Magic Rare Earth Element: "King of Permanent Magnet" -Neodymium

bastnasite

Neodymium, nambala ya atomiki 60, kulemera kwa atomiki 144.24, yokhala ndi 0.00239% mu kutumphuka, imapezeka makamaka mu monazite ndi bastnaesite. Pali ma isotopu asanu ndi awiri a neodymium m'chilengedwe: neodymium 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 ndi 150, pakati pawo neodymium 142 ili ndi zinthu zambiri. Ndi kubadwa kwa praseodymium, neodymium inayamba kukhala. Kufika kwa neodymium kunayambitsa gawo losowa padziko lapansi ndipo lidachita gawo lofunikira momwemo.Ndipo zimakhudza msika wosowa padziko lapansi.

Kupezeka kwa Neodymium

Karl Orvon Welsbach (1858-1929), yemwe anatulukira neodymium

Mu 1885, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Austria Carl Orvon Welsbach Carl Auer von Welsbach anapeza neodymium ku Vienna. Iye analekanitsa neodymium ndi praseodymium ku symmetric neodymium zipangizo ndi kulekanitsa ndi crystallizing ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate ndi asidi nitric, ndipo nthawi yomweyo analekanitsidwa ndi spectral kusanthula, koma sanapatulidwe mu mawonekedwe angwiro mpaka 1925.

Kuyambira m'ma 1950, chiyero chapamwamba cha neodymium (kuposa 99%) chinapezedwa makamaka ndi njira yosinthira ion ya monazite. Chitsulocho chimapezeka mwa electrolyzing mchere wake wa halide. Pakalipano, neodymium yambiri imachokera ku (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)CO3F mu basta Nathanite ndikuyeretsedwa ndi zosungunulira. Ion kuwombola kuyeretsedwa kusungitsa chiyero chapamwamba kwambiri (nthawi zambiri> 99.99%) pokonzekera. Chifukwa ndizovuta kuchotsa zomaliza za praseodymium munthawi yomwe kupanga kumadalira luso la crystallization, galasi loyambirira la neodymium lopangidwa mu 1930s lili ndi utoto wofiirira. ndi kamvekedwe kofiira kapena lalanje kuposa kalembedwe kamakono.

Neodymium zitsulo

Metallic neodymium ili ndi siliva wonyezimira wonyezimira, malo osungunuka a 1024°C, kachulukidwe ka 7.004 g/cm, ndi paramagnetism. Neodymium ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi, zomwe zimatulutsa okosijeni komanso kuchititsa mdima mumlengalenga, kenako zimapanga zosanjikiza za oxide kenako ndikusenda, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chitsulocho chiwonjezeke. Choncho, chitsanzo cha neodymium chokhala ndi centimita imodzi chimakhala ndi oxidized mkati mwa chaka chimodzi. Imachita pang'onopang'ono m'madzi ozizira komanso mwachangu m'madzi otentha.

Kusintha kwamagetsi kwa Neodymium

Kusintha kwamagetsi:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4

Kuchita kwa laser kwa neodymium kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma elekitironi a 4f orbital pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana amphamvu. Izi laser chuma chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulankhulana, kusungirako zambiri, chithandizo chamankhwala, Machining, etc. Pakati pawo, yttrium zotayidwa garnet Y3Al5O12:Nd(YAG:Nd) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ntchito, ndi Nd-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet ndi apamwamba. kuchita bwino.

Kugwiritsa ntchito Neodymium

The wosuta waukulu wa neodymium ndi NdFeB okhazikika maginito zakuthupi. NdFeB maginito amatchedwa "mfumu ya maginito okhazikika" chifukwa cha mankhwala ake mkulu maginito mphamvu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zamagetsi, makina ndi mafakitale ena chifukwa cha ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri. Francis Wall, pulofesa wa migodi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Cumberland School of Mining, University of Exeter, UK, anati: "Ponena za maginito, palibe chomwe chingapikisane ndi neodymium. maginito a NdFeB ku China alowa mulingo wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Neodymium maginito pa hard disk

Neodymium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zoumba, galasi lofiirira, ruby ​​​​wopanga mu laser ndi galasi lapadera lomwe limatha kusefa kunyezimira kwa infrared. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi praseodymium kupanga magalasi owuzira magalasi.

Kuwonjezera 1.5% ~ 2.5% nano neodymium okusayidi mu magnesium kapena zotayidwa aloyi akhoza kusintha mkulu kutentha ntchito, zolimba mpweya ndi kukana dzimbiri wa aloyi, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zakuthambo kwa ndege.

Nano-yttrium aluminium garnet yopangidwa ndi nano-neodymium oxide imapanga mtanda wa laser wozungulira, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera ndi kudula zida zoonda ndi makulidwe ochepera 10mm m'makampani.

Nd: ndodo ya laser ya YAG

Pazachipatala, nano yttrium aluminium garnet laser doped ndi nano neodymium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mabala opangira opaleshoni kapena kupha mabala m'malo mwa mipeni yopangira opaleshoni.

Galasi ya Neodymium imapangidwa powonjezera neodymium oxide mu galasi losungunuka. Lavenda nthawi zambiri imapezeka mugalasi la neodymium pansi pa kuwala kwa dzuwa kapena nyali yowala, koma kuwala kwa buluu kumawonekera pansi pa nyali ya fulorosenti. Neodymium itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa mithunzi yagalasi yosalimba monga violet, vinyo wofiira ndi imvi yofunda.

galasi la neodymium

Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso kukulitsa ndi kukulitsa sayansi ndiukadaulo wapadziko lapansi, neodymium idzakhala ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito ambiri.