumikoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi ya optique.
4
Neodymium(nd)
Kuki tank ya M1 ishobora kuboneka mbere? Ikigega gifite ibikoresho bya Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, ishobora kugera kuri metero zigera ku 4000 mumanywa yumunsi map Ikarita yamakuru)
Hamwe no kuvuka kwapraseodymium,neodymiumyabayeho.Kugera kwa neodymium byatangiyeisi idasanzweumurima, wagize uruhare runini mubutaka budasanzwe, kandi bwagize ingaruka kuriisi idasanzweisoko.
Neodymiumyahindutse ahantu hashyushye kumasoko imyaka myinshi kubera umwanya wihariye murwego rwaisi idasanzwe.Umukoresha munini waicyuma cya neodymiumni NdFeB ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho.Kuza kwa NdFeB magnesi zihoraho byinjije imbaraga nshya mubutaka budasanzwe buhanga-buhanga.Magnet ya NdFeB yitwa "umwami wa magneti ahoraho" kubera ingufu za magneti nyinshi. Ikoreshwa cyane muri electronics, imashini nizindi nganda kugirango ikore neza.Iterambere ryiza rya Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ryerekana ko imiterere ya magneti ya magneti ya NdFeB mubushinwa yinjiye murwego rwisi.Neodymium is nayo ikoreshwa mubikoresho bidafite ferrous.Ongeramo 1.5-2.5% neodymium muri magnesium cyangwa aluminiyumu irashobora kunoza imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubukana bwumwuka hamwe no kwangirika kwangirika kwa alloy.Bikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho byo mu kirere.Byongeye kandi, neodymium-yuzuye yttrium aluminium garnet itanga urumuri rugufi rwa lazeri, rukoreshwa cyane mugusudira no gukata ibikoresho bito bifite uburebure buri munsi ya 10mm mu nganda.Mu buvuzi, Nd: YAG laser ikoreshwa mugukuraho kubaga cyangwa kwanduza ibikomere aho kuba scalpel.Neodymiumikoreshwa kandi mukurangi ibirahuri nibikoresho bya ceramic kandi nkinyongera kubicuruzwa bya reberi.
5
Promethium (Pm)
Promethium nikintu gihimbano cya radio ikora na reaction ya kirimbuzi (ikarita yamakuru)
(1) Irashobora gukoreshwa nkisoko yubushyuhe.Tanga ingufu zifasha gutahura vacuum na satelite artificiel.
(2) Pm147 isohora ingufu nke β-imirasire, ishobora gukoreshwa mugukora bateri za cymbal.Nkibikoresho byamashanyarazi ibikoresho byo kuyobora misile nisaha.Ubu bwoko bwa bateri ni nto mubunini kandi irashobora gukoreshwa ubudahwema imyaka myinshi.Byongeye kandi, promethium ikoreshwa kandi mubikoresho byoroshye X- ray, gutegura fosifore, gupima umubyimba n'amatara ya beacon.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Samarium(ikarita yamakuru)
Smni umuhondo woroheje, kandi ni ibikoresho fatizo bya Sm-Co bihoraho, kandi Sm-Co ni yo rukuruzi ya mbere idasanzwe ikoreshwa mu nganda.Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa magnesi zihoraho: sisitemu ya SmCo5 na sisitemu ya Sm2Co17.Mu ntangiriro ya za 70, sisitemu ya SmCo5 yavumbuwe, naho sisitemu ya Sm2Co17 yavumbuwe mugihe cyakurikiyeho.Noneho icyifuzo cya nyuma gihabwa umwanya wambere.Ubuziranenge bwasamarium oxydeikoreshwa murisamariumcobalt magnet ntigomba kuba hejuru cyane.Urebye ikiguzi, Ahanini ukoresha hafi 95% yibicuruzwa.Byongeye,samarium oxydeikoreshwa kandi muri capacitori ceramic na catalizator.Byongeye,samariumifite imitwaro ya kirimbuzi, ishobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubatswe, ibikoresho byo gukingira hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura ingufu za atome zitanga ingufu, kugirango ingufu nini zituruka kumyuka ya kirimbuzi zishobora gukoreshwa neza.
7
Uburayi(Eu)
Oide oxydeifu (ikarita yamakuru)
Oide oxydeikoreshwa cyane kuri fosifore (ikarita yamakuru)
Mu 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay yavumbuye ikintu gishya kuva "samarium", izinaUburayi.Ibi birashoboka ko byitiriwe ijambo Uburayi.Oide oxydeikoreshwa cyane kuri poro ya fluorescent.Eu3 + ikoreshwa nka activate ya fosifore itukura, naho Eu2 + ikoreshwa nka fosifori y'ubururu.Noneho Y2O2S: Eu3 + niyo fosifore nziza muburyo bwiza bwo kumurika, gutwikira umutekano hamwe nigiciro cyo gutunganya. Byongeye kandi, irakoreshwa cyane kubera iterambere ryikoranabuhanga nko kuzamura imikorere yumucyo no gutandukana.Oide oxydeyakoreshejwe kandi nka fosifori yangiza imyuka ya sisitemu nshya yo gusuzuma indwara ya X-ray mu myaka yashize.Oide oxydeIrashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora lens yamabara hamwe na optique yo kuyungurura, kubikoresho byo kubika magnetiki bubble, Irashobora kandi kwerekana impano zayo mubikoresho byo kugenzura, ibikoresho byo gukingira hamwe nibikoresho byububiko bwa reaction ya atome.
8
Gadolinium(Gd)
Gadoliniumna isotopes zayo ningirakamaro cyane ya neutron kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibibuza reaction za kirimbuzi.(ikarita yamakuru)
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(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumGallium Garnet ninziza nziza substrate yo kwibuka bubble.
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(6) Ikoreshwa nk'inyongera yasamariumcobalt magnet kugirango yizere ko imikorere idahinduka hamwe nubushyuhe.
9
Terbium(Tb)
Okiside ya Terbiumifu (ikarita yamakuru)
Porogaramu yaterbiumahanini birimo urwego rwohejuru rwikoranabuhanga, ni umushinga wambere ufite ubumenyi-buke kandi bushingiye ku bumenyi, ndetse n'umushinga ufite inyungu zidasanzwe mu bukungu, ufite iterambere ryiza.
.terbium-gukora cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, byose bisohora urumuri rwatsi muburyo bushimishije.
(2) Ibikoresho byo kubika Magneto-optique.Mu myaka yashize, ibikoresho bya terbium magneto-optique bigeze ku ntera y’umusaruro rusange.Disiki ya Magneto-optique ikozwe muri firime ya Tb-Fe amorphous ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika mudasobwa, kandi ubushobozi bwo kubika bwiyongereyeho inshuro 10 ~ 15.
(3) Magneto-optique ikirahure,terbium-kubamo ibirahuri bya Faraday nibikoresho byingenzi kugirango bikore rotateur, izigunga na annulators zikoreshwa cyane mubuhanga bwa laser.By'umwihariko, iterambere rya TerFenol ryafunguye uburyo bushya bwa Terfenol, ni ibikoresho bishya byavumbuwe mu myaka ya za 70.Kimwe cya kabiri cyuruvange rugizweterbiumnadysprosium, Rimwe na rimweholmiumahasigaye ni ibyuma. Amavuta yakozwe bwa mbere na Laboratoire ya Ames muri Iowa, muri Amerika.Iyo Terfenol ishyizwe mumashanyarazi, ubunini bwayo burahinduka kuruta ubw'ibikoresho bisanzwe bya magneti, bishobora gutuma ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigenda neza.Terbium dysprosium icyuma gikoreshwa cyane cyane muri sonar mbere, kandi cyakoreshejwe henshi mubice byinshi muri iki gihe. Kuva muri sisitemu yo gutera ibitoro, kugenzura imiyoboro y'amazi, kugenzura mikoro, kugeza ku mashini zikoresha imashini, uburyo bwo kugenzura amababa ya telesikopi y’indege.
10
Dysprosium(Dy)
Dysprosium(ikarita yamakuru)
(1) Nkiyongera kuri NdFeB magnesi zihoraho, wongeyeho 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumkuri iyi magnet irashobora kunoza imbaraga zagahato.Kera, icyifuzo cyadysprosiumntabwo yari nini, ariko hamwe no kwiyongera kwa magneti ya NdFeB, byabaye ikintu cyongeweho gikenewe, kandi amanota agomba kuba hafi 95 ~ 99.9%, kandi icyifuzo nacyo cyiyongereye vuba.
(2)Dysprosiumikoreshwa nkigikorwa cya fosifore.Ntibisanzwedysprosiumni ibyiringiro bikora ion yibikoresho bya tricolor luminescent hamwe na luminescent center imwe.Igizwe ahanini na bande ebyiri zangiza, imwe ni urumuri rwumuhondo, ikindi ni urumuri rwubururu.Ibikoresho bya luminescent byerekanwe hamwedysprosiumirashobora gukoreshwa nka fosifori ya tricolor.
(3)Dysprosiumni ibikoresho nkenerwa byibanze byo gutegura Terfenol alloy muri magnetostrictive alloy, ishobora kumenya ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe byimikorere yimashini.
(4)Dysprosium icyumairashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubika magneto-optique ifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gufata amajwi hamwe no gusoma.
(5) Byakoreshejwe muguteguradysprosiumamatara, ibintu bikora bikoreshwa muridysprosiumamatara ni dysprosium iyode, ifite ibyiza byo kumurika cyane, ibara ryiza, ubushyuhe bwamabara menshi, ubunini buto, arc ihamye nibindi, kandi yakoreshejwe nkisoko yo kumurika firime no gucapa.
(6)Dysprosiumikoreshwa mugupima ingufu za neutron cyangwa nka neutron ikurura inganda zingufu za atome kubera nini nini ya neutron ifata agace kambukiranya.
(7) Dy3Al5O12 irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibintu bikora rukuruzi ya firigo.Hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nikoranabuhanga, imirima ikoreshwa yadysprosiumbizakomeza kwagurwa no kwagurwa.
11
Holmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe(ikarita yamakuru)
Kugeza ubu, umurima wo gukoresha ibyuma ugomba kurushaho gutezwa imbere, kandi kubikoresha ntabwo ari binini cyane.Vuba ahaNtibisanzwe IsiIkigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Baotou Steel cyakoresheje ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya vacuum nyinshi, kandi ryateje imbere icyuma cyiza cyane Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% gifite ibintu bike bitari-isi idasanzweumwanda.
Kugeza ubu, imikoreshereze yingenzi yo gufunga ni:
.Ubutaka budasanzweh.Kugeza ubu, iyode idasanzwe yisi ikoreshwa cyane cyane, isohora imirongo itandukanye iyo gaze isohotse.Ibintu bikora bikoreshwa mumatara yicyuma ni qiniodide, Ubushuhe bwinshi bwa atome yicyuma burashobora kuboneka muri arc zone, bityo bikazamura cyane imikorere yimirasire.
(2) Icyuma gishobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera yo gufata ibyuma cyangwa miliyari ya aluminium garnet
.Kubwibyo, mugihe ukoresheje Ho: YAG laser mugikorwa cyubuvuzi, ntishobora kunoza imikorere yimikorere nukuri, ariko kandi igabanya ahantu hashobora kwangirika kwubushyuhe kugeza mubunini.Igiti cyubusa gitangwa na kristu yo gufunga kirashobora gukuraho ibinure bitabyaye ubushyuhe bukabije, Kugirango hagabanuke kwangirika kwubushyuhe bwimyanya ndangagitsina, haravugwa ko kuvura w-laser kuvura glaucoma muri Amerika bishobora kugabanya ububabare bwo kubagwa.Urwego ya 2um laser kristal mubushinwa igeze kurwego mpuzamahanga, birakenewe rero guteza imbere no kubyara ubu bwoko bwa laser kristal.
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12
Erbium(ER)
Okiside Erbiumifu (imbonerahamwe yamakuru)
.Nyuma yo gushimishwa numucyo wa 980nm na 1480nm, ion ya bait (Er3 +) iva mubutaka 4115/2 ikajya muri leta ifite ingufu nyinshi 4I13 / 2. Iyo Er3 + muri leta ifite ingufu nyinshi isubira mubutaka, itanga urumuri 1550nm.Fibre ya Quartz irashobora kohereza urumuri rwuburebure butandukanye, Nyamara, igipimo cya optique ya 1550nm ya bande nicyo cyo hasi cyane (0.15 dB / km), kikaba aricyo gipimo cyo hasi cyo kugabanuka. Kubwibyo, gutakaza optique ya fibre optique ni ntoya iyo ikoreshwa nk'urumuri rw'ibimenyetso kuri 1550 nm.Muri ubu buryo, niba kwibumbira hamwe kwa bait bivanze muri matrix ikwiye, amplifier irashobora kwishyura igihombo muri sisitemu y'itumanaho ukurikije ihame rya laser, Kubwibyo, mumurongo w'itumanaho aribyo ikeneye kongera ibimenyetso bya 1550nm optique, bait doped fibre amplifier nigikoresho cyingenzi cya optique.Kugeza ubu, amplifier ya bait doped silica fibre yaracururizwaga. Biravugwa ko mu rwego rwo kwirinda kwinjirira ubusa, amafaranga yatanzwe muri fibre optique agera kuri mirongo kugeza kuri magana ppm. Iterambere ryihuse ry’itumanaho rya fibre optique rizafungura imirima mishya ikoreshwa. .
(2). umwanzi, kandi itandukaniro ryimirasire yibitero bya gisirikare ni binini.Yakozwe muburyo bworoshye bwa laser rangefinder ifite umutekano mumaso yabantu mugukoresha igisirikare.
(3).
(4) Er3 + irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka ion ikora muriisi idasanzweibikoresho bya laser ibikoresho.
(5).
13
Thulium(TM)
Nyuma yo kurasirwa mumashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi,thuliumitanga isotope ishobora gusohora X-ray, ishobora gukoreshwa nkisoko ya X-portable map Ikarita yamakuru)
(1)Thuliumikoreshwa nkimirasire yimashini yimashini X-ray.Nyuma yo kuraswa mumashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi, TM ikora ubwoko bwa isotope ishobora gusohora X-ray, ishobora gukoreshwa mugukora irradiator yamaraso.Ubu bwoko bwa radiometero burashobora guhindura yu-169 muri TM-170 hifashishijwe urumuri rurerure kandi rwagati, kandi rugatanga X-ray kugirango irase amaraso kandi igabanye selile yera.Utwo tugingo ngengabuzima twera nabwo dutera kwangwa guhindurwa ingingo, Kugirango bigabanye kwangwa hakiri kare ingingo.
(2) (2)ThuliumIrashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugupima kwa muganga no kuvura ibibyimba kubera ko bifitanye isano cyane nuduce twibibyimba, isi idasanzwe irahuza cyane kuruta urumuriisi idasanzwe, cyane cyane isano ya Yu nini nini.
(3). Imirasire ikabije ni 50%, ifite akamaro gakomeye mugukoresha ubuvuzi.
(4) (4) Itara ryicyuma cya halide rirashobora gukoreshwa nkinyongera mumasoko mashya.
(5). yubutaka budasanzwe hejuru yibikoresho bya laser.
14
Ytterbium(Yb)
Ytterbium icyuma(ikarita yamakuru)
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. magnetostriction.
(3) Ikintu cyindorerwamo gikoreshwa mugupima igitutu.Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ibyiyumvo byibintu byindorerwamo biri hejuru murwego rwa kalibatifike yumuvuduko, bifungura inzira nshya yo gukoresha indorerwamo mugupima igitutu.
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.Mubyongeyeho, indorerwamo nayo ikoreshwa mugukoresha ifu ya fluorescent, radio ceramics, ibikoresho bya mudasobwa yibikoresho bya elegitoronike (magnetic bubble), ibirahuri bya fibre flux nibindi byongera ibirahure, nibindi.
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Lutetium(Lu)
Umwuka wa Lutetiumifu (ikarita yamakuru)
Yttrium lutetium silicate kristal (ikarita yamakuru)
(1) gukora bimwe bidasanzwe.Kurugero, lutetium aluminiyumu irashobora gukoreshwa mugusesengura ibikorwa bya neutron.
(2) Ihamyelutetiumnuclide igira uruhare runini mu gucana peteroli, alkylation, hydrogenation na polymerisation.
(3) Kwiyongera kwicyuma cya yttrium cyangwa garnet ya yttrium aluminium irashobora kunoza ibintu bimwe na bimwe.
(4) Ibikoresho bibisi bya magnetiki bubble ikigega.
.Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko kristu ya lutetium ikozwe na NYAB iruta kristu ya NYAB muburyo bwa optique hamwe na laser.
(6) Byagaragaye kolutetiumifite ubushobozi bushobora gukoreshwa mumashanyarazi yerekana amashanyarazi hamwe na semiconductor ya molekulari ntoya.Byongeye,lutetiumikoreshwa kandi muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri yingufu hamwe na fosifore.
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Yttrium(y)
Yttriumikoreshwa cyane, garnet ya yttrium aluminium irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bya laser, garnet yttrium yicyuma ikoreshwa muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya microwave no guhererekanya ingufu za acoustic, hamwe na europium-doped yttrium vanadate na europium-dopedYttriumzikoreshwa nka fosifore kumabara ya TV.(ikarita yamakuru)
(1) Inyongeramusaruro zibyuma nibidafite ferrous.Ubusanzwe FeCr irimo 0.5-4%yttrium, ishobora kongera okiside irwanya no guhindagurika kwibyuma bitagira umwanda;Ibintu byuzuye bya MB26 alloy biragaragara ko byatejwe imbere wongeyeho urugero rukwiye rwa yttrium-ikungahayeisi idasanzwe, irashobora gusimbuza aluminiyumu ikomeye-ikomeye kandi igakoreshwa mubice byindege byindege.Ongeraho umubare muto wa yttrium-ikungahayeisi idasanzwemuri Al-Zr alloy, Imikorere yurwo ruvange irashobora kunozwa;Amavuta yakoreshejwe ninganda nyinshi zinsinga mubushinwa.Ongeramo yttrium mumuringa wumuringa utezimbere imbaraga nimbaraga za mashini.
(2) Ibikoresho bya silicon nitride ceramic irimo 6%yttriumna 2% aluminium irashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere ibice bya moteri.
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(5) Hejuruyttriumibishishwa byubaka birimo 90% yttrium irashobora gukoreshwa mubyindege hamwe nahandi bisaba ubucucike buke hamwe no gushonga cyane.
.Byongeye,yttriumikoreshwa kandi nk'ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru byo gutera, ubushyuhe bwa lisansi ya atome, inyongeramusaruro y'ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho, hamwe na getter mu nganda za elegitoroniki.
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Scandium(Sc)
Scandium(ikarita yamakuru)
Ugereranije nibintu bya yttrium na lanthanide, scandium ifite radiyo ntoya cyane ya ionic na alkaline nkeya ya hydroxide.Kubwibyo, igihescandiumn'ibintu bidasanzwe by'isi bivanze hamwe,scandiumizagwa mbere iyo ivuwe na ammonia (cyangwa alkali ikabije cyane), bityo irashobora gutandukana byoroshyeisi idasanzweibintu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "imvura igwa".Ubundi buryo ni ugukoresha polarisiyasi yangirika ya nitrate yo gutandukana.Nitrate ya Sandium niyo yoroshye kubora, bityo ukagera ku ntego yo gutandukana.
Sc irashobora kuboneka na electrolysis.ScCl3, KCl na LiCl bifatanya gushonga mugihe cyo gutunganya scandium, kandi zinc yashongeshejwe ikoreshwa nka cathode ya electrolysis, kugirangoscandiumigwa kuri electrode ya zinc, hanyuma zinc igahumeka kugirango ibonescandium.Byongeye,scandiumisubirwamo byoroshye mugihe itunganya amabuye kugirango itange uranium, thorium na lanthanide.Gusubirana byimazeyo bifitanye isanoscandiumkuva tungsten na tin ore nayo nimwe mumasoko yingenzi yascandium.Scandiumni muburyo butatu murwego, byoroshye okiside muriSc2O3mu kirere kandi ikabura icyuma cyayo igahinduka imvi zijimye.
Imikoreshereze nyamukuru yascandiumni:
(1)ScandiumIrashobora gufata amazi ashyushye kugirango irekure hydrogène, kandi ikanashonga muri aside, bityo rero nikintu gikomeye kigabanya.
(2)Scandium oxydena hydroxide ni alkaline gusa, ariko ivu ryumunyu ntirishobora kuba hydrolyz.Scandium chloride ni kirisiti yera, igashonga mumazi na deliquescent mukirere.
(3) Mu nganda z'ibyuma,scandiumikoreshwa kenshi mugukora ibinyomoro (inyongeramusaruro ya alloys) kugirango utezimbere imbaraga, ubukana, kurwanya ubushyuhe nibikorwa bya alloys.Kurugero, wongeyeho umubare muto wascandiumgushonga ibyuma birashobora kunoza cyane imiterere yicyuma, mugihe wongeyeho bikescandiumkuri aluminium irashobora kunoza imbaraga no kurwanya ubushyuhe.
(4) Mu nganda za elegitoroniki,scandiumirashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bitandukanye bya semiconductor.Kurugero, ikoreshwa rya scandium sulfite muri semiconductor ryakuruye ibitekerezo murugo no hanze, hamwe na ferrite irimoscandiumiratanga ikizere muri mudasobwa ya magnetiki.
(5) Mu nganda zikora imiti,scandiumifumbire ikoreshwa nka alcool dehydrogenation na dehydrasique, ikaba umusemburo mwiza wo gukora Ethylene na chlorine biva muri aside hydrochloric.
(6) Mu nganda zikirahure, ibirahuri bidasanzwe birimoscandiumirashobora gukorwa.
(7) Mu nganda zitanga amashanyarazi,scandiumn'amatara ya sodiumscandiumna sodiumi bifite ibyiza byo gukora neza kandi bifite ibara ryiza.
(8)Scandiumibaho muburyo bwa 45Sc muri kamere.Mubyongeyeho, hari icyenda ya radio isotopi yaScandium, aribyo 40 ~ 44Sc na 46 ~ 49Sc.Muri byo, 46Sc, nka tracer, yakoreshejwe mu nganda z’imiti, metallurgie n’inyanja.Mubuvuzi, hari abantu mumahanga biga bakoresheje 46Sc kuvura kanseri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-09-2021