Njira ya US rare Earth minerals iyenera. . . Wopangidwa ndi nkhokwe zina zadziko lazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi, kukonzanso kwa minerals osowa padziko lapansi ku United States kudzayambikanso kudzera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa zolimbikitsa zatsopano ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zolimbikitsa, ndi [kafukufuku ndi chitukuko] kuzungulira kukonza ndi mitundu ina yaukhondo wachilendo. nthaka mchere. Tikufuna thandizo lanu.
-Wachiwiri kwa Secretary of Defense and Defense Ellen Lord, umboni wochokera ku Senate Armed Forces Preparation and Management Support Subcommittee, Okutobala 1, 2020.
Kutatsala tsiku limodzi kuti apereke umboni wa Mayi Lord, Purezidenti Donald Trump adasaina lamulo loti "kulengeza kuti migodi ilowa m'malo mwadzidzidzi" cholinga chake ndi "kulimbikitsa kupanga m'nyumba za mchere wosowa kwambiri wofunikira kuukadaulo wankhondo, ndikuchepetsa kudalira kwa United States ku China. "Kutuluka mwadzidzidzi kwachangu m'mitu yomwe sinafotokozedwe kaŵirikaŵiri mpaka pano kuyenera kuti kudadabwitsa anthu ambiri.
Malinga ndi zimene akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka amanena, dzikoli silipezeka kawirikawiri, koma ndi lamtengo wapatali. Yankho lomwe likuwoneka ngati lachinsinsi lagona pa kupezeka. Zinthu zamtundu wa Rare Earth (REE) zili ndi zinthu 17 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi ogula ndi zida zodzitetezera, ndipo zidapezeka koyamba ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States. Komabe, kupanga pang'onopang'ono kukupita ku China, komwe kutsika mtengo kwa ntchito, kuchepetsa chidwi cha chilengedwe, komanso thandizo lochokera kudzikoli limapangitsa kuti People's Republic of China (PRC) ikhale ndi 97% yopanga padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1997, Magniquench, kampani yodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi ku United States, idagulitsidwa ku bungwe loyang'anira ndalama lotsogozedwa ndi Archibald Cox (Jr.), mwana wa woimira boma yemwenso dzina lake Watergate. Consortium idagwira ntchito ndi makampani awiri aboma aku China. Kampani ya Metal, Sanhuan New Materials ndi China Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation. Wapampando wa Sanhuan, mwana wamkazi wa mtsogoleri wamkulu Deng Xiaoping, adakhala wapampando wa kampaniyo. Magniquench inatsekedwa ku United States, inasamukira ku China, ndipo inatsegulidwanso mu 2003, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi "Super 863 Program" ya Deng Xiaoping, yomwe inapeza luso lamakono la ntchito zankhondo, kuphatikizapo "zida zachilendo." Izi zidapangitsa Molycorp kukhala womaliza kutulutsa dziko losowa kwambiri ku United States mpaka idagwa mu 2015.
Kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wa Reagan, akatswiri ena a metallurgists anayamba kuda nkhawa kuti dziko la United States likudalira zinthu zakunja zomwe sizinali zabwino kwambiri za zida zake (makamaka Soviet Union panthawiyo), koma nkhaniyi sinakopeke ndi anthu. chidwi. M’chaka cha 2010. Boma la Japan lidalengeza cholinga chake choyimitsa woyendetsa bwato la usodzi, ndipo boma la China pambuyo pake lidabwezera, kuphatikiza kuletsa kugulitsa kwapamadzi osowa ku Japan. Izi zikhoza kuwononga kwambiri makampani a magalimoto a ku Japan, omwe akuwopsezedwa ndi kukula kwachangu kwa magalimoto otchipa opangidwa ndi China. Mwa zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimasowa ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusinthira injini.
Chiwopsezo cha China chawonedwa mozama kwambiri kotero kuti United States, European Union, Japan ndi mayiko ena angapo adasumira milandu ndi World Trade Organisation (WTO) kuti dziko la China silingaletse kutumizidwa kunja kwa zinthu zosowa padziko lapansi. Komabe, mawilo a WTO akuyenda pang'onopang'ono: chigamulo sichinapangidwe mpaka zaka zinayi pambuyo pake. Unduna wa Zachilendo ku China pambuyo pake unakana kuti udakhazikitsa chiletso, ponena kuti dziko la China likufunika zinthu zachilendo zapadziko lapansi zopangira mafakitale ake omwe akutukuka. Izi zitha kukhala zolondola: pofika chaka cha 2005, China idaletsa kutumiza kunja, zomwe zidachititsa Pentagon kudandaula za kuchepa kwa zinthu zinayi zapadziko lapansi (lanthanum, cerium, euro, ndi), zomwe zidapangitsa kuchedwa kupanga zida zina.
Kumbali ina, kulamulira kwenikweni kwa China pakupanga zinthu mosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi kungayambitsidwenso ndi zinthu zokulitsa phindu, ndipo panthaŵi imeneyo, mitengo inakweradi mofulumira. Kutha kwa Molycorp kukuwonetsanso kasamalidwe kochenjera kwa boma la China. Molycorp adaneneratu kuti mitengo yamayiko osowa idzakwera kwambiri pambuyo pa zomwe zidachitika pakati pa mabwato aku China ndi gulu lankhondo la Japan Coast Guard mchaka cha 2010, motero adapeza ndalama zambiri kuti amange malo opangira zida zapamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, pomwe boma la China lidabwezanso magawo otumiza kunja mu 2015, Molycorp idalemedwa ndi ngongole za US $ 1.7 biliyoni ndi theka la malo ake opangira. Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, idatuluka muzochita za bankirapuse ndikugulitsidwa $20.5 miliyoni, zomwe ndi ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi ngongole za $ 1.7 biliyoni. Kampaniyo idapulumutsidwa ndi mgwirizano, ndipo China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company ili ndi 30% ya ufulu wosavota wa kampaniyo. Kunena mwaukadaulo, kukhala ndi magawo osavotera kumatanthauza kuti Leshan Shenghe ali ndi ufulu wosaposa gawo la phindu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa phinduli kungakhale kochepa, kotero anthu ena akhoza kukayikira zolinga za kampaniyo. Komabe, poganizira kukula kwa Leshan Shenghe poyerekeza ndi ndalama zomwe zimafunikira kuti apeze 30% ya magawo, kampaniyo ikhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo. Komabe, chisonkhezero chikhoza kuchitika mwa njira zina osati kuvota. Malinga ndi chikalata cha ku China chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Wall Street Journal, Leshan Shenghe adzakhala ndi ufulu wokhawo wogulitsa mchere wa Mountain Pass. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, Molycorp itumiza REE yake ku China kuti ikasinthidwe.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kodalira nkhokwe, makampani aku Japan sanakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi mkangano wa 2010. Komabe, kuthekera kwa China kugwiritsira ntchito zida zapadziko lapansi pano kwadziwika. M'milungu yochepa chabe, akatswiri a ku Japan adayendera Mongolia, Vietnam, Australia ndi mayiko ena ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi kuti akafunse mafunso. Pofika mwezi wa November 2010, dziko la Japan lidachita mgwirizano wanthawi yayitali ndi Lynas Group yaku Australia. Japan idatsimikiziridwa koyambirira kwa chaka chamawa, ndipo kuyambira kukula kwake, tsopano yapeza 30% ya dziko lake losowa kuchokera ku Lynas. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti bungwe la boma la China Nonferrous Metals Mining Group linayesa kugula gawo lalikulu ku Lynas chaka chimodzi chokha chapitacho. Poganizira kuti China ili ndi migodi yambiri yosowa, wina angaganize kuti China ikukonzekera kulamulira msika wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso wofunikira. Boma la Australia linaletsa mgwirizanowu.
Kwa United States, zinthu zosowa padziko lapansi zawukanso pankhondo yamalonda ya Sino-US. Mu Meyi 2019, Secretary General waku China a Xi Jinping adachita ulendo wodziwika bwino komanso wophiphiritsa kwambiri ku Mgodi wa Jiangxi Rare Earth, womwe umatanthauziridwa ngati chiwonetsero chakukokera kwa boma lake ku Washington. Nyuzipepala ya People’s Daily, yomwe ndi nyuzipepala ya Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, inalemba kuti: “Ndi mwa njira imeneyi m’pamene tinganene kuti dziko la United States siliyenera kupeputsa mphamvu ya China yoteteza ufulu ndi ufulu wachitukuko. Musanene kuti sitinakuchenjezeni. Oonerera anati, “Musanene kuti sitinachenjeze. Mawu akuti "inu" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi atolankhani pazovuta kwambiri, monga China isanawukire Vietnam mu 1978 komanso mkangano wamalire ndi India mu 2017. Pofuna kuonjezera nkhawa za dziko la United States, pamene zida zotsogola zikupangidwa, pakufunika zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri. Kutchula zitsanzo ziwiri zokha, womenya F-35 aliyense amafuna mapaundi 920 a nthaka yosowa, ndipo sitima yapamadzi iliyonse ya gulu la Virginia imafunikira kuwirikiza kakhumi kuchuluka kwake.
Ngakhale machenjezo, kuyesayesa kukuchitikabe kuti akhazikitse njira zoperekera zinthu za REE zomwe siziphatikiza China. Komabe, njirayi ndi yovuta kuposa kutulutsa kosavuta. Mu situ, zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimasakanizidwa ndi mchere wina wambiri mosiyanasiyana. Kenako, mwala woyambirirawo uyenera kukonzedwanso koyamba kuti upangitse chitsulo chosasunthika, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo umalowa m'malo ena omwe amalekanitsa zinthu zapadziko lapansi kukhala zoyera kwambiri. Mu njira yotchedwa zosungunulira m'zigawo, "zinthu zosungunuka zimadutsa m'zipinda zamadzi zambiri zomwe zimalekanitsa zinthu zamtundu uliwonse kapena mankhwala-masitepewa amatha kubwerezedwa kangapo kapena ngakhale masauzande ambiri. Akayeretsedwa, amatha kusinthidwa kukhala oxidation Zida, phosphors, zitsulo; aloyi ndi maginito, amagwiritsa ntchito maginito, luminescent kapena electrochemical properties za zinthu zimenezi,” inatero Scientific American. Nthawi zambiri, kupezeka kwa zinthu zotulutsa ma radio kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta.
Mu 2012, Japan idakhala ndi chisangalalo kwakanthawi, ndipo zidatsimikiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane mu 2018 kuti ma depositi ambiri apamwamba a REE adapezeka pafupi ndi chilumba cha Nanniao mdera lake lazachuma, lomwe likuyembekezeka kukwaniritsa zosowa zake kwazaka zambiri. Komabe, pofika m’chaka cha 2020, nyuzipepala yachiŵiri yaikulu ya tsiku ndi tsiku ku Japan, yotchedwa Asahi, inafotokoza maloto odzipezera okha kukhala “matope”. Ngakhale kwa anthu a ku Japan odziwa luso lamakono, kupeza njira yogulitsira malonda kumakhalabe vuto. Chipangizo chotchedwa piston core remover chimasonkhanitsa matope kuchokera pansi pa nyanja pansi pa nyanja mozama mamita 6000. Chifukwa makina okhomerera amatenga mphindi zoposa 200 kuti afike pansi pa nyanja, njirayi ndi yowawa kwambiri. Kufikira ndi kuchotsa matope ndi chiyambi chabe cha ntchito yoyenga, ndipo mavuto ena amatsatira. Pali ngozi yomwe ingawononge chilengedwe. Asayansi akuda nkhawa kuti "chifukwa cha madzi ozungulira, pansi pa nyanja akhoza kugwa ndi kutaya nthaka ndi matope omwe anabowoledwa m'nyanja." Zinthu zamalonda ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa: matani 3,500 amayenera kusonkhanitsidwa tsiku lililonse kuti kampaniyo ikhale yopindulitsa. Pakali pano, matani 350 okha amatha kusonkhanitsidwa kwa maola 10 patsiku.
M’mawu ena, zimatenga nthawi ndiponso zodula kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosaoneka bwino, kaya zapamtunda kapena nyanja. China imayang'anira pafupifupi malo onse opangira zinthu padziko lapansi, ndipo ngakhale maiko osowa ochokera kumayiko ena / madera amatumizidwa kumeneko kuti akayeretsedwe. Kupatulapo kunali Lynas, yemwe adatumiza miyala yake ku Malaysia kuti ikasinthidwe. Ngakhale kuti chithandizo cha Lynas ku vuto lachilendo padziko lapansi n’chofunika, si njira yabwino yothetsera vutolo. Zomwe zili m'migodi ya kampaniyi ndizochepa kuposa zomwe zili ku China, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti Lynas ayenera kukumba zipangizo zambiri kuti atenge ndikupatula zitsulo zolemera kwambiri zapadziko lapansi (monga s), zomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la ntchito zosungirako deta, potero zikuwonjezeka. ndalama. Kukumba zitsulo zolemera kwambiri za rare earth kumayerekezedwa ndi kugula ng’ombe yathunthu ngati ng’ombe: pofika mu Ogasiti 2020, mtengo wa kilogalamu imodzi ndi US$344.40, pomwe mtengo wa kilogalamu imodzi ya light rare earth neodymium ndi US$55.20.
Mu 2019, Texas-based Blue Line Corporation idalengeza kuti ikhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi Lynas kuti apange chomera cholekanitsa cha REE chomwe sichiphatikiza aku China. Komabe, ntchitoyi ikuyembekezeka kutenga zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu kuti ikhalepo, kupangitsa ogula aku US kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kubwezera kwa Beijing. Boma la Australia litaletsa kuyesa kwa China kuti atenge Lynas, Beijing adapitiliza kufunafuna zinthu zina zakunja. Ili kale ndi fakitale ku Vietnam ndipo yakhala ikuitanitsa zinthu zambiri kuchokera ku Myanmar. Mu 2018, inali matani 25,000 a dziko losowa kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira pa Januware 1 mpaka Meyi 15, 2019, inali matani 9,217 asoso padziko lapansi. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi mikangano inachititsa kuti anthu a ku China aletse ntchito zosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Chiletsocho chikhoza kuchotsedwa mwachisawawa mu 2020, ndipo pali ntchito zamigodi zosaloledwa mbali zonse za malire. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa zikupitirizabe kukumbidwa ku China motsatira malamulo a ku South Africa, kenako n’kutumizidwa ku Myanmar m’njira zosiyanasiyana zozungulira (monga kudzera m’chigawo cha Yunnan), kenako n’kubwezedwa ku China kuthawa kukhudzidwa kwa malamulowo.
Ogula aku China akhala akufunanso kupeza malo opangira migodi ku Greenland, zomwe zimasokoneza United States ndi Denmark, zomwe zili ndi ma airbase ku Thule, dziko lodzilamulira. Shenghe Resources Holdings yakhala gawo lalikulu la Greenland Minerals Co, Ltd. Zomwe zimapanga nkhani yachitetezo komanso zomwe sizili nkhani yachitetezo zitha kukhala zotsutsana pakati pa maphwando awiri a Danish-Greenland Self-Government Act.
Ena amakhulupirira kuti kudera nkhaŵa za kupezeka kwa dziko losoŵa kwakhala kokokomeza. Kuyambira 2010, masheya achulukirachulukira, omwe amatha kutsekereza kuletsa kwadzidzidzi kwa China kwakanthawi kochepa. Dziko lapansi losowa litha kusinthidwanso, ndipo njira zitha kupangidwa kuti zithandizire kuwongolera bwino kwa zinthu zomwe zilipo kale. Zoyesayesa za boma la Japan zopezera njira yopezera chuma kukumba malo osungiramo mchere wochuluka m'dera lake lazachuma zitha kukhala zopambana, ndipo kafukufuku wokhudza kupanga zinthu zolowa m'malo mwa nthaka osowa kwambiri akupitilirabe.
Zachilengedwe zaku China sizingakhalepo nthawi zonse. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa China pazachilengedwe kwakhudzanso kupanga. Ngakhale kugulitsidwa kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizikupezeka pamitengo yotsika kungatseke mpikisano wakunja, zakhudza kwambiri madera opanga ndi kuyenga. Madzi oipa ndi oopsa kwambiri. Madzi otayidwa mu dziwe la pamwamba pa tailings amatha kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa malo osokonekera a nthaka, koma madzi otayira amatha kutayikira kapena kusweka, zomwe zimabweretsa kuipitsa kwambiri kunsi kwa mitsinje. Ngakhale sikunatchulidwe poyera za zoipitsa zochokera ku migodi yomwe idachitika chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa Mtsinje wa Yangtze mu 2020, pali zodetsa nkhawa. Madzi osefukirawa anawononga kwambiri fakitale ya Leshan Shenghe ndi katundu wake. Kampaniyo idayerekeza kuti zotayika zake ndi pakati pa US $ 35 ndi 48 miliyoni, kupitilira kuchuluka kwa inshuwaransi. Popeza kuti kusefukira kwa madzi komwe kungayambike chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kumachulukirachulukira, kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka ndi kuipitsa komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa mtsogolo kukuchulukiranso.
Mkulu wina wa ku Ganzhou m’dera limene Xi Jinping anayendera anadandaula kuti: “Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, chifukwa chakuti mitengo ya nthaka yosoŵa yakhala yotsika kwambiri kwa nthawi yaitali, phindu logulitsira zinthu zimenezi likuyerekezeredwa ndi ndalama zofunika kukonzanso. iwo. Palibe phindu. Zowonongeka."
Ngakhale zili choncho, kutengera komwe kwachokera lipotilo, dziko la China liperekabe 70% mpaka 77% ya zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi. Pokhapokha pamene vuto layandikira, monga 2010 ndi 2019, dziko la United States lingapitirizebe kumvetsera. Pankhani ya Magniquench ndi Molycorp, mgwirizano womwewo ukhoza kukopa Komiti Yowona Zachuma Zakunja ku United States (CFIUS) kuti kugulitsa sikungawononge chitetezo cha US. CFIUS iyenera kukulitsa gawo la udindo wake kuphatikiza chitetezo chachuma, komanso kukhala tcheru. Mosiyana ndi zomwe zidachitika kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakanthawi kochepa, kupitilirabe chidwi chaboma mtsogolo ndikofunikira. Tikayang’ana m’mbuyo pa zimene nyuzipepala ya People’s Daily inakamba m’chaka cha 2019, sitinganene kuti sitinachenjezedwe.
Malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi a wolemba okhawo ndipo sakuwonetsa momwe bungwe la Foreign Policy Research Institute lilili. Foreign Policy Research Institute ndi bungwe lopanda tsankho lodzipereka kufalitsa nkhani zotsutsana za mfundo zakunja za US ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Zofunika Kwambiri.
Teufel Dreyer, Senior Fellow of June's Foreign Policy Institute's Asia Program, ndi pulofesa wa sayansi yandale ku yunivesite ya Miami ku Coral Gables, Florida.
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Institute of Foreign Policy Research yadzipereka kupereka maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri komanso kusanthula mfundo zopanda tsankho, ndikuwunika kwambiri mfundo zazikulu zakunja ndi zovuta zachitetezo cha dziko zomwe United States ikukumana nazo. Timaphunzitsa anthu omwe amapanga ndi kusonkhezera ndondomeko ndi anthu onse kupyolera mu mbiri yakale, malo, ndi chikhalidwe. Werengani zambiri za FPRI »
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Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-09-2020