Umlingo onqabileyo woMhlaba: "uKumkani weMagnet eSisigxina"-Neodymium

bastnasite

I-Neodymium, inombolo ye-athomu ye-60, ubunzima be-athomu 144.24, kunye nomxholo we-0.00239% kwi-crust, ikhona ikakhulu kwi-monazite kunye ne-bastnaesite. Kukho ii-isotopes ezisixhenxe ze-neodymium kwindalo: i-neodymium 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 kunye ne-150, phakathi kwayo i-neodymium 142 inomxholo ophezulu. Ngokuzalwa kwepraseodymium, i-neodymium yabakho. Ukufika kwe-neodymium kusebenze umhlaba onqabileyo kwaye kwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyo.Kwaye kuphembelela imarike yomhlaba enqabileyo.

Ukufunyanwa kweNeodymium

UKarl Orvon Welsbach (1858-1929), umfumani we-neodymium

Kwi-1885, i-chemist yase-Austrian uCarl Orvon Welsbach uCarl Auer von Welsbach wafumanisa i-neodymium eVienna. Wahlula i-neodymium kunye ne-praseodymium kwizinto ze-symmetric neodymium ngokuhlukana kunye ne-crystallizing ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate kwi-nitric acid, kwaye kwangaxeshanye ihlukaniswe ngokuhlalutya kwe-spectral, kodwa ayizange ihlulwe ngendlela ecocekileyo kude kube yi-1925.

Ukususela ngo-1950, ukucoceka okuphezulu kwe-neodymium (ngaphezulu kwe-99%) yafunyanwa ikakhulu ngenkqubo ye-ion yotshintshiselwano ye-monazite. Intsimbi ngokwayo ifunyenwe nge-electrolyzing ityuwa yayo ye-halide. Okwangoku, uninzi lwe-neodymium lukhutshwe kwi-(Ce,La,Nd,Pr)CO3F kwi-basta Nathanite kwaye ihlanjululwe ngokutsalwa kwe-solvent. Ugcino lokuhlanjululwa kwe-Ion lolona coceko luphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo> 99.99%) ukulungiselela.Kuba kunzima ukususa umkhondo wokugqibela wepraseodymium kwixesha apho ukuveliswa kuxhomekeke kwitekhnoloji yecrystallization, iglasi yokuqala ye-neodymium eyenziwe ngo-1930 inombala omfusa osulungekileyo. kunye nethoni yombala obomvu okanye o-orenji ngaphezu kwenguqulo yanamhlanje.

Neodymium metal

I-Metallic neodymium inombala oqaqambileyo wesilivere wesinyithi, indawo yokunyibilika eyi-1024°C, ingxinano ye-7.004 g/cm, kunye neparamagnetism. I-Neodymium yenye yezona zimbiwa zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo, ezithi zikhuphe ngokukhawuleza ioksijini kwaye zibe mnyama emoyeni, emva koko zenze umaleko weoksidi emva koko zixobuke, ziveze isinyithi kwi-oxidation ngakumbi. Ke ngoko, isampulu ye-neodymium enobungakanani besentimitha enye ifakwe i-oxidized ngokupheleleyo kunyaka omnye. Isabela ngokucothayo emanzini abandayo kwaye ngokukhawuleza emanzini ashushu.

Uqwalaselo lwe-elektroniki lwe-Neodymium

Ubume bombane:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4

Ukusebenza kwe-laser ye-neodymium kubangelwa ukutshintshwa kwee-electron ze-4f ze-orbital phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla. Esi sixhobo se-laser sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunxibelelwano, ukugcinwa kolwazi, unyango, umatshini, njl njl. Phakathi kwabo, i-yttrium aluminium garnet Y3Al5O12: Nd (YAG: Nd) isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngokusebenza okugqwesileyo, kunye ne-Nd-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet ene-garnet ephezulu. ukusebenza kakuhle.

Ukusetyenziswa kweNeodymium

Oyena msebenzisi mkhulu we-neodymium yi-NdFeB imathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina. Imagnethi yeNdFeB ibizwa ngokuba "yinkosi yeemagnethi ezisisigxina" ngenxa yemveliso yayo ephezulu yamandla kazibuthe. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-electronics, oomatshini kunye namanye amashishini ngokusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo. UFrancis Wall, unjingalwazi wokusetyenziswa kwemigodi kwiCumberland School of Mining, kwiYunivesithi yase-Exeter, e-UK, wathi: "Ngokubhekiselele kwimagnethi, akukho nto inokukhuphisana neodymium. yeemagnethi zeNdFeB eTshayina zingene kumgangatho wehlabathi.

Imagnethi yeNeodymium kwihard disk

I-Neodymium ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iiseramikhi, iglasi emfusa eqaqambileyo, irubhi eyenziwe ngelaser kunye neglasi ekhethekileyo enokucoca imitha ye-infrared. Isetyenziswa kunye nepraseodymium ukwenza iiglasi zokuvuthela iglasi.

Ukongeza i-1.5% ~ 2.5% ye-nano neodymium oxide kwi-magnesium okanye i-aluminium alloy inokuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu, ukuxinwa komoya kunye nokumelana nokubola kwe-alloy, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto ze-aerospace kwi-aviation.

I-Nano-yttrium aluminium garnet efakwe kwi-nano-neodymium oxide ivelisa i-laser beam efutshane, esetyenziselwa ukuwelda kunye nokusika izinto ezincinci ezinobunzima obungaphantsi kwe-10mm kwishishini.

Nd:Intonga ye-laser ye-YAG

Kunyango lwezonyango, i-nano yttrium aluminium garnet laser doped ne-nano neodymium oxide isetyenziselwa ukususa amanxeba otyando okanye i-disinfect amanxeba endaweni yeemela zokuhlinzwa.

Iglasi yeNeodymium yenziwe ngokongeza i-neodymium oxide kwiglasi enyibilikayo. Ilavenda idla ngokuvela kwiglasi ye-neodymium phantsi kokukhanya kwelanga okanye isibane se-incandescent, kodwa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubonakala phantsi kokukhanya kwesibane esibane-fluorescent. I-Neodymium inokusetyenziselwa ukwenza imibala ethambileyo yeglasi efana ne-violet ecocekileyo, iwayini ebomvu kunye nengwevu eshushu.

iglasi ye-neodymium

Ngophuhliso lwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nokwandiswa kunye nokwandiswa kwenzululwazi yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye neteknoloji, i-neodymium iya kuba nendawo ebanzi yokusetyenziswa.